Haberli, İdil
Haberli | |
|---|---|
Haberli Location in Turkey | |
| Coordinates: 37°18′32″N 41°37′16″E / 37.309°N 41.621°E | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Şırnak |
| District | İdil |
| Population (2024)[1] | 162 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |
Haberli, also known by its Syriac name Bsorino (Syriac: ܒܝܬ ܣܒܝܪܝܢܐ, lit. 'Beth Sbirino', or 'Bsorino',[2]) is a village in the İdil District of Şırnak Province in Turkey.[3]
With a history tracing back to ancient Mesopotamia, Haberli is known as a spot of Syriac Christian education and monastical activity, with a significant Syriac Orthodox population. However, this was disturbed by the events of Sayfo, and in recent years, the village has been reported as a site of human rights violations against the Syriac[a] population in Turkey. In modern years, the village is populated by a mixed population of Kurds and Assyrians/Syriacs,[4][5][6] and has a population of 162 as of 2024.[1]
History
Early history
The majority of the village's population is religiously Syriac Orthodox, but there were also a few Catholics living in the village as well.[7]
In the 9th century BC, the Assyrian king Ashurnasirpal II and his successor Shalmaneser III both described passing the Pass of Ištarāte on marches with their armies, which has been identified with the pass near Haberli.[8] The pass is now a road that connects İdil and Midyat together. It has been suggested that the village was founded by a member of the Roman limitanei (frontier militia) named Constans in the 4th century AD, alongside the village of Beth Kustan.[9]
Throughout its history, the village of Bsbirino has been a site of monastical activity for the Syriac Orthodox Church, retaining significant Christian heritage. For example, Ignatius Aphrem I, the former patriarch of the church, states that eleven letters belonging to Mor Yakup were found on thirty large papers which are now on display in the London Museum, some of which also offering insight into theological manners such as the process of baptism.[10] [11] In Syriac Christian encyclopedias, there exists records of the priest Isaiah of Bet Sbirino (Syriac: ܐܫܥܝܐ ܣܒܝܪܝܢܝܐ), who authored two poems on the ravage of Tamerlane in Tur Abdin.[12] Today, 25 churches remain in the region where the village lies, and churches and monasteries affiliated with the SOC were the main religious sites until the first mosque was built in the 1970s.[13][14]
Modern history
Haberli is a village of thirty clans who historically were under the patronage of Kurds of the Salihan tribe. Some families consider themselves members of the Salihan tribe.[15]
During the events of Sayfo, an attack was made on the village in 1915, but it was unsuccessful.[16] The village was attacked once again two years later, which killed most of the survivors of the 1915 attacks. Ottoman archival documents suggest that Syriac Christians in the village had revolted against authorities, however no tangible evidence of this has surfaced.[17] Following subsequent persecution under the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey, most of the population have since migrated to Germany and the European diaspora. Only 25 households remain in the village as of 2016.
The village is also said to be where the Haydo family originates from.[18] Shamoun Hanne Haydo, a clan leader who is well known for defending his community during the genocide, is said to have originated from Bsirino, and is where he died. The village fell under attack from a Kurdish Agha after Haydo finished his education, which caused a full scale attack to be led by a group of Kurds; however, this attack would eventually be successfully resisted by Haydo.[18]
Since the founding of the modern Republic of Turkey, the village has previously been the site of several human rights violations against the Syriac community (ex. occupation of immovable property), and the villagers continue to receive hostility and threats from the local Kurdish and Muslim population.[19] Minority Rights Group International reported that Assyrians originally from the village had several of their lands registered by non-Assyrian owners illegally and without their consultation, something that also affected the village of Kafro Tahtoyo.[20] Assyrians who have shown interest in returning to the village following emigration were intimidated by village guards, with no interception from the Turkish Armed Forces.[21] This has resulted in an increased exodus outside of the village over the years, which has in some cases reduced the economy from viticulture profits.[22]
In 1994, Melke Tok, a priest from the village had been abducted before conducting a wedding ceremony.[23] News of the priest's kidnapping had reached villagers who were gathering at the Mor Gabriel Monastery to celebrate the ordination of two monks. It's believed that his kidnappers were supporters of the group Hezbollah; Tok succeeded in escaping following an experience of premature burial, and stated that he was pressured to convert to Islam.[24]
In 1990, the village was transferred from the province of Mardin to Şırnak;[25] following Law No. 5747 enacted by the Ministry of the Interior, the village would lose its status as a sub-district.[26]
Demographics
In 1984, there were 900 speakers of the Turoyo dialect of Neo-Aramaic.[27]
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
|---|---|---|
| 1965 | 775 | — |
| 1985 | 290 | −4.80% |
| 1990 | 185 | −8.60% |
| 1997 | 125 | −5.45% |
| 2007 | 156 | +2.24% |
| 2012 | 153 | −0.39% |
| 2017 | 173 | +2.49% |
| 2022 | 171 | −0.23% |
| 2024 | 162 | −2.67% |
| Source: Population census (1965-1997)[28][29] and TÜİK (2007-2024)[1] | ||
Notes
- ^ The terms "Assyrian" and "Syriac" are used to refer to the same people
References
- ^ a b c "Population Of Municipalities, Villages And Quarters". TÜİK. Retrieved 12 June 2025.
- ^ "Beth Sbirino - ܒܝܬ ܣܒܝܪܝܢܐ". The Syriac Gazetteer. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "Türkiye Mülki İdare Bölümleri Envanteri". T.C. İçişleri Bakanlığı (in Turkish). Retrieved 19 December 2022.
- ^ "T.C. Şırnak Valiliği Resmi İnternet Sitesi - Valimiz Sayın Cevdet Atay Süryani Vatandaşlarımızın İkamet Ettiği Haberli Köyünde İncelemelerde Bulundu". www.sirnak.gov.tr. Retrieved 2025-03-24.
- ^ SAMİ, Kamuran; KARAKAŞ, Berrin. "TUR ABDİN BÖLGESİ'NDE YERLEŞİK SÜRYANİLERİN YER, ZAMAN VE SOSYO-KÜLTÜREL BAĞLAMDA KIRSAL MİMARİLERİ: MİDYAT-HABERLİ (BASIBİRN) KÖYÜ ÖRNEĞİ RURAL ARCHITECTURES OF ASSYRIANS SETTLED IN TUR ABDIN REGION IN THE CONTEXT OF LOCATION, TIME AND SOCIO-CULTURE: THE CASE OF MIDYAT-HABERLİ (BASIBİRN) VILLAGE". Journal of International Social Research. 9 (44). Retrieved 2025-03-24.
- ^ Tan 2018, p. 160.
- ^ Çetinoğlu, Sait (2017-07-20), "Genocide/Seyfo – and how resistance became a way of life", The Assyrian Genocide, Routledge Studies in Modern History, vol. 29, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, p. 186, doi:10.4324/9781315269832-6, ISBN 978-1-315-26983-2, retrieved 2025-03-23
- ^ Radner, Karen (2006). "How to reach the Upper Tigris: The route through the Tur Abdin". State Archives of Assyria Bulletin. 15: 288.
- ^ Palmer 1990, p. 55.
- ^ Barsoum 2003.
- ^ "Süryani Kaynaklarında İdil (Betzabday-Hazak) - Süryaniler | Renkler Solmasın, Kültürler Kaybolmasın". www.suryaniler.com. Retrieved 2025-03-23.
- ^ "Isaiah of Beth Sbirino - ܐܫܥܝܐ ܣܒܝܪܝܢܝܐ". The Syriac Biographical Dictionary. Retrieved 23 March 2025.
- ^ "Güneydoğu'daki 'Süryani' Köylerinden; HABERLİ KÖYÜ / İDİL". www.milasonder.com (in Turkish). Retrieved 2025-03-23.
- ^ Yıldız, İrfan; Koç, Erkan (2010). "İdil'deki Süryani Kiliselerinden Birkaç Örnek". Uluslararası Şırnak ve Çevresi Sempozyumu (in Turkish): 343–364.
- ^ Baz, Ibrahim (2016). Şırnak aşiretleri ve kültürü (in Turkish). pp. 475–476. ISBN 9786058849631.
- ^ Travis, Hannibal (2017-07-20), "The Assyrian genocide across history", The Assyrian Genocide, Routledge Studies in Modern History, vol. 29, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, pp. 1–91, doi:10.4324/9781315269832-1, ISBN 978-1-315-26983-2, retrieved 2025-03-23
- ^ Talay, Shabo (2017-05-01), "Sayfo, Firman, Qafle: The First World War from the Perspective of Syriac Christians", Let Them Not Return, Berghahn Books, p. 138, doi:10.2307/j.ctvw049wf.11, ISBN 978-1-78533-499-3, retrieved 2025-03-23
- ^ a b Sims, Michael (2023-08-14). 'Without a Purpose, Misfortune Will Befall Our Land:' Discourses of Nation in Late Ottoman Kurdistan (Thesis). University of Washington. p. 252.
- ^ Günaysu 2019.
- ^ "The Problem of Turkey's Displaced Persons: An Action Plan for Their Return and Compensation" (PDF). Minority Rights Group International. November 2006. Retrieved 2025-03-23.
- ^ BarAbraham 2021, p. 163-164.
- ^ Şimşek, Mehmet. "Cumhuriyet Dönemi İdil Süryanileri - Süryaniler". www.suryaniler.com (in Turkish). Retrieved 2025-03-23. [Since the land is not suitable for agriculture, viticulture, which is the most suitable agricultural occupation, is trying to maintain its existence in the villages of Haberli and Öğündük (Midin) where Assyrians live today]
- ^ "Turkey: abduction / fear of extrajudicial killing: Melke Tok". Amnesty International. 1994-01-10. Retrieved 2025-03-16.
- ^ "Turkey Destroys Assyrian Villages". www.atour.com. 29 August 1996. Retrieved 2025-03-23.
- ^ "İki İl İle Beş İlçe Kurulması ve 190 Sayılı Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamenin Eki Cetvellerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun" (PDF). resmigazete.gov.tr (in Turkish). 16 May 1990. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 22 March 2025.
- ^ "5747 sayılı Kanunda yapılan değişiklikle Bucaklar kaldırılmıştır". 2016-09-09. Archived from the original on 9 September 2016. Retrieved 2025-03-23.
- ^ Peter Alfred, Andrews; Benninghaus, Rüdiger, eds. (1989). Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey. p. 206.
- ^ "1965 General Census" (PDF) (in Turkish). Turkish Statistical Institute. 1965. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 May 2022.
- ^ "1997 Population Count" (PDF) (in Turkish). Turkish Statistical Institute. 1999. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 October 2022.
Bibliography
- BarAbraham, Abdulmesih (2021). "Returning Home: The Ambivalent Assyrian Experience in Turkey". Poligrafi. 26 (101/102): 153–176.
- Barsoum, Aphrem (2003). The Scattered Pearls: A History of Syriac Literature and Sciences. Translated by Matti Moosa (2nd ed.). Gorgias Press. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
- Günaysu, Ayşe (2019). Safety Of The Life Of Nun Verde Gökmen In The Village Zaz (Izbirak) — Midyat, Tur Abdin – And The General Social Situation Of The Assyrian Villages In The Region (PDF) (Report). Translated by Abdulmesih BarAbraham. Human Rights Association Commission Against Racism and Discrimination. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
- Palmer, Andrew (1990). Monk and Mason on the Tigris Frontier: The Early History of Tur Abdin. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
- Tan, Altan (2018). Turabidin'den Berriye'ye. Aşiretler - Dinler - Diller - Kültürler (in Turkish). Pak Ajans Yayincilik Turizm Ve Diş Ticaret Limited şirketi. ISBN 9789944360944.