1993 in spaceflight
| Orbital launches | |
|---|---|
| First | 12 January |
| Last | 22 December |
| Total | 83 |
| Successes | 78 |
| Failures | 5 |
| Partial failures | 0 |
| National firsts | |
| Satellite | Brazil Portugal |
| Rockets | |
| Maiden flights | Ariane 4 42L Atlas IIAS PSLV Start-1 |
| Crewed flights | |
| Orbital | 9 |
| Total travellers | 47 |
The following is an outline of 1993 in spaceflight.
First Hubble repair mission
STS-61 was NASA's first Hubble Space Telescope servicing mission, and the fifth flight of the Space Shuttle Endeavour. The mission launched on December 2, 1993, from Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in Florida. The mission restored the spaceborne observatory's vision (marred by spherical aberration in its mirror) with the installation of a new main camera and a corrective optics package (COSTAR). This correction occurred more than three and a half years after the Hubble was launched aboard STS-31 in April 1990. The flight also brought instrument upgrades and new solar arrays to the telescope. With its very heavy workload, the STS-61 mission was one of the most complex in the Shuttle's history.
Orbital launches
| Date and time (UTC) | Rocket | Flight number | Launch site | LSP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Payload (⚀ = CubeSat) |
Operator | Orbit | Function | Decay (UTC) | Outcome | ||
| Remarks | |||||||
January | |||||||
| 12 January 11:10:17 |
Kosmos-3M | Plesetsk Site 133/3 | VKS | ||||
| Kosmos 2230 (Tsikada) | MO RF | Low Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Successful | ||
| 13 January 01:49 |
Molniya-M | Plesetsk Site 43/3 | VKS | ||||
| Molniya-1-85 | MOM | Molniya | Communications | 15 November 2005 | Successful | ||
| 13 January 13:59:30[1] |
Space Shuttle Endeavour[2] | Kennedy LC-39B | United Space Alliance | ||||
| STS-54 | NASA | Low Earth | Satellite deployment | 19 January 13:37:47 |
Successful | ||
| TDRS-6 (TDRS-F) | NASA | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
| Crewed orbital flight with five astronauts | |||||||
| 19 January 14:49:01 |
Soyuz-U | Plesetsk Site 43/3 | VKS | ||||
| Kosmos 2231 (Yantar-4K2-66) | MOM | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 25 March | Successful | ||
| 24 January 05:58:05 |
Soyuz-U2 | Baikonur Site 1/5 | VKS | ||||
| Soyuz TM-16 | Roskosmos | Low Earth (Mir) | Mir EO-13 | 22 July | Successful | ||
| Crewed orbital flight with two cosmonauts | |||||||
| 26 January 15:55:26 |
Molniya-M | Plesetsk Site 16/2 | VKS | ||||
| Kosmos 2232 (Oko) | MOM | Molniya | Missile defence | In orbit | Operational | ||
February | |||||||
| 3 February 02:55 |
Delta II (7925) | Cape Canaveral LC-17A | McDonnell Douglas | ||||
| USA-88 (GPS IIA-9) | US Air Force | Medium Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Successful | ||
| 9 February 02:56:56 |
Kosmos-3M | Plesetsk Site 133/3 | VKS | ||||
| Kosmos 2233 (Parus) | MO RF | Low Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Operational | ||
| 9 February 14:30 |
Pegasus | Kennedy Balls 8 | Orbital Sciences | ||||
| Orbcomm CDS-1 | Orbcomm | Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Successful | ||
| SCD-1 | INPE | Low Earth | Environmental | In orbit | Operational | ||
| 17 February 20:09:47 |
Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur Site 81/23 | VKS | ||||
| Kosmos 2234 (GLONASS) | MOM | Medium Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Operational | ||
| Kosmos 2235 (GLONASS) | MOM | Medium Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Operational | ||
| Kosmos 2236 (GLONASS) | MOM | Medium Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Operational | ||
| 20 February 02:20 |
Mu-3S-II | Kagoshima LA-M1 | ISAS | ||||
| ASCA (ASTRO-D) | ISAS | Low Earth | Astronomy | 2 March 2001 | Successful | ||
| 21 February 18:32:33 |
Soyuz-U2 | Baikonur Site 1/5 | VKS | ||||
| Progress M-16 | Roskosmos | Low Earth (Mir) | Logistics | 27 March | Successful | ||
March | |||||||
| 25 March 02:28 |
Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur Site 81/23 | VKS | ||||
| Raduga 29 | MOM | Geostationary | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
| 25 March 13:15:27 |
Start-1 | Plesetsk Site 158 | RVSN | ||||
| EKA | MO RF | Low Earth | Launch vehicle evaluation, mass simulator | In orbit | Successful | ||
| Maiden flight of Start-1 | |||||||
| 25 March 21:38 |
Atlas I | Cape Canaveral LC-36B | General Dynamics | ||||
| UHF-1 | US Navy | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Launch failure | ||
| Booster engine failure left spacecraft in useless orbit | |||||||
| 26 March 02:21 |
Zenit-2 | Baikonur Site 45/1 | VKS | ||||
| Kosmos 2237 (Tselina-2) | MO RF | Low Earth | ELINT | In orbit | Operational | ||
| 30 March 03:09 |
Delta II (7925) | Cape Canaveral LC-17A | McDonnell Douglas | ||||
| USA-90 (GPS IIA-10) | US Air Force | Medium Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Successful | ||
| Decommissioned on 24 October 2005 | |||||||
| 30 March 12:00 |
Tsyklon-2 | Baikonur Site 90 | VKS | ||||
| Kosmos 2238 (US-PM) | MO RF | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 10 December 1994 | Successful | ||
| 31 March 03:34:13 |
Soyuz-U2 | Baikonur Site 1/5 | VKS | ||||
| Progress M-17 | Roskosmos | Low Earth (Mir) | Logistics | 3 March 1994 | Successful | ||
April | |||||||
| 1 April 18:57:26 |
Kosmos-3M | Plesetsk Site 133/3 | VKS | ||||
| Kosmos 2239 (Parus) | MO RF | Low Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Operational | ||
| 2 April 14:30:01 |
Soyuz-U | Plesetsk Site 16/2 | VKS | ||||
| Kosmos 2240 (Yantar-4K2) | MOM | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 7 June | Successful | ||
| 6 April 19:07:27 |
Molniya-M | Plesetsk Site 43/4 | VKS | ||||
| Kosmos 2241 (Oko) | MOM | Molniya | Missile defence | 8 March 2022[3] | Successful | ||
| 8 April 05:29[1] |
Space Shuttle Discovery[4] | Kennedy LC-39B | United Space Alliance | ||||
| STS-56 | NASA | Low Earth | Solar astronomy | 17 April 11:37:19 |
Successful | ||
| Spacelab Pallet | ESA/NASA | Low Earth (Discovery) | Spacelab ATLAS-2 | ||||
| SPARTAN-201 | NASA | Low Earth (Discovery) | Solar | ||||
| Crewed orbital flight with five astronauts; SPARTAN deployed from Discovery on 11 April and retrieved on 13 April | |||||||
| 16 April 07:49 |
Tsyklon-3 | Plesetsk | VKS | ||||
| Kosmos 2242 (Tselina) | MO RF | Low Earth | ELINT | In orbit | Operational | ||
| 21 April 00:23 |
Molniya-M | Plesetsk Site 43/4 | VKS | ||||
| Molniya 3-57L | MOM | Molniya | Communications | 25 January 2004 | Successful | ||
| 25 April 13:56 |
Pegasus | Edwards Balls 8 | Orbital Sciences | ||||
| Orbcomm CDS-2 (VSUME) | Orbcomm | Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Successful | ||
| Alexis | STP | Low Earth | Technology | In orbit | Successful | ||
| 26 April 14:50[1] |
Space Shuttle Columbia[5] | Kennedy LC-39A | United Space Alliance | ||||
| STS-55 | NASA/DLR | Low Earth | Microgravity | 6 May 14:30 |
Successful | ||
| Spacelab Long Module 1 | NASA/DLR | Low Earth (Columbia) | Spacelab D2 | ||||
| Crewed orbital flight with seven astronauts | |||||||
| 27 April 10:35 |
Soyuz-U | Baikonur Site 31/6 | VKS | ||||
| Kosmos 2243 (Yantar-1KFT) | MOM | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 6 May | Spacecraft failure | ||
| Mission aborted after six days | |||||||
| 28 April 03:39:20 |
Tsyklon-2 | Baikonur Site 90 | VKS | ||||
| Kosmos 2244 (US-PM) | MO RF | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 18 March 1995 | Successful | ||
May | |||||||
| 11 May 14:56:01 |
Tsyklon-3 | Plesetsk | VKS | ||||
| Kosmos 2245 (Strela) | MO RF | Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Successful | ||
| Kosmos 2246 (Strela) | MO RF | Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Successful | ||
| Kosmos 2247 (Strela) | MO RF | Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Successful | ||
| Kosmos 2248 (Strela) | MO RF | Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Successful | ||
| Kosmos 2249 (Strela) | MO RF | Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Successful | ||
| Komsos 2250 (Strela) | MO RF | Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Successful | ||
| 12 May 00:56:32 |
Ariane 4 (42L) | Kourou ELA-2 | Arianespace | ||||
| Astra 1C | SES Astra | Geostationary | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
| Arsene (Oscar-24) | RACE (Europe)/AMSAT | Medium Earth | Communications | In orbit | Partial satellite failure | ||
| Maiden flight of Ariane 4 (42L); VHF transponder on Arsene failed during launch and UHF/S-band transponder failed on 6 September 1993, making satellite unusable | |||||||
| 13 May 00:07 |
Delta II (7925) | Cape Canaveral LC-17A | McDonnell Douglas | ||||
| USA-91 (GPS IIA-11) | US Air Force | Medium Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Successful | ||
| Decommissioned on 20 December 2007 | |||||||
| 21 May 09:15:01 |
Soyuz-U | Plesetsk Site 16/2 | VKS | ||||
| Resurs F-17 | MOM | Low Earth | Remote sensing | 20 June | Successful | ||
| 22 May 06:41:47 |
Soyuz-U2 | Baikonur Site 1/5 | VKS | ||||
| Progress M-18 | Roskosmos | Low Earth (Mir) | Logistics | 4 July | Successful | ||
| 26 May 03:23 |
Molniya-M | Plesetsk Site 43/4 | VKS | ||||
| Molniya 1–86 | MOM | Molniya | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
| 27 May 01:22 |
Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur Site 81/23 | VKS | ||||
| Gorizont 28 | RSCC | Intended: Geosynchronous | Communications | 27 May | Launch Failure | ||
June | |||||||
| 16 June 04:17 |
Kosmos-3M | Plesetsk Site 132/1 | VKS | ||||
| Kosmos 2251 (Strela-2M) | MO RF | Low Earth | Communications | 10 February 2009 | Successful | ||
| Collided with Iridium 33 after retirement.[6] | |||||||
| 21 June 13:07:22[1] |
Space Shuttle Endeavour[7] | Kennedy LC-39B | United Space Alliance | ||||
| STS-57 | NASA | Low Earth | Microgravity | 1 July 12:52 |
Successful | ||
| SpaceHab LSM | NASA/SpaceHab | Low Earth (Endeavour) | Scientific research | ||||
| Crewed orbital flight with six astronauts; Retrieved European Retrievable Carrier | |||||||
| 24 June 04:12:41 |
Tsyklon-3 | Plesetsk | VKS | ||||
| Kosmos 2252 (Strela-3) | MO RF | Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Successful | ||
| Kosmos 2253 (Strela-3) | MO RF | Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Successful | ||
| Kosmos 2254 (Strela-3) | MO RF | Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Successful | ||
| Kosmos 2255 (Strela-3) | MO RF | Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Successful | ||
| Kosmos 2256 (Strela-3) | MO RF | Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Successful | ||
| Kosmos 2257 (Strela-3) | MO RF | Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Successful | ||
| 25 June 00:18 |
Ariane 4 (42P) | Kourou ELA-2 | Arianespace | ||||
| Galaxy-4H | Hughes | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
| 25 June 08:20 |
Soyuz-U | Plesetsk Site 16/2 | VKS | ||||
| Resurs F-17 | MOM | Low Earth | Remote sensing | 12 July | Successful | ||
| 25 June 23:30 |
Scout G-1 | Vandenberg SLC-5 | NASA | ||||
| RADCAL (P92-1) | US Air Force/STP | Low Earth (Polar) | Radar calibration | In orbit | Successful | ||
| 26 June 13:27 |
Delta II (7925) | Cape Canaveral LC-17A | McDonnell Douglas | ||||
| USA-92 (GPS IIA-12) | US Air Force | Medium Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Operational | ||
| PMG | NASA | Low Earth | Technology | In orbit | Successful | ||
July | |||||||
| 1 July 14:32:58 |
Soyuz-U2 | Baikonur Site 1/5 | VKS | ||||
| Soyuz TM-17 | Roskosmos | Low Earth (Mir) | Mir EO-14 | 14 January 1994 | Successful | ||
| Crewed orbital fight with three cosmonauts | |||||||
| 7 July 07:15 |
Tsyklon-2 | Baikonur Site 90 | VKS | ||||
| Kosmos 2258 (US-PM) | MO RF | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 8 June 1995 | Successful | ||
| 14 July 16:40 |
Soyuz-U | Plesetsk Site 43/3 | VKS | ||||
| Kosmos 2259 (Yantar-4K2) | MOM | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 25 July | Successful | ||
| 19 July 22:04 |
Atlas II/IABS | Cape Canaveral LC-36A | General Dynamics | ||||
| USA-93 (DSCS IIIB-9) | US Air Force | Geostationary | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
| 22 July 08:45 |
Soyuz-U | Plesetsk Site 43/3 | VKS | ||||
| Kosmos 2260 (Zenit-8) | MOM | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 5 August | Successful | ||
| 22 July 22:58:55 |
Ariane 4 (44L) | Kourou ELA-2 | Arianespace | ||||
| Hispasat 1B | Hispasat | Geostationary | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
| INSAT-2B | ISRO | Geostationary | Communications | In orbit | Successful | ||
August | |||||||
| 2 August 19:59 |
Titan IVA (403) | Vandenberg SLC-4E | US Air Force | ||||
| SLDCOM-3 | NRO | Intended: Low Earth | Communications | T+101 seconds | Launch Failure | ||
| NOSS-2-3A | US Navy | Intended: Low Earth | ELINT | ||||
| NOSS-2-3B | US Navy | Intended: Low Earth | ELINT | ||||
| NOSS-2-3C | US Navy | Intended: Low Earth | ELINT | ||||
| Apogee: 33 kilometres (21 mi). One of the UA1207 solid rocket boosters exploded at T+101 seconds. Failure was attributed to damage caused by the ground crew due to an errant cut into one of the SRB segments while repairing the booster. | |||||||
| 4 August 00:52 |
Molniya-M | Plesetsk Site 43/3 | VKS | ||||
| Molniya-3 No.58L | MOM | Molniya | Communications | 31 December 2013 | Successful | ||
| 9 August 10:02 |
Atlas E | Vandenberg SLC-3W | US Air Force | ||||
| NOAA-13 | NOAA | Sun-synchronous | Weather | In orbit | Successful | ||
| 10 August 14:53:45 |
Molniya-M | Plesetsk Site 16/2 | VKS | ||||
| Kosmos 2261 (Oko) | MOM | Molniya | Missile defence | In orbit | Operational | ||
| 10 August 22:23:45 |
Soyuz-U | Baikonur Site 1/5 | VKS | ||||
| Progress M-19 | Roskosmos | Low Earth (Mir) | Logistics | 13 October | Successful | ||
| 24 August 10:45 |
Soyuz-U | Plesetsk Site 16/2 | VKS | ||||
| Resurs F-19 | MOM | Low Earth | Remote sensing | 10 September | Successful | ||
| 30 August 12:38 |
Delta II (7925) | Cape Canaveral LC-17B | McDonnell Douglas | ||||
| USA-94 (GPS IIA-13) | US Air Force | Medium Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Successful | ||
| Decommissioned on 1 May 2013[8] | |||||||
| 31 August 04:40 |
Tsyklon-3 | Plesetsk | VKS | ||||
| Meteor 2–21 | Roskosmos | Low Earth | Weather | In orbit | Successful | ||
| Temisat | Telespazio | Low Earth | Technology | In orbit | Successful | ||
September | |||||||
| 3 September 11:17 |
Atlas I | Cape Canaveral LC-36B | General Dynamics | ||||
| USA-95 (UHF-2) | US Navy | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
| 7 September 13:25 |
Soyuz-U2 | Baikonur Site 31/6 | VKS | ||||
| Kosmos 2262 (Don) | MOM | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 18 December | Successful | ||
| 12 September 11:45 |
Space Shuttle Discovery | Kennedy LC-39B | United Space Alliance | ||||
| STS-51 | NASA | Low Earth | Satellite deployment | 22 September 07:56 |
Successful | ||
| ORFEUS-SPAS | NASA/DARA | Low Earth (Discovery) | Astronomy | ||||
| ACTS | NASA | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Successful | ||
| Crewed orbital flight with five astronauts; ACTS deployed using Transfer Orbit Stage and retired on 28 April 2004 | |||||||
| 16 September 07:36:19 |
Zenit-2 | Baikonur Site 45/1 | VKS | ||||
| Kosmos 2263 (Tselina-2) | MO RF | Low Earth | ELINT | In orbit | Successful | ||
| 17 September 00:43:10 |
Tsyklon-2 | Baikonur Site 90 | VKS | ||||
| Kosmos 2264 (US-PM) | MO RF | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 7 August 1995 | Successful | ||
| 20 September 05:12 |
PSLV | Sriharikota FLP | ISRO | ||||
| IRS 1E | ISRO | Intended: Low Earth | Remote sensing | 20 September | Launch Failure | ||
| Maiden flight of PSLV; failed to reach orbit due to guidance system malfunction | |||||||
| 26 September 01:45 |
Ariane 4 (40) | Kourou ELA-2 | Arianespace | ||||
| SPOT 3 | Spot Image | Sun-synchronous | Remote sensing | In orbit | Successful | ||
| Stella | CNES | Low Earth | Gravity | In orbit | Successful | ||
| Healthsat-2 | SatelLife | Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Successful | ||
| Kitsat-2 | KAIST | Low Earth | Technology | In orbit | Successful | ||
| Eyesat | Interferometrics/AMSAT | Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Successful | ||
| ItamSat | Interferometrics/AMSAT | Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Successful | ||
| PoSAT-1 | Low Earth | Technology | In orbit | Successful | |||
| SPOT 3 ceased functioning on 14 November 1997; PoSAT-1 is the first Portuguese satellite | |||||||
| 30 September 17:05:59 |
Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur Site 81/23 | VKS | ||||
| Raduga 30 | MOM | Geostationary | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
October | |||||||
| 5 October 17:56 |
Titan 23G/Star-37XFP-ISS | Vandenberg SLC-4W | US Air Force | ||||
| Landsat 6 | NASA | Intended: Low Earth | Remote sensing | 5 October | Launch Failure | ||
| Upper stage failed to ignite; Apogee: 724 kilometres (450 mi) | |||||||
| 8 October 08:00 |
Long March 2C | Jiuquan LA-2B | CALT | ||||
| FSW 1–5 | CASC | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 28 October | Successful | ||
| 11 October 21:33:19 |
Soyuz-U | Baikonur Site 1/5 | VKS | ||||
| Progress M-20 | Roskosmos | Low Earth (Mir) | Logistics | 21 November | Successful | ||
| 18 October 14:53:10 |
Space Shuttle Columbia | Kennedy LC-39B | United Space Alliance | ||||
| STS-58 | NASA | Low Earth | Microgravity | 1 November | Successful | ||
| Spacelab Long Module 2 | NASA | Low Earth (Columbia) | Spacelab SLS-2 | ||||
| EDO Pallet | NASA | Low Earth (Columbia) | Cryogenic mission extension pallet | ||||
| Crewed orbital flight with seven astronauts | |||||||
| 22 October 06:46 |
Ariane 4 (44LP) | Kourou ELA-2 | Arianespace | ||||
| Intelsat 701 | Intelsat | Geostationary | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
| 26 October 10:00:04 |
Kosmos-3M | Plesetsk Site 132/1 | VKS | ||||
| Kosmos 2265 (Taifun) | MO RF | Low Earth | Radar calibration | 11 August 2003 | Successful | ||
| 28 October 15:17 |
Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur Site 81/23 | VKS | ||||
| Gorizont 28 | MOM | Geostationary | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
| 28 October 17:04 |
Delta II (7925) | Cape Canaveral LC-17B | McDonnell Douglas | ||||
| USA-96 (GPS IIA-14) | US Air Force | Medium Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Operational | ||
November | |||||||
| 2 November 12:10:09 |
Kosmos-3M | Plesetsk Site 132/1 | VKS | ||||
| Kosmos 2266 (Parus) | MO RF | Low Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Operational | ||
| 5 November 08:25 |
Soyuz-U | Baikonur Site 1/5 | VKS | ||||
| Kosmos 2267 (Yantar-4KS1M) | MOM | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 28 December 1994 | Successful | ||
| 18 November 13:54:59 |
Proton-K/DM-2 | Baikonur Site 81/23 | VKS | ||||
| Gorizont 29 | MOM | Geostationary | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
| Sold to Rimsat as Rimsat-1, then to PASI as PASI-1, then to LMI as LIM-AP-1 | |||||||
| 20 November 01:17 |
Ariane 4 (44LP) | Kourou ELA-2 | Arianespace | ||||
| Solidaridad-1 | Tele Mexico | Geostationary | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
| Meteosat 6 | EUMETSAT | Geostationary | Weather | In orbit | Operational | ||
| 28 November 23:40 |
Atlas II | Cape Canaveral LC-36A | General Dynamics | ||||
| USA-97 (DSCS IIIB-10) | US Air Force | Geostationary | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
December | |||||||
| 2 December 09:27 |
Space Shuttle Endeavour | Kennedy LC-39B | United Space Alliance | ||||
| STS-61 | NASA | Low Earth (HST) | Satellite refurbishment (HST-SM1) | 13 December | Successful | ||
| Crewed orbital flight with seven astronauts. Hubble Space Telescope Servicing Mission 1. Replaced two components to add corrective optics, four gyroscopes, and the solar panels, as well as central computer upgrades. | |||||||
| 8 December 00:48 |
Delta II (7925) | Cape Canaveral LC-17A | McDonnell Douglas | ||||
| USA-98 (NATO-4B) | NATO/US Air Force | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
| 16 December 00:38 |
Atlas IIAS | Cape Canaveral LC-36B | General Dynamics | ||||
| Telstar 401 | AT&T | Geostationary | Communications | In orbit | Successful | ||
| Maiden flight of Atlas IIAS; Telstar 401 destroyed by a magnetic storm in 1997 | |||||||
| 18 December 01:27 |
Ariane 4 (44L) | Kourou ELA-2 | Arianespace | ||||
| DBS-1 | Hughes | Geostationary | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
| Thaicom 1 | Shin Corporation | Geostationary | Communications | In orbit | Successful | ||
| 22 December 20:37:16 |
Molniya-M | Plesetsk Site 43/3 | VKS | ||||
| Molniya 1–87 | MOM | Molniya | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
Suborbital launches
| Date and time (UTC) | Rocket | Flight number | Launch site | LSP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Payload (⚀ = CubeSat) |
Operator | Orbit | Function | Decay (UTC) | Outcome | ||
| Remarks | |||||||
January | |||||||
| 27 January 10:43:41 |
Black Brant XII | Poker Flat | NASA | ||||
| PHAZE | NASA | Suborbital | Ionosphere | In orbit | Failure | ||
| Apogee: 10 kilometres (6.2 mi); Failed before reaching space | |||||||
| 28 January | HPB | Wake Island | Orbital Sciences | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Reentry vehicle test | 28 January | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 400 kilometres (250 mi) | |||||||
February | |||||||
| 5 February 16:24 |
Storm | White Sands SULF | US Air Force | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | BTTV-3 Validation | 5 February | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 200 kilometres (120 mi); | |||||||
| 7 February | Prithvi | Balasore | DRDO | ||||
| DRDO | Suborbital | Missile test | 7 February | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
| 8 February 20:00 |
Black Brant IX | White Sands LC-36 | NASA | ||||
| NASA | Suborbital | Solar | 8 February | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 289 kilometres (180 mi) | |||||||
| 11 February | HPB | Wake Island | Orbital Sciences | ||||
| Orbital Sciences | Suborbital | Re-entry vehicle test | 11 February | Failure | |||
| Apogee: 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) | |||||||
| 18 February 07:00 |
S-520 | Kagoshima LA-K | ISAS | ||||
| METS | ISAS | Suborbital | Ionosphere and Plasma | 18 February | Successful | ||
| Apogee: 272 kilometres (169 mi) | |||||||
| 19 February 13:45 |
RH-560 | Sriharikota | ISRO | ||||
| ISRO | Suborbital | Ionosphere | 19 February | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 290 kilometres (180 mi) | |||||||
| 19 February 13:15 |
RH-560 | Sriharikota | ISRO | ||||
| ISRO | Suborbital | Ionosphere | 19 February | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 300 kilometres (190 mi) | |||||||
| 19 February 18:00 |
Black Brant 9CM1 | White Sands LC-36 | Space Services Incorporated | ||||
| CONSORT-6 | SSI | Suborbital | Microgravity | 19 February | Successful | ||
| Apogee: 301 kilometres (187 mi) | |||||||
| 25 February 13:40 |
RT-2PM Topol | Plesetsk | RVSN | ||||
| RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | 25 February | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) | |||||||
| 26 February 20:45 |
Polaris/STARS | Barking Sands LC-42 | Space Data Corporation | ||||
| FTU-1 | SDC | Suborbital | Test | 26 February | Successful | ||
| Maiden flight of UGM-27 Polaris in STARS configuration; Apogee: 900 kilometres (560 mi) | |||||||
March | |||||||
| 2 March | LGM-118 Peacekeeper | Vandenberg LF-02 | US Air Force | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Missile test | 2 March | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) | |||||||
| 8 March 00:15 |
Nike-Orion | White Sands | NASA | ||||
| CWAS 29 | NASA | Suborbital | Aeronomy | 8 March | Successful | ||
| Apogee: 140 kilometres (87 mi) | |||||||
| 10 March 13:38 |
Nike-Orion | White Sands | NASA | ||||
| CWAS 30 | NASA | Suborbital | Aeronomy | 10 March | Successful | ||
| Apogee: 140 kilometres (87 mi) | |||||||
| 10 March | LGM-30G Minuteman III | Vandenberg LF-26 | US Air Force | ||||
| GT-151GB | US Air Force | Suborbital | Missile test | 10 March | Successful | ||
| Apogee: 1,300 kilometres (810 mi) | |||||||
| 16 March 02:12:41 |
Black Brant 9CM1 | Wallops Island LA-2 | SDIO | ||||
| SPEAR 3 | SDIO | Suborbital | Plasma | 16 March | Successful | ||
| Apogee: 290 kilometres (180 mi) | |||||||
| 22 March | Sonda-2 | Alcântara | INPE | ||||
| Maruda | INPE | Suborbital | Ionosphere research | 22 March | Successful | ||
| Apogee: 102 kilometres (63 mi) | |||||||
April | |||||||
| 2 April 10:09 |
Black Brant XII | Poker Flat | NASA | ||||
| Alaska 93 | NASA/UCB | Suborbital | Ionosphere | 2 April | Successful | ||
| Apogee: 1,425 kilometres (885 mi) | |||||||
| 12 April 17:18 |
Black Brant IX | White Sands LC-36 | NASA | ||||
| NIXT | NASA | Suborbital | Solar | 12 April | Successful | ||
| Apogee: 226 kilometres (140 mi) | |||||||
| 17 April 09:15 |
Black Brant IX | White Sands LC-36 | NASA | ||||
| SXT | NASA/Colorado at Boulder | Suborbital | X-Ray astronomy | 17 April | Successful | ||
| Apogee: 254 kilometres (158 mi) | |||||||
| 19 April 05:50 |
RH-560 | Sriharikota | ISRO | ||||
| SPICE-3 | ISRO | Suborbital | Ionosphere | 19 April | Successful | ||
| Apogee: 323 kilometres (201 mi) | |||||||
May | |||||||
| 1 May 05:35 |
Skylark 7 | Esrange LA-S | DLR | ||||
| TEXUS 30 | DLR | Suborbital | Microgravity | 1 May | Successful | ||
| Apogee: 234 kilometres (145 mi) | |||||||
| 6 May 15:38 |
Black Brant VIIIC | Poker Flat | NASA | ||||
| NASA | Suborbital | Plasma | 6 May | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 271 kilometres (168 mi) | |||||||
| 14 May 01:10 |
Nike-Orion | White Sands | NASA | ||||
| CWAS-31 | NASA | Suborbital | Aeronomy | 14 May | Successful | ||
| Apogee: 140 kilometres (87 mi) | |||||||
| 19 May 00:47 |
Nike-Orion | White Sands | NASA | ||||
| CWAS-32 | NASA | Suborbital | Aeronomy | 19 May | Successful | ||
| Apogee: 140 kilometres (87 mi) | |||||||
| 23 May 09:17 |
LCLV | Cape Canaveral LC-20 | BMDO | ||||
| Red Tigress 2A | BMDO | Suborbital | Target | 23 May | Successful | ||
| Apogee: 378 kilometres (235 mi) | |||||||
| 26 May 09:43 |
Nike-Orion | Centre d'Essais des Landes | DLR | ||||
| DLR/Aérospatiale | Suborbital | Test flight | 26 May | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 140 kilometres (87 mi) | |||||||
| 28 May 08:34 |
LCLV | Cape Canaveral LC-20 | BMDO | ||||
| BMDO | Suborbital | Target | 28 May | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 390 kilometres (240 mi) | |||||||
| 29 May | Hwasong-6 | Tonghae | |||||
| Suborbital | Missile test | 29 May | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 200 kilometres (120 mi) | |||||||
| 29 May | Hwasong-6 | Tonghae | |||||
| Suborbital | Missile test | 29 May | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 200 kilometres (120 mi) | |||||||
| 29 May | Hwasong-7 | Tonghae | |||||
| Suborbital | Missile test | 29 May | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 150 kilometres (93 mi) | |||||||
| 30 May | Hwasong-6 | Tonghae | |||||
| Suborbital | Missile test | 30 May | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 200 kilometres (120 mi) | |||||||
June | |||||||
| 15 June 17:30 |
LGM-30B Minuteman I | Vandenberg LF-03 | US Air Force | ||||
| RSLP TDT-1 | US Air Force | Suborbital | Target | 15 June | Launch failure | ||
| Apogee: 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) | |||||||
| 16 June 04:39 |
Black Brant IX | White Sands LC-36 | NASA | ||||
| NASA | Suborbital | Aeronomy | 16 June | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 253 kilometres (157 mi) | |||||||
| 22 June | Aries | White Sands LC-36 | Orbital Sciences | ||||
| BMDO | Suborbital | Technology | 22 June | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 300 kilometres (190 mi) | |||||||
| June | Prithvi | Balasore | DRDO | ||||
| DRDO | Suborbital | Missile test | L+1 hour | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
July | |||||||
| 2 July | LGM-30G Minuteman III | Vandenberg LF-09 | US Air Force | ||||
| GT-152GM | US Air Force | Suborbital | Missile test | 2 July | Successful | ||
| Apogee: 1,300 kilometres (810 mi) | |||||||
| 7 July | UGM-133 Trident II | USS Pennsylvania, Eastern Range | US Navy | ||||
| US Navy | Suborbital | Missile test | 7 July | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) | |||||||
| 7 July | UGM-133 Trident II | USS Pennsylvania, Eastern Range | US Navy | ||||
| US Navy | Suborbital | Missile test | 7 July | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) | |||||||
| 14 July 03:19 |
LGM-118 Peacekeeper | Vandenberg LF-05 | US Air Force | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Missile test | 14 July | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) | |||||||
| 22 July 08:25 |
Black Brant X | Wallops Island | NASA | ||||
| WISP-2 | NASA | Suborbital | Plasma | 22 July | Successful | ||
| Apogee: 900 kilometres (560 mi) | |||||||
| 23 July 08:22 |
RT-2PM Topol | Plesetsk | RVSN | ||||
| RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | 23 July | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) | |||||||
| 27 July | Black Brant 9CM1 | Centre d'Essais des Landes LA-CE | Matra | ||||
| BLANC | Matra | Suborbital | Photography | 27 July | Successful | ||
| Apogee: 300 kilometres (190 mi) | |||||||
| 28 July 05:43 |
Viper IIIA | Esrange | NASA | ||||
| NASA | Suborbital | Aeronomy | 28 July | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 116 kilometres (72 mi) | |||||||
| 30 July 06:19 |
Viper IIIA | Esrange | NASA | ||||
| NASA | Suborbital | Aeronomy | 30 July | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 116 kilometres (72 mi) | |||||||
August | |||||||
| 1 August 01:46 |
Nike-Orion | Andøya | NDRE | ||||
| SCT-06 | NDRE | Suborbital | Aeronomy | 1 August | Successful | ||
| Apogee: 140 kilometres (87 mi) | |||||||
| 2 August 00:37 |
Viper IIIA | Esrange | NASA | ||||
| NASA | Suborbital | Aeronomy | 2 August | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 110 kilometres (68 mi) | |||||||
| 2 August 01:02 |
Nike-Orion | Esrange | DLR/SSC | ||||
| Decimals-B | SSC | Suborbital | Aeronomy | 2 August | Successful | ||
| Apogee: 105 kilometres (65 mi) | |||||||
| 2 August 01:24 |
Viper IIIA | Esrange | NASA | ||||
| NASA | Suborbital | Aeronomy | 2 August | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 105 kilometres (65 mi) | |||||||
| 2 August 03:24 |
Viper IIIA | Esrange | NASA | ||||
| NASA | Suborbital | Aeronomy | 2 August | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 106 kilometres (66 mi) | |||||||
| 2 August 05:54 |
Viper IIIA | Esrange | NASA | ||||
| NASA | Suborbital | Aeronomy | 2 August | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 107 kilometres (66 mi) | |||||||
| 17 August 18:00 |
Black Brant IX | White Sands LC-36 | NASA | ||||
| SERTS 93-5 | NASA | Suborbital | Solar | 17 August | Successful | ||
| Apogee: 312 kilometres (194 mi) | |||||||
| 20 August 18:27 |
UGM-133 Trident II | USS Nebraska, Eastern Range | US Navy | ||||
| US Navy | Suborbital | Missile test | 20 August | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) | |||||||
| 25 August 10:00 |
Polaris/STARS | Barking Sands LC-42 | Space Data Corporation | ||||
| Zodiac Beauchamp | SDC | Suborbital | Target | 25 August | Successful | ||
| Apogee: 900 kilometres (560 mi) | |||||||
| 28 August 09:45 |
Aries | White Sands LC-36 | NASA | ||||
| SXT (XOGS) | NASA | Suborbital | X-Ray astronomy | 28 August | Launch Failure | ||
| Apogee: 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) | |||||||
| 31 August | LGM-30G Minuteman III | Vandenberg LF-26 | US Air Force | ||||
| GT-153GB | US Air Force | Suborbital | Missile test | 31 August | Successful | ||
| Apogee: 1,300 kilometres (810 mi) | |||||||
September | |||||||
| 10 September 16:00 |
Nike-Orion | White Sands | NASA | ||||
| CWAS 33 | NASA | Suborbital | Aeronomy | 10 September | Successful | ||
| Apogee: 140 kilometres (87 mi) | |||||||
| 13 September 18:00 |
Nike-Orion | White Sands | NASA | ||||
| CWAS 34 | NASA | Suborbital | Aeronomy | 13 September | Successful | ||
| Apogee: 140 kilometres (87 mi) | |||||||
| 15 September | LGM-118 Peacekeeper | Vandenberg LF-02 | US Air Force | ||||
| US Air Force | Suborbital | Missile test | 15 September | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) | |||||||
| 16 September 23:00 |
TR-1A | Tanegashima LA-T | NASDA | ||||
| NASDA | Suborbital | Microgravity | 16 September | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 264 kilometres (164 mi) | |||||||
October | |||||||
| 4 October 17:45 |
Black Brant IX | White Sands LC-36 | NASA | ||||
| CU-4 | NASA | Suborbital | Ultraviolet astronomy | 4 October | Successful | ||
| Apogee: 300 kilometres (190 mi) | |||||||
| 4 October 19:35 |
Taurus-Orion | White Sands | NASA | ||||
| NASA | Suborbital | Plasma | 4 October | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 200 kilometres (120 mi) | |||||||
| 8 October | Storm | White Sands SULF | US Air Force | ||||
| BTTV-4 (PAC-2) | US Air Force | Suborbital | Target | 8 October | Successful | ||
| Apogee: 200 kilometres (120 mi) | |||||||
| 21 October 01:46 |
INTA-300B | El Arenosillo | INTA | ||||
| FEIROX (FEIROH) | INTA | Suborbital | Aeronomy | 21 October | Successful | ||
| Apogee: 154 kilometres (96 mi) | |||||||
| 26 October | Storm | White Sands LC-36 | US Air Force | ||||
| BTTV-5 (ERINT) | US Air Force | Suborbital | Target | 26 October | Successful | ||
| Apogee: 200 kilometres (120 mi) | |||||||
November | |||||||
| 2 November | Zyb[9] | Submarine, Pacific Ocean | Russian Navy | ||||
| Efir | RVSN | Suborbital | Technology | L+1 hour | Successful | ||
| Apogee: 500 kilometres (310 mi) | |||||||
| 3 November | S3 | Centre d'Essais des Landes | |||||
| Suborbital | Missile test | 3 November | Successful | ||||
| Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) | |||||||
| 4 November 07:07 |
Skylark 7 | Esrange LA-S | SSC | ||||
| MASER 6 | SSC | Suborbital | Microgravity | 4 November | Successful | ||
| Apogee: 243 kilometres (151 mi) | |||||||
| 17 November | Sonda-2 | Natal | INPE | ||||
| INPE | Suborbital | Ionosphere | 17 November | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 555 kilometres (345 mi) | |||||||
| 18 November | UGM-133 Trident II | USS Nebraska, Eastern Range | US Navy | ||||
| US Navy | Suborbital | Missile test | 18 November | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) | |||||||
| 26 November 11:00 |
Skylark 7 | Esrange LA-S | DLR | ||||
| TEXUS 31 | DLR | Suborbital | Microgravity | 26 November | Successful | ||
| Apogee: 257 kilometres (160 mi) | |||||||
| 29 November 09:30 |
Nike-Improved Orion | Esrange | DLR | ||||
| MINI-TEXUS 1 | DLR | Suborbital | Microgravity | 29 November | Successful | ||
| Apogee: 146 kilometres (91 mi) | |||||||
| 30 November | Storm | White Sands LC-36 | US Air Force | ||||
| BTTV-6 (ERINT/GTF-2) | US Air Force | Suborbital | Target | 30 November | Successful | ||
| Apogee: 200 kilometres (120 mi) | |||||||
December | |||||||
| 17 December | Storm | White Sands SULF | US Air Force | ||||
| MTTV-1 (ERINT) | US Air Force | Suborbital | Target | 17 December | Successful | ||
| Apogee: 200 kilometres (120 mi) | |||||||
| December | Volna[10] | Submarine | Russian Navy | ||||
| Russian Navy | Suborbital | Missile test | L+1 hour | Successful | |||
| Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) | |||||||
Deep Space Rendezvous
| Date (GMT) | Spacecraft | Event | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10 April | Hiten | Crashed intentionally on the Moon | |
| 22 August | Mars Observer | Lost contact prior to orbit insertion | |
| 28 August | Galileo | Flyby of 243 Ida | Closest approach: 2,400 kilometres (1,500 mi) |
EVAs
| Start Date/Time | Duration | End Time | Spacecraft | Crew | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 17 January | 4 hours 28 minutes |
STS-54 Endeavour |
Gregory J. Harbaugh Mario Runco, Jr. |
Tested space station construction techniques and mobility techniques.[11] | |
| 19 April 17:15 |
5 hours 25 minutes |
22:40 | Mir EO-13 Kvant-2 |
Gennadi Manakov Aleksandr Poleshchuk |
Used the Strela boom to install an electric motor on the Kvant-1 module for solar arrays originally installed on the Kristall module. After the installation, Poleshchuk noticed that one of the handles on the Strela boom had become loose and drifted away from Mir. The loss of the Strela handle meant the next EVA would have to be delayed until a new handle could be lifted to orbit the next Progress supply launch. |
| 18 June 17:25 |
4 hours 33 minutes |
21:58 | Mir EO-13 Kvant-2 |
Gennadi Manakov Aleksandr Poleschuk |
After receiving the replacement part, Manakov and Poleshchuk first repaired the Strela boom and then installed the second electric drive for the solar array. |
| 25 June | 5 hours 50 minutes |
STS-57 Endeavour |
G. David Low Peter Wisoff |
Helped secure the antenna on the captured EURECA satellite in its stored position for return to Earth. Then both spacewalkers practiced construction maneuvers on the RMS.[12] | |
| 16 September 05:57 |
4 hours 18 minutes |
10:16 | Mir EO-14 Kvant-2 |
Vasily Tsibliyev Aleksandr Serebrov |
Began assembly of the experimental Rapana truss structure. |
| 16 September 08:40 |
7 hours 5 minutes |
15:45 | STS-51 Discovery |
James H. Newman Carl E. Walz |
Carried out tests on tools, tethers, and a foot restraint system in anticipation of the repair of the Hubble Space Telescope. A stuck tool chest lid slowed the closeout of spacewalk for at least 45 minutes.[13] |
| 20 September 03:51 |
3 hours 13 minutes |
07:05 | Mir EO-14 Kvant-2 |
Vasily Tsibliyev Aleksandr Serebrov |
Completed assembly of the Rapana truss. |
| 28 September 00:57 |
1 hour 52 minutes |
02:48 | Mir EO-14 Kvant-2 |
Vasily Tsibliyev Aleksandr Serebrov |
Inspected the Mir exterior for damage from the recent Perseid meteoroid shower. The most notable damage they found was a 5-millimetre (0.20 in) hole on one of the solar arrays. |
| 22 October 15:47 |
38 minutes | 16:25 | Mir EO-14 Kvant-2 |
Vasily Tsibliyev Aleksandr Serebrov |
Continued their inspection of the Mir exterior for damage from the Perseids. |
| 29 October 13:38 |
4 hours 12 minutes |
17:50 | Mir EO-14 Kvant-2 |
Vasily Tsibliyev Aleksandr Serebrov |
Completed their inspection of the entire outer surface of the Mir. They observed several marks on the hull, there were no complete penetrations. The spacewalking team did notice an unidentified piece of metal drifting by the orbital complex during their inspections. |
| 5 December 03:44 |
7 hours 54 minutes |
11:38 | STS-61 Endeavour |
Story Musgrave Jeffrey A. Hoffman |
HST servicing: Replaced two sets of gryoscopes and electrical control units, as well as a set of eight fuses. The spacewalks had considerable difficulty closing the latches on the doors due to thermal expansion of the closure bolts. Before re-entering the shuttle, the team prepared the payload bay for the next EVA.[14] |
| 6 December 03:29 |
6 hours 36 minutes |
10:05 | STS-61 Endeavour |
Kathryn C. Thornton Thomas Akers |
HST servicing: Thorton rode the RMS to handle the solar arrays while Akers made the cable connections as the team replaced two solar arrays on Hubble. One array was discarded into space, and one array was furled and stowed for return to earth.[14] |
| 7 December 03:35 |
6 hours 47 minutes |
10:22 | STS-61 Endeavour |
Story Musgrave Jeffrey A. Hoffman |
HST servicing: Replaced the WFPC with WFPC 2 and two magnetometers.[14] |
| 8 December 03:13 |
7 hours 21 minutes |
10:03 | STS-61 Endeavour |
Kathryn C. Thornton Thomas Akers |
HST servicing: Replaced Hubble's High Speed Photometer (HSP) with the Corrective Optics Space Telescope Axial Replacement (COSTAR). This replacement fixed the spherical aberration in Hubble's mirror. The HSP was stowed for return to earth.[14] |
| 9 December 03:30 |
7 hours 21 minutes |
10:51 | STS-61 Endeavour |
Story Musgrave Jeffrey A. Hoffman |
HST servicing: Replaced the electronics for the solar array drive motors. They also placed some made-on-Endeavour covers over the new magnetometers to protect them from debris.[14] |
References
- Bergin, Chris. "NASASpaceFlight.com".
- Clark, Stephen. "Spaceflight Now".
- Kelso, T.S. "Satellite Catalog (SATCAT)". CelesTrak.
- Krebs, Gunter. "Chronology of Space Launches".
- Kyle, Ed. "Space Launch Report". Archived from the original on 5 October 2009. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
- McDowell, Jonathan. "GCAT Orbital Launch Log".
- Pietrobon, Steven. "Steven Pietrobon's Space Archive".
- Wade, Mark. "Encyclopedia Astronautica".
- Webb, Brian. "Southwest Space Archive".
- Zak, Anatoly. "Russian Space Web".
- "ISS Calendar". Spaceflight 101.
- "NSSDCA Master Catalog". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.
- "Хроника освоения космоса" [Chronicle of space exploration]. CosmoWorld (in Russian).
- "Rocket Launch Manifest". Next Spaceflight.
Footnotes
- ^ a b c d "Launch Log". Archived from the original on 23 January 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2008.
- ^ NASA (23 November 2007). "NASA – STS-54". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from the original on 10 June 2008. Retrieved 11 May 2008.
- ^ "COSMOS 2241". N2YO.com. 8 March 2022. Archived from the original on 22 May 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
- ^ NASA (23 November 2007). "NASA – STS-56". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from the original on 10 June 2008. Retrieved 11 May 2008.
- ^ NASA (23 November 2007). "NASA – STS-55". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 11 May 2008.
- ^ Iannotta, Becky (11 February 2009). "U.S. Satellite Destroyed in Space Collision". Space.com. Archived from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 11 February 2009.
- ^ NASA (23 November 2007). "NASA – STS-57". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from the original on 10 June 2008. Retrieved 12 May 2008.
- ^ "NOTICE ADVISORY TO NAVSTAR USERS (NANU) 2013027". United States Coast Guard. Archived from the original on 16 December 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
- ^ McDowell, Jonathan C. (17 April 2022). "General Catalog of Artificial Space Objects R-27". Archived from the original on 17 April 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
- ^ McDowell, Jonathan C. (16 April 2022). "General Catalog of Artificial Space Objects R-29". Archived from the original on 16 April 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
- ^ "Space Shuttle Flight 53 (STS-54)". NASA. 2008. Archived from the original on 27 November 2008. Retrieved 1 March 2009.
- ^ Dumoulin, Jim (2001). "STS-57 (56)". NASA Space Shuttle Launch Archive. NASA. Archived from the original on 28 February 2009. Retrieved 2 March 2009.
- ^ Dumoulin, Jim (2001). "STS-51 (57)". NASA Space Shuttle Launch Archive. NASA. Archived from the original on 2 March 2009. Retrieved 2 March 2009.
- ^ a b c d e Dumoulin, Jim (2001). "STS-61 (59)". NASA Space Shuttle Launch Archive. NASA. Archived from the original on 20 March 2009. Retrieved 3 March 2009.