Immigration to Italy

In 2024, Istat estimated that 5,253,658 foreign citizens lived in Italy, representing about 8.9% of the total population. These figures include naturalized foreign-born residents (about 1,620,000 foreigners acquired Italian citizenship from 1999 to 2020, of whom 130,000 did so in 2020[1]) as well as illegal immigrants, the so-called clandestini, whose numbers, difficult to determine, are thought to be at least 670,000.[2]

In 2021, around 6,260,000 people residing in Italy have an immigration background (around the 10.6% of the total Italian population).[3][4][5]

Starting from the early 1980s, Italy began to attract substantial flows of foreign immigrants.[6][7] After the fall of the Berlin Wall and, more recently, the 2004 and 2007 enlargements of the European Union, large waves of migration originated from the former socialist countries of Eastern Europe (especially Romania, Albania, Ukraine, Moldova and Poland). Another source of immigration is neighbouring North Africa (in particular, Morocco, Egypt and Tunisia), with soaring arrivals as a consequence of the Arab Spring. Furthermore, in recent years, growing migration fluxes from Asia-Pacific (notably China,[8] South Asia, and the Philippines) and Latin America have been recorded.

Since the expansion of the European Union, the most recent wave of migration has been from surrounding European states, particularly Eastern Europe, replacing North Africa as the major immigration area.[6]

Romanians made up the largest foreign community in the country (1.073.196; around 10% of them being ethnic Romani people[9]) followed by Albanians (416.229), Moroccans (412,346).[10] and Chinese (308,984).[11][12] As of 2024, foreign citizens' origins were subdivided as follows: Europe (46.22%), Asia (23.41%), Africa (22.69%), The Americas (7.64%), and Oceania (0.04%).[13]

The distribution of foreigners is largely uneven in Italy: in 2020, 61.2% of foreign citizens lived in Northern Italy (in particular 36.1% in Northwestern Italy and 25.1% in Northeastern Italy), 24.2% in Central Italy, 10.8% in Southern Italy and 3.9% in Insular Italy.[14]

The children born in Italy to foreign mothers were 102,000 in 2012, 99,000 in 2013 and 97,000 in 2014.[15]

Statistics

On foreigners only, for more information dealing with foreigners who have subsequently acquired Italian citizenship refer to Eurostat site.

Total foreign resident population on 1 January[note 1]
Year Population
2002 1,341,209 (2.35%)[16]
2003 1,549,373 (2.70%)[16]
2004 1,990,159 (3.45%)[16]
2005 2,402,157 (4.14%)[16]
2006 2,670,514 (4.59%)[16]
2007 2,938,922 (5.03%)[16]
2008 3,432,651 (5.84%)[16]
2009 3,891,295 (6.58%)[16]
2010 4,235,059 (7.14%)[16]
2011 4,570,317 (7.70%)[16]
2012 4,052,081 (6.81%)[17]
2013 4,387,721 (7.28%)[18]
2014 4,922,085 (8.10%)[19]
2015 5,014,437 (8.25%)[4]
2016 5,026,153 (8.28%)[20]
2017 5,047,028 (8.33%)[21]
2018 5,144,440 (8.51%)[22]
2019 4,996,158 (8.35%)[23]
2020 5,039,637 (8.45%)[24]
2021 5,171,894 (8.73%)[25]
2022 5,030,716 (8.52%)[26]
2023 5,141,341 (8.71%)[27]
2024 5,253.658 (8.9%)[28]
Foreign citizens (thus not including naturalized Italians and descendants) by country of origin [note 2][29]
Country 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022[30] 2023 [31] Regions with significant populations
 Romania 177,812 248,849 297,570 342,200 625,278 796,477 887,763 968,576 834,465 933,354 1,081,400 1,118,776 1,151,395 1,168,552 1,190,091 1,143,859 1,145,718 1,076,412 1,083,771 1,081,836 Lazio
 Albania 270,383 316,659 348,813 375,947 401,949 441,396 466,684 482,627 450,908 464,962 495,709 478,069 467,687 448,407 440,465 423,212 421,591 433,171 419,987 416,829 Lombardy
 Morocco 253,362 294,945 319,537 343,228 365,908 403,592 431,529 452,424 408,667 426,791 454,773 441,104 437,485 420,651 416,531 406,112 414,249 428,947 420,172 415,088 Lombardy
 China 86,738 111,712 127,822 144,885 156,519 170,265 188,352 209,934 197,064 223,367 256,846 263,659 271,330 281,972 290,681 283,430 288,923 330,495 300,216 307,038 Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
 Ukraine 57,971 93,441 107,118 120,070 132,718 153,998 174,129 200,730 180,121 191,725 219,050 222,039 230,728 234,354 237,047 227,867 228,560 235,953 225,307 249,613 Campania
 Bangladesh 27,356 35,785 41,631 49,575 55,242 65,529 73,965 82,451 81,683 92,695 111,223 113,901 118,790 122,428 131,967 131,023 138,895 158,020 159,003 174,058 Lombardy
 India 44,791 54,288 61,847 69,504 77,432 91,855 105,863 121,036 118,409 128,903 142,453 145,879 150,456 151,430 151,791 147,153 153,209 165,512 162,492 167,333 Lombardy
 Philippines 72,372 82,625 89,668 101,337 105,675 113,686 123,584 134,154 129,188 139,835 162,655 167,834 165,900 166,459 167,859 158,049 157,665 165,443 158,997 158,926 Lombardy
 Egypt 40,583 52,865 58,879 65,667 69,572 74,599 82,064 90,365 66,932 76,691 96,008 103,471 109,871 112,765 119,513 119,864 128,095 139,569 140,322 147,797 Lombardy
 Pakistan 27,798 35,509 41,797 46,085 49,344 55,371 64,859 75,720 71,031 80,658 90,615 90,336 101,784 108,204 114,198 116,631 121,609 135,520 134,182 144,129 Lombardy
 Nigeria 26,383 31,647 34,310 37,733 40,641 44,544 48,674 53,613 48,220 56,476 66,833 70,775 77,264 88,533 106,069 114,096 113,049 119,089 119,435 123,646 Veneto
 Senegal 46,478 53,941 57,101 59,857 62,620 67,510 72,618 80,989 73,702 80,325 90,863 93,352 98,176 101,207 105,937 105,227 106,198 111,092 110,763 112,598 Lombardy
 Sri Lanka 39,231 45,572 50,528 56,745 61,064 68,738 75,343 81,094 71,573 79,530 95,007 100,368 102,316 104,908 107,967 104,763 107,598 112,018 108,069 109,828 Veneto
 Moldova 24,645 37,971 47,632 55,803 68,591 89,424 105,600 130,948 132,175 139,734 149,434 143,442 142,266 135,661 131,814 122,762 118,516 122,667 114,914 109,804 Emilia Romagna
 Tunisia 68,630 78,230 83,564 88,932 93,601 100,112 103,678 106,291 82,997 88,291 97,317 93,795 95,645 94,064 93,795 90,615 93,350 97,407 99,002 102,422 Lazio
 Peru 43,009 53,378 59,269 66,506 70,755 77,629 87,747 98,603 93,841 99,173 109,851 108,465 98,176 99,110 97,379 91,859 91,662 96,546 94,131 98,733 Lazio
 Poland 40,314 50,974 60,823 72,457 90,218 99,389 106,608 109,018 84,749 88,839 97,566 96,285 97,986 97,062 95,727 88,803 86,743 77,779 74,981 74,387 Lazio
 Ecuador 33,506 53,220 61,953 68,880 73,235 80,070 85,940 91,625 80,333 82,791 91,861 90,680 87,427 83,120 80,377 74,661 72,644 72,193 66,590 63,211 Lombardy
 Brazil 22,533 25,823 30,375 34,342 37,848 41,476 44,067 46,690 37,567 39,157 43,202 41,972 43,783 45,410 48,022 49,445 51,790 50,666 47,318 51,125 Lombardy
 North Macedonia 51,208 58,460 63,245 74,162 78,090 89,066 92,847 89,900 73,972 76,608 78,424 72,175 73,512 67,969 65,347 60,581 55,816 55,771 53,443 51,090 Tuscany
 Bulgaria 11,467 15,374 17,746 19,924 33,477 40,880 46,026 51,134 42,000 47,872 54,932 55,759 58,001 58,620 59,254 56,593 56,645 50,355 49,205 49,518 Lombardy
 Ghana 29,252 32,754 34,499 36,540 38,400 42,327 44,353 46,890 44,364 48,575 51,602 49,961 48,637 48,138 49,940 49,797 49,543 50,778 48,280 47,335 Emilia Romagna
 Russia 14,311 17,188 18,689 20,459 21,523 23,201 25,786 30,504 28,604 30,948 34,483 34,702 35,791 36,361 37,384 36,512 37,424 39,746 36,982 39,705 Lombardy
 Kosovo 7,625 16,234 22,778 40,475 43,751 46,248 42,550 43,091 41,344 40,371 39,630 38,645 38,860 37,064 36,372
 Germany 34,664 35,559 36,834 38,135 40,163 41,476 42,302 42,531 34,936 35,576 38,136 31,776 36,661 36,660 36,806 35,442 35,316 35,091 32,984 34,003 Lombardy
 Serbia 57,826 53,875 52,954 43,022 43,816 46,958 41,708 42,264 39,937 39,690 35,578 33,322 32,898 31,342 30,835 Lombardy
 France 26,428 26,951 28,021 29,205 30,803 32,079 32,956 33,400 23,985 25,016 29,078 27,436 28,634 29,281 29,991 29,008 29,721 31,354 28,735 29,942 Lombardy
 Dominican Republic 13,904 15,286 16,725 17,892 18,591 20,583 22,920 24,529 23,020 25,405 28,623 28,277 28,202 28,002 28,451 28,208 29,111 30,255 28,812 29,571 Lombardy
Georgia 447 569 675 811 1,012 1,482 2,734 6,520 7,083 9,123 12,124 13,688 14,045 14,603 15,203 15,021 15,667 18,272 22,907 29,222 Tuscany
 Ivory Coast 11,435 13,228 14,378 15,637 17,132 19,408 21,222 22,665 20,878 23,563 25,953 25,174 25,056 26,159 30,271 31,001 30,038 29,673 28,385 28,559 Lombardy
 Spain 14,019 14,837 15,503 16,292 17,354 18,258 19,094 19,887 15,129 17,021 20,682 21,001 22,593 23,828 24,870 24,936 25,954 32,637 26,417 27,854 Lombardy
 United Kingdom 20,972 22,318 23,324 24,673 26,448 28,174 29,184 29,560 22,839 23,744 26,377 25,523 26,634 27,208 28,168 27,857 29,654 30,325 28,355 27,758 Lombardy
 Cuba 10,149 11,363 12,927 14,073 14,581 15,883 16,878 17,947 16,350 17,538 19,316 19,560 20,662 20,986 21,418 21,417 22,311 22,958 21,499 23,531 Lombardy
El Salvador 4,240 5,085 5,509 5,895 6,144 6,552 7,213 8,739 9,235 10,443 11,809 12,973 13,007 13,492 14,626 15,437 16,270 20,038 20,608 22,693 Lombardy
Gambia 541 628 650 676 748 825 912 1,033 941 1,244 1,630 3,271 8,016 13,780 19,567 22,075 21,336 22,213 21,826 22,637 Sicily
Mali 547 642 702 735 832 992 1,090 1,263 1,252 2,946 4,470 6,098 10,369 14,768 19,134 20,078 19,350 20,015 20,008 21,032 Campania
Colombia 13,989 15,843 16,810 17,640 17,890 18,615 19,573 20,571 17,086 17,880 19,661 18,956 18,777 17,968 17,956 17,539 18,053 19,848 19,025 20,856 Lombardy
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 20,152 22,436 24,142 26,298 27,356 30,124 31,341 31,972 28,015 28,996 29,831 28,120 27,199 25,791 25,034 22,944 21,911 21,442 21,234 20,454 Veneto
Turkey 9,130 11,077 12,359 13,532 14,562 16,225 17,651 19,068 16,354 17,711 19,951 19,450 19,388 19,217 19,509 18,780 19,168 20,999 18,930 20,080 Lombardy
 Algeria 15,493 18,736 20,202 21,519 22,672 24,387 25,449 25,935 20,725 21,801 23,095 21,899 21,765 20,437 19,823 18,507 18,468 18,538 17,998 18,095 Campania
Afghanistan 172 198 312 442 1,063 2,198 3,372 3,811 3,512 4,813 6,635 7,330 8,574 11,224 11,738 10,600 11,121 12,199 13,547 16,872 Lazio
Iran 6,405 6,550 6,566 6,850 6,913 6,983 7,106 7,444 5,962 7,273 8,995 9,540 10,304 10,794 11,565 11,837 12,866 14,255 14,009 16,490 Lombardy
United States of America 14,132 14,155 14,433 14,904 15,036 15,324 15,708 15,620 12,184 13,165 14,963 14,145 14,512 14,649 15,004 14,966 15,393 18,837 14,496 15,582 Lazio
Croatia 19,890 20,712 21,232 21,360 21,308 21,511 21,261 21,079 16,708 17,051 17,999 17,375 18,052 17,698 17,573 16,591 16,285 17,362 15,754 15,514 Lombardy
Cameroon 3,682 4,672 5,529 6,249 6,940 7,994 9,175 10,324 8,830 10,071 11,880 12,298 12,738 13,308 14,529 15,170 15,329 15,581 15,013 15,443 Emilia Romagna
Argentina 13,174 13,720 13,907 13,422 12,492 11,842 11,338 11,239 7,896 8,025 8,642 8,179 8,270 8,009 8,023 8,169 9,117 9,091 10,522 14,662 Lombardy
Burkina Faso 5,545 7,012 7,949 8,543 8,960 10,493 11,784 13,051 12,752 14,007 15,301 14,797 14,657 14,306 14,435 14,051 13,979 14,236 14,167 14,204 Lombardy
Venezuela 4,245 4,579 4,913 5,114 5,219 5,339 5,580 5,808 4,787 5,138 5,506 5,594 5,849 6,327 7,347 8,981 10,316 12,135 12,033 13,548 Lombardy
Bolivia 2,508 3,637 4,127 4,800 6,043 6,796 8,855 12,268 11,774 12,357 13,919 14,384 14,243 14,076 13,955 13,277 13,141 13,271 12,924 12,930 Lombardy
Guinea 1,259 1,604 1,813 2,014 2,268 2,679 2,991 3,360 3,297 3,896 4,371 4,425 4,928 6,897 11,240 12,728 12,213 12,255 11,796 11,880 Lombardy
Somalia 5,963 6,094 6,249 6,414 6,237 6,663 7,728 8,112 4,586 5,235 6,878 7,677 7,903 8,228 9,102 8,626 8,515 7,629 8,370 9,349 Lazio
Belarus 2,095 2,791 3,258 3,767 4,265 5,062 5,952 6,975 6,654 7,446 8,177 8,195 8,529 8,636 8,885 8,704 8,808 9,269 8,811 9,248 Lombardy
Netherlands 6,787 6,989 7,356 7,752 8,165 8,521 8,651 8,695 7,163 7,378 7,856 7,616 8,106 8,243 8,344 8,184 8,283 10,092 8,367 8,820 Lombardy
Eritrea 4,900 5,634 7,090 8,972 11,386 11,911 12,967 13,368 8,074 8,752 11,187 10,570 9,597 9,394 9,343 8,141 8,035 6,912 6,575 6,404
Rest of Europe 118,159 119,870 128,299 132,310 143,602 80,381 86,342 87,261 69,066 74,661 81,868 73,734 63,622 62,334 66,817 81,254 84,149
Rest of North Africa and Western/Central Asia 15,540 16,719 17,543 18,565 19,366 20,449 21,572 22,786 16,812 18,976 22,772 22,756 44,526 47,513 31,296 34,572
Rest of South Asia 266 329 426 466 514 608 701 860 787 928 1,189 1,258 1,516 1,630 1,729 1,816
Rest of East and South-East Asia 15,354 16,703 17,501 18,666 19,358 20,367 21,382 22,218 17,067 18,842 22,267 20,939 22,895 19,877 22,777 23,840
Rest of Sub-Saharan Africa 34,102 37,591 41,013 45,630 48,563 51,619 54,091 55,272 43,548 48,293 54,281 52,842 52,591 54,501 59,385 51,002 52,056
Rest of Americas 13,066 13,954 14,713 15,492 15,716 16,567 17,324 18,746 14,517 16,023 18,317 17,643 18,406 20,796 20,103 21,785
Europe 904,490 (1.57%) 1,111,199 (1.92%) 1,249,605 (2.15%) 1,380,974 (2.36%) 1,771,308 (3.01%) 2,067,868 (3.50%) 2,251,635 (3.80%) 2,422,399 (4.08%) 2,134,986 (3.59%) 2,298,498 (3.82%) 2,564,208 (4.22%) 2,546,281 (4.19%) 2,601,313 2,588,451 (4.28%) 2,600,748 (4.31%) 2,609,690 (4.33%) 2,378,907 (4.03%) 2,397,731 (4.06%)
North Africa and Western/Central Asia 409,762 (0.71%) 479,691 (0.83%) 519,325 (0.89%) 559,104 (0.96%) 593,606 (1.01%) 647,829 (1.10%) 691,783 (1.17%) 730,833 (1.23%) 625,532 (1.05%) 666,657 (1.11%) 735,035 (1.21%) 725,703 (1.19%) 741,090 729,064 (1.21%) 735,681 (1.22%) 764,636 (1.30%) 783,766 (1.33%)
South Asia 139,614 (0.24%) 171,681 (0.30%) 196,541 (0.34%) 222,817 (0.38%) 244,659 (0.42%) 284,299 (0.48%) 324,103 (0.55%) 364,972 (0.61%) 346,995 (0.58%) 387,527 (0.64%) 447,122 (0.74%) 459,072 (0.76%) 474,736 488,486 (0.81%) 507,553 (0.84%) 579,022 (0.98%) 614,036 (1.04%)
East and South-East Asia 174,464 (0.30%) 211,040 (0.36%) 234,991 (0.40%) 264,888 (0.45%) 281,552 (0.48%) 304,318 (0.51%) 333,318 (0.56%) 366,306 (0.62%) 343,319 (0.58%) 382,044 (0.63%) 441,768 (0.73%) 452,432 (0.74%) 459,572 471,326 (0.78%) 478,417 (0.79%) 481,990 (0.82%) 489,804 (0.83%)
Sub-Saharan Africa 170,267 (0.30%) 195,447 (0.34%) 211,283 (0.36%) 229,000 (0.39%) 244,727 (0.42%) 266,965 (0.45%) 287,605 (0.49%) 309,940 (0.52%) 270,444 (0.45%) 303,383 (0.50%) 345,249 (0.57%) 351,240 (0.58%) 369,567 397,309 (0.66%) 444,058 (0.74%) 455,620 (0.77%) 465,143 (0.79%)
Americas 188,455 (0.33%) 230,043 (0.40%) 255,661 (0.44%) 278,960 (0.48%) 293,550 (0.50%) 316,676 (0.54%) 343,143 (0.58%) 372,385 (0.63%) 328,590 (0.55%) 347,095 (0.58%) 385,670 (0.63%) 380,828 (0.63%) 376,556 369,555 (0.61%) 373,354 (0.62%) 368,061 (0.62%) 388,227 (0.66%)
Oceania 2,562 (<0.01%) 2,460 (<0.01%) 2,486 (<0.01%) 2,536 (<0.01%) 2,527 (<0.01%) 2,547 (<0.01%) 2,618 (<0.01%) 2,642 (<0.01%) 1,821 (<0.01%) 1,921 (<0.01%) 2,220 (<0.01%) 2,015 (<0.01%) 2,104 (<0.01%) 2,122 (<0,01%) 2,170 (<0.01%) 2,120 (<0.01%) 2,213 (<0.01%) 2,256 (<0.01%) 1,859 (<0.01%) 1,991 (<0.01%)
Total foreigners 1,990,159 (3.45%) 2,402,157 (4.14%) 2,670,514 (4.59%) 2,938,922 (5.03%) 3,432,651 (5.84%) 3,891,295 (6.58%) 4,235,059 (7.14%) 4,570,317 (7.70%) 4,052,081 (6.81%) 4,387,721 (7.28%) 4,922,085 (8.10%) 5,014,437 (8.25%) 5,026,153 (8.28%) 5,047,028 (8.33%) 5,144,440 (8.51%) 4,996,158 (8.35%) 5,039,637 (8.45%) 5,171,894 (8.73%) 5,030,716 (8.52%) 5,141,341 (8.71%)
Italians 55,694,841 (96.55%) 55,566,843 (95.86%) 55,473,486 (95.41%) 55,499,078 (94.97%) 55,394,349 (94.16%) 55,203,705 (93.42%) 55,041,941 (92.86%) 54,808,683 (92.30%) 55,487,919 (93.19%) 55,846,279 (92.72%) 55,866,915 (91.90%) 55,781,563 (91.75%) 55,639,847 (91.72%) 55,531,972 (91.67%) 55,339,560 (91.50%) 54,820,515 (91.65%) 54,601,851 (91.55%) 54,064,319 (91.27%) 53,999,417 (91.48%) 53,855,860 (91.26%)
Italy 57,685,000 57,969,000 58,144,000 58,438,000 58,827,000 59,095,000 59,277,000 59,379,000 59,540,000 60,234,000 60,789,000 60,796,000 60,666,000 60,579,000 60,484,000 59,816,673 59,641,488 59,236,213 59,030,133 58,997,201
  • Turkey has been counted as an Asian country
  • Sudan and Mauritania have been counted in Sub-Saharan Africa
  • Afghanistan has been counted in South Asia

Prison population

According to the Ministry of Justice, the Italian prison population in 2019 counted 60,769 and of those 32.7% were foreigners. The largest groups came from Morocco (3,651), Albania (2,402), Romania (2,386), Tunisia (2,020), Nigeria (1,665).

Amongst national origins counting more than 5,000 individuals at national level, Algeria, followed by Gambia and Tunisia, had the biggest proportion of detainees (with, respectively, 25.8, 23.7 and 20.7 inmates per 1,000 residents). On the other hand, Japan, Thailand and the Philippines had the lowest proportion of inmates per 1,000 residents (respectively, 0.13, and 0.50 for both Thailand and the Philippines).[32][33]

Public opinion

See also: Opposition to immigration in Europe

In 2018, a poll by Pew Research found that a majority (71%) wanted fewer immigrants to be allowed into the country, 18% wanted to keep the current level and 5% wanted to increase immigration.[34]

A 2019 poll by Yougov showed that 53% thought authorities should not accept more refugees from conflict areas, 25% were in favour of more refugees and 19% were undecided.[35]

According to poll published by Corriere della Sera in 2019, one of two respondents (51%) approved closing Italy's ports to further boat migrants arriving via the Mediterranean, while 19% welcomed further boat migrants.[36]

In 2021, 77% of Italians thought the current immigrant influx was too high, as underlined by a poll published by La Repubblica and carried out by YouGov.[37]

Mediterranean Sea crossings crisis

Due to the peninsula geographical position and close proximity to the North Africa coast, the crossing of the Mediterranean Sea has historically been the most used route for undocumented migrants. This route has become gradually more prominent, as flow through other routes to the EU gradually faded and political turmoil in Libya caused a general weakening of borders and coastal control, opening opportunities to people smuggling organisations.

The principal destination for sea crossings boats and rafts are the southernmost Italian territories, the Pelagie Islands. These islands are 113 km from Tunisia, 167 from Libya and 207 from Sicily.

The close distance between these islands and the African mainland has caused people smuggling organisations to employ boats and rafts otherwise hardly seaworthy, generally vastly filled above their capacity. Official reports list boats filled up to 2 or 3 times nominal capacity, including the use of rubber dinghies. This has led to several accidents at sea, as in 2007, the 2009, the 2011, the 2013, 2015.[38] These accidents have become harder to document between 2014 and 2017, as people smuggling organisations changed their tactics: instead of aiming for a full crossing of the sea towards Lampedusa, their boats aimed just to exit Libyan territorial waters and then trigger rescue operation from passing mercantile vessels, seek and rescue organisations, Italian and Maltese coastguards and militaries. As per the United Nations Convention of the Sea, of which Italy is a subscriber, people rescued at sea have to be transported to the closest safe harbor: as Libya continues to be in political turmoil this means they are transported to Italy.

Once in Italy, the EU Dublin Regulation requires migrants to apply for legal residence, protection or asylum permits in the first EU country they cross into, effectively barring them from legally crossing internal EU borders until their case has been processed and positively concluded. As the vast majority of migrant people landing in Italy targets destinations in Central and Northern European States, there is a tendency to avoid filing permits applications in Italy and rather try a northwards land journey.[39]

As a reaction to the gradual increase in migration flows through the Mediterranean Sea, Italian governments stepped up cooperation with Tunisian and Libyan authorities to halt activities of people smuggling organisation on land, as well as to allow boats rescued from the Italian Military in international waters to be towed back to the port where they left from. This policy, enacted in 2004 and 2005, sparked controversies related in particular to the compatibility with Italian and EU laws, as numerous reports documented acts of violence from Libyan authorities on migrant people. The policy was openly criticised by the EU Parliament.[41]

In 2008, Berlusconi's government in Italy and Gaddafi's government in Libya signed a treaty including cooperation between the two countries in stopping unlawful migration from Libya to Italy; this led to a policy of forcibly returning to Libya boat migrants intercepted by the Italian coast guard at sea.[42] The cooperation collapsed following the outbreak of the Libyan civil war in 2011. In 2012 the European Court of Human Rights ruled that Italy had violated the European Convention on Human Rights by returning migrants to Libya, as it exposed the migrants to the risk of being subjected to ill-treatment in Libya and violated the prohibition of collective expulsions.,[43] thus effectively ending the policy.

In 2009, as the flow of migrants picked up again, the overcrowded conditions at the Pelagie Islands' temporary immigrant reception centre came under criticism by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). The unit, which was originally built for a maximum capacity of 850 people, was reported to be housing nearly 2,000 boat people. A significant number of people were sleeping outdoors under plastic sheeting.[44] A fire started as an inmate riot destroyed a large portion of the holding facility on 19 February 2009.

In 2011, as Arab Spring rebellions in Tunisia and Libya disrupted government control over borders and coasts, by May 2011, more than 35,000 immigrants had arrived on the island of Lampedusa from Tunisia and Libya.[45] By the end of August, 48,000 had arrived.[46] As migration and asylum policies are exclusive responsibilities of each member State, the increased migration pressure at the EU Southern border sparked tensions between EU States on how to differentiate between people migrating due to economic reasons, which in principle are regarded as unlawful immigrants and thus are forced to leave or deported, and people fleeing violence or persecution for religious, sexual orientation, political reasons, who can be granted asylum rights.[47] As the Libyan authoritarian governments struggled to keep control of the country, it allowed an increase in northbound migrant flows as a tactic to pressure Italy and the EU not to militarily intervene in the country, as Gaddafi feared his regime would be overthrown.[46]

Some Italian towns and cities disobeyed instructions from the national government to house migrants.[48] The Mafia Capitale investigation revealed that the Italian Mafia profited from the migrant crisis and exploited refugees.[49][50] The murder of Ashley Ann Olsen in her Italian apartment by an illegal immigrant from Senegal rapidly acquired political significance in the context of the European migrant crisis. The police chief of Florence addressed safety concerns and "assur[ed] the public that Florence remained safe" in the wake of the Olsen murder.[51]

Since 2014, thousands of migrants have tried every month to cross the Central Mediterranean to Italy, risking their lives on unsafe boats including fishing trawlers.[52] Many of them were fleeing poverty-stricken homelands or war-torn countries and sought economic opportunity within the EU.[53][54] Italy, and, in particular, its southern island of Lampedusa, received enormous numbers of Africans and Middle-Easterners transported by smugglers and NGOs operating along the ungoverned coast of the failed state of Libya.[53][55]

There were 153,842 Mediterranean sea arrivals to Italy in 2015, 9 percent less than the previous year; most of the refugees and migrants came from Eritrea, Nigeria, and Somalia, whereas the number of Syrian refugees sharply decreased, as most of them took the Eastern Mediterranean route from Turkey to Greece.[56]

The first three months of 2016 saw an increase in the number of migrants rescued at sea being brought to southern Italian ports.[57][58][59] In April 2016, nearly 6,000 mostly sub-Saharan African migrants landed in Italy in four days.[60] In June 2016, over 10,000 migrants were rescued in four days.[61] In 2016, 181,100 migrants arrived in Italy by sea.[62]

In April 2017, more than 8,000 migrants were rescued near Libya and brought to Italy in three days.[63] From January to November 2017, approximately 114,600 migrants arrived in Italy by sea.[64] Approximately 5,000 African migrants were rescued in waters off the coast of Libya between 18 and 20 May 2017.[65]

Since 2013, Italy took in over 700,000 migrants,[66] mainly from sub-Saharan Africa.[67]

In September 2023, Boats, carrying roughly 7,000 migrants—more than the total population of Lampedusa—arrived on the island within the span of 24 hours.[68][69][70]

In 2023, 155,754 migrants arrived in Italy, up from 103,846 in 2022.[71][72][73]

Controversies regarding NGOs

After 2015, as an increased use of unseaworthy vessels by people smuggling organisations caused a marked increase in accidents at sea involving loss of lives, several European NGOs have started seek and rescue operations in close coordination with Italian Navy and coast guard units. These operations often happen close to Libyan territorial waters at the same time in order not to unlawfully enter Libyan jurisdictions and yet ensure migrants' safety. As per UNCLOS, rescued people are brought to the closer safe harbor, which is in most cases on Italian shore. This effectively means NGOs vessels are covering most of the distance between Libyan and Italian coast. Right-wing Italian newspapers and activists picked on that to make various claims, among which that NGOs active in migrants' assistance and rescue at sea would reap financial profits from their collaboration with the Italian authorities,[74] or that some NGOs are part of unlawful people smuggling operations in coordination with operatives on Libyan coast, and funded by international criminal groups and financial institutions interested in developing political turmoil in Italy.[75] The Italian Parliament investigated these claims and has found them to be unsubstantiated, with no further actions.[76] Regardless of this, right-wing newspapers have continued campaigning against Italian and foreign NGOs.

In August 2017 the ship "Iuventa" operated by the German NGO "Jugend Rettet" (youth to the rescue) was impounded on the island of Lampedusa on the order of an Italian prosecutor on suspicion of facilitating illegal immigration. Jugend Rettet is one of the six out of nine NGOs which refused to sign a new code of conduct by the Italian government covering migrant rescues in the Mediterranean. The prosecutor alleged that there were "contacts, meetings and understandings" between the boat's crew and the smugglers. No crew members from the "Iuventa" had been charged and the prosecutor admitted that their motive was likely humanitarian.[78] (Five out of eight refused to sign the new code of conduct, according to a Guardian article, the others refusing to sign being MSF, the Germany groups Sea-Watch, Sea-Eye and Jugend Rettet, and France's SOS Mediterranée '[all of whom] abstained'. 'MSF, SOS Mediterranée and Jugend Rettet... called for clarification of the rules' while MOAS and Spanish group Proactiva Open Arms agreed to the conditions, and Save the Children 'backed the measures'.)[79]

The Conte I Cabinet, influenced by hard-line Interior Minister Matteo Salvini, refused to let migrant ships dock in its waters. On 10 June 2018, Salvini announced the closure of Italian ports, stating that "Everyone in Europe is doing their own business, now Italy is also raising its head. Let's stop the business of illegal immigration."[80] The vessel Aquarius, which is operated jointly by Médecins Sans Frontières and SOS Méditerranée and carried more than 600 migrants, was refused a port of disembarkation by the Italian authorities despite having been told to rescue the migrants by the same co-ordination centre. The Italian authority told the vessel to ask Malta to provide a disembarkation port, but Malta has also refused.[81] On the following day, the new Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez accepted the disputed migrant ship.[82] On 12 June 2019, the Sea Watch 3 ship picked up 53 migrants in the Mediterranean off the Libyan coast. Sea Watch 3 rejected an offer to dock at Tripoli, which is considered unsafe by humanitarian organizations, and headed toward Lampedusa. According to a report by the Süddeutsche Zeitung and NGOs this was the nearest safe harbor per maritime law. On 14 June, Italy closed its ports to migrant rescue ships. Salvini refused to allow the ship to dock until other European nations had agreed to take the migrants. Ten of the migrants, including children, pregnant women, and those who were ill, were allowed to disembark. On 29 June, without authorization, ship's captain Carola Rackete decided to dock. The motivation for this was that according to her the passengers were exhausted. Rackete was arrested by the Italian authorities after docking. Matteo Salvini accused Rackete of trying to sink an Italian patrol boat that was attempting to intercept her, calling the incident an act of war and demanding the Netherlands government intervention. However, on 2 July, Rackete was released from house arrest after a court ruling that she had broken no laws and acted to protect passengers' safety.[83]

In August 2019, Salvini announced a motion of no confidence against Prime Minister Conte, after growing tensions within the majority.[84] Salvini's alleged gambit failed, as Conte successfully negotiated the formation of a new cabinet with centre-left Democratic Party, which completely changed the immigration policy of the previous government,[85] returning to receive NGO ships in Italian ports.[86]

Italian naval mission to Libyan waters

On 2 August 2017, Italy's parliament authorized a limited naval mission to Libyan waters aimed at supporting the country's coastguard in the fight against illegal migration. Italy sent two patrol boats at the request of the UN-backed government in Tripoli and insisted it had no intention of violating Libyan sovereignty. However, General Khalifa Haftar, who controls most of eastern Libya, threatened to use his own forces to repel the Italians.[78][87]

Comparison with other European Union countries 2023

According to Eurostat 59.9 million people lived in the European Union in 2023 who were born outside their resident country. This corresponds to 13.35% of the total EU population. Of these, 31.4 million (9.44%) were born outside the EU and 17.5 million (3.91%) were born in another EU member state.[88][89]

Country Total population (1000) Total Foreign-born (1000) % Born in other EU state (1000) % Born in a non EU state (1000) %
EU 27 448,754 59,902 13.3 17,538 3.9 31,368 6.3
Germany 84,359 16,476 19.5 6,274 7.4 10,202 12.1
France 68,173 8,942 13.1 1,989 2.9 6,953 10.2
Spain 48,085 8,204 17.1 1,580 3.3 6,624 13.8
Italy 58,997 6,417 10.9 1,563 2.6 4,854 8.2
Netherlands 17,811 2,777 15.6 748 4.2 2,029 11.4
Greece 10,414 1,173 11.3 235 2.2 938 9.0
Sweden 10,522 2,144 20.4 548 5.2 1,596 15.2
Austria 9,105 1,963 21.6 863 9.5 1,100 12.1
Belgium 11,743 2,247 19.1 938 8.0 1,309 11.1
Portugal 10,467 1,684 16.1 378 3.6 1,306 12.5
Denmark 5,933 804 13.6 263 4.4 541 9.1
Finland 5,564 461 8.3 131 2.4 330 5.9
Poland 36,754 933 2.5 231 0.6 702 1.9
Czech Republic 10,828 764 7.1 139 1.3 625 5.8
Hungary 9,600 644 6.7 342 3.6 302 3.1
Romania 19,055 530 2.8 202 1.1 328 1.7
Slovakia 5,429 213 3.9 156 2.9 57 1.0
Bulgaria 6,448 169 2.6 58 0.9 111 1.7
Ireland 5,271 1,150 21.8 348 6.6 802 15.2

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The figures for 2002–2011 have been revised downwards as a result of the 15th General Census of Italy which offered more precise data. The figures since 2012 are calculated adding to the foreign population enumerated by the census the foreign population inflows and outflows recorded in all Italian municipalities during each calendar year.
  2. ^ Since 2013, the European Union foreign nationals are no longer counted in the immigration statistics. This includes the Romanians, the largest minority group in Italy.

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Further reading

  • Cusumano, Eugenio, and Kristof Gombeer. "In deep waters: The legal, humanitarian and political implications of closing Italian ports to migrant rescuers." Mediterranean Politics 25.2 (2020): 245–253. online
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