1991 in spaceflight (July–December)

This is a list of spaceflights launched between July and December 1991. For launches between January and June, see 1991 in spaceflight (January–June). For an overview of the whole year, see 1991 in spaceflight.

Orbital launches

Date and time (UTC) Rocket Flight number Launch site LSP
Payload
(⚀ = CubeSat) 		Operator Orbit Function Decay (UTC) Outcome
Remarks

July

1 July
21:53:00 		Proton-K / DM-2 Baikonur Site 200/39 RVSN
Gorizont-23 MOM Geostationary Communication In orbit Successful
4 July
02:32:00 		Delta II (7925) Cape Canaveral SLC-17A McDonnell Douglas
USA-71 (GPS IIA-2) US Air Force Medium Earth Navigation In orbit Successful
Losat-X SDIO Low Earth Navigation 15 November 1991 Failure
Losat-X Command receiver failed nine days after launch
9 July
09:40 		Soyuz-U Plesetsk Site 43/4 RVSN
Kosmos 2152 (Zenit-8) MOM Low Earth Reconnaissance 23 July 1991 Successful
10 July
14:00 		Soyuz-U Baikonur Site 31/6 RVSN
Kosmos 2153 (Yantar-4KS1M) MOM Low Earth Reconnaissance 13 March 1992 Successful
17 July
01:46:31 		Ariane 4 (40) Kourou ELA-2 Arianespace
ERS-1 ESA Low Earth (Sun-synchronous) Remote sensing In orbit Successful
Orbcomm-X Orbcomm Low Earth Technology demonstration In orbit Failure
SARA ESIEESPACE Low Earth Astronomy / Amateur radio In orbit Successful
Tubsat-A TUB Low Earth Technology demonstration In orbit Successful
UoSAT-5 SSTL Low Earth Technology demonstration / Amateur radio In orbit Successful
Orbcomm-X Did not contact ground after separation from carrier rocket
17 July
17:33:53 		Pegasus / HAPS NB-52, Edwards AFB Orbital Sciences
SCS-1 (Microsat-1) DARPA Low Earth Technology development 23 January 1992 Partial failure
SCS-2 (Microsat-2) DARPA Low Earth Technology development 23 January 1992 Partial failure
SCS-3 (Microsat-3) DARPA Low Earth Technology development 24 January 1992 Partial failure
SCS-4 (Microsat-4) DARPA Low Earth Technology development 23 January 1992 Partial failure
SCS-5 (Microsat-5) DARPA Low Earth Technology development 23 January 1992 Partial failure
SCS-6 (Microsat-6) DARPA Low Earth Technology development 25 January 1992 Partial failure
SCS-7 (Microsat-7) DARPA Low Earth Technology development 23 January 1992 Partial failure
Placed in incorrect orbit due to staging error, most mission objectives still met
23 July
09:05:00 		Soyuz-U Plesetsk Site 43/3 RVSN
Resurs-F-12 MOM Low Earth Remote sensing 8 August 1991 Successful

August

1 August
11:53 		Molniya-M Plesetsk Site 43/4 RVSN
Molniya-1-82 MOM Molniya Communication 9 October 2004 Successful
2 August
15:02:00 		Space Shuttle Discovery Kennedy LC-39A United Space Alliance
STS-48 NASA Low Earth Manned orbital flight 11 August 1991 Successful
TDRS-5 NASA Low Earth Communication In orbit Successful
14 August
23:15:13 		Ariane 4 (44L) Kourou ELA-2 Arianespace
Intelsat 605 Intelsat Geostationary Communication In orbit Successful
15 August
09:14:59 		Tsyklon-3 Plesetsk RVSN
Meteor-3-5 MOM Low Earth Weather In orbit Successful
20 August
22:54:10 		Soyuz-U2 Baikonur Site 1/5 RVSN
Progress M-9 MOM Low Earth, docked to Mir Resupply Mir 30 September 1991 Successful
21 August
10:50:00 		Soyuz-U Plesetsk Site 43/3 RVSN
Resurs-F-2 MOM Low Earth Remote sensing 20 September 1991 Successful
22 August
12:35:46 		Kosmos-3M Plesetsk Site 132/1 RVSN
Kosmos 2154 (Parus) MO SSSR Low Earth Navigation In orbit Successful
25 August
08:40 		H-I Tanegashima LA-Y NASDA
BS-3B Geostationary Communication In orbit Successful
29 August
06:48:43 		Vostok-2M Baikonur Site 31/6 RVSN
IRS-1B ISRO Low Earth (Sun-synchronous) Remote sensing In orbit Successful
Final flight of Vostok rocket
30 August
02:30 		Mu-3S-II Kagoshima LA-M1 ISAS
Yohkoh (SOLAR-A) ISAS Low Earth Solar research 12 September 2005 Successful
30 August
08:58:01 		Zenit-2 Baikonur Site 45/1 RVSN
Tselina-2 MO SSSR Intended: Low Earth ELINT 30 August 1991 Failure
Second stage overheated, resulting in explosion

September

12 September
23:11:04 		Space Shuttle Discovery Kennedy LC-39A United Space Alliance
STS-48 NASA Low Earth Manned orbital flight 18 September 1991 Successful
UARS NASA Low Earth Atmospheric research 23 September 2011 Successful
13 September
17:51:02 		Proton-K / DM-2 Baikonur Site 81/23 RVSN
Kosmos 2155 (Prognoz) MOM Geostationary Missile defence In orbit Successful
17 September
20:01:59 		Molniya-M Plesetsk Site 43/4 RVSN
Molniya-3-48L MOM Molniya Communication In orbit Successful
19 September
16:20 		Soyuz-U Plesetsk Site 43/3 RVSN
Kosmos 2156 (Yantar-4K2) MOM Low Earth Reconnaissance 17 November 1991 Successful
26 September
23:43:00 		Ariane 4 (44P) Kourou ELA-2 Arianespace
Anik E1 Telesat Geosynchronous Communication In orbit Successful
28 September
07:05 		Tsyklon-3 Plesetsk RVSN
Kosmos 2157 (Strela-3) MO SSSR Low Earth Communication In orbit Successful
Kosmos 2158 (Strela-3) MO SSSR Low Earth Communication In orbit Successful
Kosmos 2159 (Strela-3) MO SSSR Low Earth Communication In orbit Successful
Kosmos 2160 (Strela-3) MO SSSR Low Earth Communication In orbit Successful
Kosmos 2161 (Strela-3) MO SSSR Low Earth Communication In orbit Successful
Kosmos 2162 (Strela-3) MO SSSR Low Earth Communication In orbit Successful

October

2 October
05:59:38 		Soyuz-U2 Baikonur Site 1/5 RVSN
Soyuz TM-13 MOM Low Earth, docked to Mir Manned orbital flight 25 March 1992 Successful
Last Soviet manned spaceflight
4 October
18:10:00 		Soyuz-U Plesetsk Site 43/4 RVSN
Foton-4 MOM Low Earth Biological research 20 October 1991 Successful
9 October
13:15 		Soyuz-U2 Baikonur Site 1/5 RVSN
Kosmos 2163 (Orlets) MOM Low Earth Reconnaissance 7 December 1991 Successful
10 October
14:00 		Kosmos-3M Plesetsk Site 132/1 RVSN
Kosmos 2164 (Taifun-1) MO SSSR Low Earth Radar calibration 12 December 1992 Successful
17 October
00:05:25 		Soyuz-U2 Baikonur Site 1/5 RVSN
Progress M-10 MOM Low Earth, docked to Mir Resupply Mir 20 January 1992 Successful
23 October
15:25:00 		Proton-K / DM-2 Baikonur Site 200/39 RVSN
Gorizont-24 MOM Geostationary Communication In orbit Successful
29 October
23:08:08 		Ariane 4 (44L) Kourou ELA-2 Arianespace
Intelsat 601 Intelsat Geostationary Communication In orbit Successful

November

8 November
07:07 		Titan IVA (403A) Vandenberg SLC-4E US Air Force
USA-72 (SLDCOM-2) NRO Medium Earth Communication In orbit Successful
USA-74 (NOSS-2-2-A) NRO Low Earth Naval Reconnaissance In orbit Successful
USA-76 (NOSS-2-2-B) NRO Low Earth Naval Reconnaissance In orbit Successful
USA-77 (NOSS-2-2-C) NRO Low Earth Naval Reconnaissance In orbit Successful
12 November
20:09 		Tsyklon-3 Plesetsk RVSN
Kosmos 2165 (Strela-3) MO SSSR Low Earth Communication In orbit Successful
Kosmos 2166 (Strela-3) MO SSSR Low Earth Communication In orbit Successful
Kosmos 2167 (Strela-3) MO SSSR Low Earth Communication In orbit Successful
Kosmos 2168 (Strela-3) MO SSSR Low Earth Communication In orbit Successful
Kosmos 2169 (Strela-3) MO SSSR Low Earth Communication In orbit Successful
Kosmos 2170 (Strela-3) MO SSSR Low Earth Communication In orbit Successful
20 November
19:15 		Soyuz-U Plesetsk Site 43/3 RVSN
Kosmos 2171 (Yantar-4K2) MOM Low Earth Reconnaissance 17 January 1992 Successful
22 November
13:27:00 		Proton-K / DM-2 Baikonur Site 81/23 RVSN
Kosmos 2172 (Potok) MOM Geostationary Communication In orbit Successful
24 November
23:44:00 		Space Shuttle Atlantis Kennedy LC-39A United Space Alliance
STS-44 NASA Low Earth Manned orbital flight 1 December 1991 Successful
DSP-16 US Air Force Low Earth Missile defence In orbit Successful
27 November
03:30:26 		Kosmos-3M Plesetsk Site 133/3 RVSN
Kosmos 2173 (Parus) MO SSSR Low Earth Navigation In orbit Successful
28 November
13:23 		Atlas-E Vandenberg SLC-3W US Air Force
USA-73 (DMSP-11) US Air Force Low Earth (Sun-synchronous) Weather In orbit Successful

December

7 December
22:47 		Atlas II Cape Canaveral LC-36B General Dynamics
Eutelsat 2F3 Eutelsat Geostationary Communication In orbit Successful
16 December
23:19:48 		Ariane 4 (44L) Kourou ELA-2 Arianespace
Inmarsat 2F3 Inmarsat Geostationary Communication In orbit Successful
Télécom 2A France Télécom Geostationary Communication In orbit Successful
17 December
11:00 		Soyuz-U Baikonur Site 31/6 RVSN
Kosmos 2174 (Yantar-1KFT) MOM Low Earth Reconnaissance 30 January 1992 Successful
18 December
03:54:00 		Tsyklon-3 Plesetsk RVSN
Interkosmos-25 MOM Medium Earth Plasma research In orbit Successful
Maigon-3 Medium Earth Magnetosphere research In orbit Successful
Released from Interkosmos-25 on 28 December 1991
19 December
11:41:00 		Proton-K / DM-2 Baikonur Site 81/23 RVSN
Raduga-28 MOM Geostationary Communication In orbit Successful
Last Soviet orbital launch
28 December
12:00 		Long March 3 Xichang LA-1 CALT
Chinasat-4 Chinasat Intended: Geosynchronous
Achieved: Geostationary transfer 		Communication In orbit Partial failure
Third stage failed to ignite

Suborbital launches

Date and time (UTC) Rocket Flight number Launch site LSP
Payload
(⚀ = CubeSat) 		Operator Orbit Function Decay (UTC) Outcome
Remarks

July-September

2 July Minuteman III Vandenberg LF-10 US Air Force
GT-143GM US Air Force Sub-orbital Operational test flight 2 July 1991 Successful
Apogee: 1,300 kilometres (810 mi)
11 July
17:25 		Black Brant IX White Sands LC-36 NASA
NASA Sub-orbital Solar Ultraviolet Astronomy 11 July 1991 Successful
Apogee: 300 kilometres (190 mi)
26 July[1] 79M6 Kontakt MiG-31D, near the Lake Balkhash
Suborbital ASAT missile test 26 July
Apogee: about 200 km
29 July UGM-133 Trident II (Trident D-5) USS Pennsylvania, ETR US Navy
CET US Navy Sub-orbital Operational test flight 29 July 1991 Successful
CET US Navy Sub-orbital Operational test flight 29 July 1991 Successful
CET US Navy Sub-orbital Operational test flight 29 July 1991 Successful
CET US Navy Sub-orbital Operational test flight 29 July 1991 Successful
Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
July Hwasong-6 Chiha-ri DPRK
DPRK Sub-orbital Missile test Within an hour of launch Successful
Apogee: 200 kilometres (120 mi)
July MR-20 RV Professor Zubov, Caribbean MO SSSR
MO SSSR Sub-orbital Aeronomy Within an hour of launch Successful
MO SSSR Sub-orbital Aeronomy Within an hour of launch Successful
MO SSSR Sub-orbital Aeronomy Within an hour of launch Successful
MO SSSR Sub-orbital Aeronomy Within an hour of launch Successful
Apogee: 250 kilometres (160 mi)
1 August
01:40:00 		Nike Orion Esrange DLR
TURBO-B DLR Sub-orbital Aeronomy 1 August 1991 Successful
Apogee: 130 kilometres (81 mi)
1 August
01:54:00 		Viper 3A Esrange NASA
PMSE NASA Sub-orbital Aeronomy 1 August 1991 Successful
Apogee: 111 kilometres (69 mi)
1 August
02:03:00 		Viper 3A Esrange NASA
PMSE NASA Sub-orbital Aeronomy 1 August 1991 Successful
Apogee: 112 kilometres (70 mi)
1 August
02:39:00 		Viper 3A Esrange NASA
PMSE NASA Sub-orbital Aeronomy 1 August 1991 Successful
Apogee: 112 kilometres (70 mi)
1 August
02:24:00 		Viper 3A Esrange NASA
PMSE DLR Sub-orbital Aeronomy 1 August 1991 Successful
Apogee: 115 kilometres (71 mi)
5 August
23:32:00 		Viper 3A Esrange NASA
PMSE NASA Sub-orbital Aeronomy 5 August 1991 Successful
Apogee: 113 kilometres (70 mi)
9 August
22:53:00 		Viper 3A Esrange NASA
PMSE NASA Sub-orbital Aeronomy 9 August 1991 Successful
Apogee: 115 kilometres (71 mi)
9 August
22:39:00 		Viper 3A Esrange NASA
PMSE NASA Sub-orbital Aeronomy 9 August 1991 Failure
Apogee: 5 kilometres (3.1 mi)
9 August
23:30:20 		Black Brant VB Esrange NASA
EFIELD-A NASA Sub-orbital Ionosphere 9 August 1991 Successful
Apogee: 101 kilometres (63 mi)
9 August
23:15:00 		Nike Orion Esrange DLR
TURBO-A DLR Sub-orbital Aeronomy 9 August 1991 Successful
Apogee: 117 kilometres (73 mi)
9 August
23:15:15 		Nike Orion Esrange SSC
DECIMALS-A SSC Sub-orbital Aeronomy 9 August 1991 Successful
Apogee: 117 kilometres (73 mi)
9 August
23:40:00 		Nike Orion Esrange NASA
PEP-A NASA Sub-orbital Aeronomy 9 August 1991 Successful
Apogee: 117 kilometres (73 mi)
10 August
00:06:00 		Viper 3A Esrange NASA
PMSE NASA Sub-orbital Aeronomy 10 August 1991 Successful
Apogee: 101 kilometres (63 mi)
10 August
00:24:00 		Viper 3A Esrange DLR
PMSE Sub-orbital Aeronomy 10 August 1991 Successful
Apogee: 115 kilometres (71 mi)
10 August
01:37:00 		Nike Orion Esrange SSC
DECIMALS-B SSC Sub-orbital Aeronomy 10 August 1991 Successful
Apogee: 118 kilometres (73 mi)
10 August
01:42:00 		Viper 3A Esrange NASA
PMSE NASA Sub-orbital Aeronomy 10 August 1991 Successful
Apogee: 117 kilometres (73 mi)
15 August
12:05 		UR-100NU Baikonur RVSN
RVSN Sub-orbital Operational test flight 15 August 1991 Successful
Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
19 August
22:55 		RT-2PM Topol Plesetsk RVSN
RVSN Sub-orbital Missile test 19 August 1991 Successful
Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
20 August
09:45:48 		Aries Cape Canaveral LC-20 BMDO
BMDO Sub-orbital Target 20 August 1991 Failure
Apogee: 2 kilometres (1.2 mi)
30 August UGM-133 Trident II (Trident D-5) USS Kentucky, ETR US Navy
DASO-7 US Navy Sub-orbital Operational test flight 30 August 1991 Successful
Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
August MR-20 Professor Zubov, Caribbean MO SSSR
MO SSSR Sub-orbital Aeronomy Within an hour of launch Successful
MO SSSR Sub-orbital Aeronomy Within an hour of launch Successful
MO SSSR Sub-orbital Aeronomy Within an hour of launch Successful
MO SSSR Sub-orbital Aeronomy Within an hour of launch Successful
Apogee: 250 kilometres (160 mi)
3 September Minuteman III Vandenberg LF-04 US Air Force
GT-145GM US Air Force Sub-orbital Operational test flight 3 September 1991 Successful
Apogee: 1,300 kilometres (810 mi)
4 September
05:50 		Talos-Castor Barking Sands Sandia
Sandia Sub-orbital Tungsten dust release 4 September 1991 Successful
Apogee: 330 kilometres (210 mi)
6 September
21:50 		Black Brant 8C White Sands NASA
NASA Sub-orbital Plasma research 6 September 1991 Successful
Apogee: 148 kilometres (92 mi)
12 September
05:41 		Talos-Castor Barking Sands Sandia
Sandia Sub-orbital Target 12 September 1991 Successful
Apogee: 330 kilometres (210 mi)
12 September
12:45 		R-36MUTTH (SS-18 Mod 4) Baikonur RVSN
RVSN Sub-orbital Operational test flight 12 September 1991 Successful
Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
15 September
23:00 		TR-1A Tanegashima NASDA
NASDA Sub-orbital Microgravity 15 September 1991 Successful
Apogee: 270 kilometres (170 mi)
17 September
10:20 		R-36M2 Voevoda (SS-18 Mod 5) Baikonur RVSN
RVSN Sub-orbital Missile test 17 September 1991 Successful
Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
17 September
23:43 		Nike Orion Andøya DLR
Turbo-Metal DLR Sub-orbital Aeronomy 17 September 1991 Successful
Apogee: 140 kilometres (87 mi)
17 September LGM-118 Peacekeeper Vandenberg LF-02 US Air Force
US Air Force Sub-orbital Operational test flight 17 September 1991 Successful
Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
20 September
20:48 		Nike Orion Andøya DLR
Turbo-Metal DLR Sub-orbital Aeronomy 20 September 1991 Successful
Apogee: 140 kilometres (87 mi)
20 September
22:40 		Nike Orion Andøya DLR
Turbo-Metal DLR Sub-orbital Aeronomy 20 September 1991 Successful
Apogee: 140 kilometres (87 mi)
30 September
20:55:15 		Nike Orion Andøya DLR
Turbo-Metal DLR Sub-orbital Aeronomy 30 September 1991 Successful
Apogee: 140 kilometres (87 mi)
September MR-20 Professor Zubov, Caribbean MO SSSR
MO SSSR Sub-orbital Aeronomy Within an hour of launch Successful
MO SSSR Sub-orbital Aeronomy Within an hour of launch Successful
MO SSSR Sub-orbital Aeronomy Within an hour of launch Successful
MO SSSR Sub-orbital Aeronomy Within an hour of launch Successful
Apogee: 250 kilometres (160 mi)

October-December

2 October
15:50 		RT-2PM Topol Plesetsk RVSN
RVSN Sub-orbital Missile test 2 October 1991 Successful
Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
3 October
22:27:30 		Nike Orion Andøya DLR
Turbo-Metal DLR Sub-orbital Aeronomy 3 October 1991 Successful
Apogee: 140 kilometres (87 mi)
4 October
00:08 		Nike Orion Andøya DLR
Turbo-Metal DLR Sub-orbital Aeronomy 4 October 1991 Successful
Apogee: 140 kilometres (87 mi)
10 October
11:05 		R-36M2 Voevoda (SS-18 Mod 5) Baikonur RVSN
RVSN Sub-orbital Missile test 10 October 1991 Successful
Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
14 October
10:17:20 		Aries Cape Canaveral LC-20 BMDO
BMDO Sub-orbital Target 14 October 1991 Successful
Apogee: 320 kilometres (200 mi)
30 October Jericho I Negev Desert IDF
IDF Sub-orbital Operational test flight 30 October 1991 Successful
Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi)
October MR-20 Professor Zubov, Caribbean MO SSSR
MO SSSR Sub-orbital Aeronomy Within an hour of launch Successful
MO SSSR Sub-orbital Aeronomy Within an hour of launch Successful
MO SSSR Sub-orbital Aeronomy Within an hour of launch Successful
MO SSSR Sub-orbital Aeronomy Within an hour of launch Successful
Apogee: 250 kilometres (160 mi)
4 November UGM-133 Trident II (Trident D-5) USS Kentucky, ETR US Navy
DASO-8 US Navy Sub-orbital Operational test flight 4 November 1991 Successful
Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
11 November
10:19 		Minuteman III Vandenberg LF-09 US Air Force
GT-146GM US Air Force Sub-orbital Operational test flight 11 November 1991 Successful
Apogee: 1,300 kilometres (810 mi)
11 November UGM-133 Trident II (Trident D-5) USS Pennsylvania, ETR US Navy
CET US Navy Sub-orbital Operational test flight 11 November 1991 Successful
CET US Navy Sub-orbital Operational test flight 11 November 1991 Successful
CET US Navy Sub-orbital Operational test flight 11 November 1991 Successful
CET US Navy Sub-orbital Operational test flight 11 November 1991 Successful
Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
16 November
15:30 		Black Brant 9CM1 White Sands LC-36 SSI
CONSORT-4 SSI Sub-orbital Microgravity 16 November 1991 Successful
Apogee: 298 kilometres (185 mi)
20 November
08:05 		R-36M2 Voevoda (SS-18 Mod 5) Baikonur RVSN
RVSN Sub-orbital Operational test flight 20 November 1991 Successful
Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
23 November
09:40 		Skylark 7 Esrange LA-S MBB
TEXUS-28 MBB Sub-orbital Microgravity 23 November 1991 Successful
Apogee: 239 kilometres (149 mi)
26 November
02:30 		UR-100NU Baikonur RVSN
RVSN Sub-orbital Test spacecraft 26 November 1991 Successful
Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
28 November
07:10 		R-36M2 Voevoda (SS-18 Mod 5) Baikonur RVSN
RVSN Sub-orbital Operational test flight 28 November 1991 Successful
Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
6 December
00:54 		Taurus-Nike-Tomahawk Wallops Island NASA
RED AIR 2 NASA Sub-orbital Plasma research 6 December 1991 Successful
Apogee: 346 kilometres (215 mi)
6 December
01:19 		Taurus-Nike-Tomahawk NASA Wallops Island
RED AIR 2 NASA Sub-orbital Plasma research 6 December 1991 Successful
Apogee: 346 kilometres (215 mi)
20 December
21:31 		Rokot Baikonur RVSN
RVSN Sub-orbital Test spacecraft 20 December 1991 Successful
Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
December Volna Submarine VMF
VMF Sub-orbital Operational test flight Within an hour of launch Successful
Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
December Zyb Submarine VMF
Sprint VMF Sub-orbital Technology demonstration Within an hour of launch Successful
Apogee: 500 kilometres (310 mi)

References

  • Bergin, Chris. "NASASpaceFlight.com".
  • Clark, Stephen. "Spaceflight Now".
  • Kelso, T.S. "Satellite Catalog (SATCAT)". CelesTrak.
  • Krebs, Gunter. "Chronology of Space Launches".
  • Kyle, Ed. "Space Launch Report". Archived from the original on 5 October 2009. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
  • McDowell, Jonathan. "GCAT Orbital Launch Log".
  • Pietrobon, Steven. "Steven Pietrobon's Space Archive".
  • Wade, Mark. "Encyclopedia Astronautica".
  • Webb, Brian. "Southwest Space Archive".
  • Zak, Anatoly. "Russian Space Web".
  • "ISS Calendar". Spaceflight 101.
  • "NSSDCA Master Catalog". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.
  • "Хроника освоения космоса" [Chronicle of space exploration]. CosmoWorld (in Russian).
  • "Rocket Launch Manifest". Next Spaceflight.
  • "Space Launch Plans". Novosti Kosmonavtiki.
Generic references:
Spaceflight portal

Footnotes

  1. ^ "MiG-31D 07-2". Jonathan's Space Report. Retrieved 17 August 2024.
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