Zhū Jiāng Kingdom

This article is about a historical kingdom in Thailand. For the central business district in China, see Zhujiang New Town.
Zhū Jiāng Kingdom
? – 7th century
Proposed locations of ancient kingdoms in Menam and Mekong Valleys in the 7th century based on the details provided in the Chinese leishu, Cefu Yuangui, and others.
Religion
Buddhism
GovernmentKingdom
Historical eraPost-classical era
 Succeeded by
Dvaravati
Phraek
Today part ofThailand

Zhū Jiāng Kingdom (Chinese: 朱江国; lit. 'country of red river') was an ancient kingdom in present-day central Thailand mentioned in the Chinese leishu, Cefu Yuangui,[1] and the Book of Sui.[2] It was located to the west of Zhenla.[1]: 16 [2]

After Zhenla annexed Funan in 627, Zhū Jiāng, which has been identified as Dvaravati,[3] and another kingdom, Cān Bàn, allied via royal intermarriage with Zhenla. They then fought several wars against Tou Yuan to the northwest,[4] and successfully established it as the vassal of Dvaravati in 647.[5]: 269 [6]: 15–16  In addition, Zhenla also waged wars against Línyì to the northeast at the time mentioned.[4]

Location

In the Book of Sui Volume 82, says Zhū Jiāng was southwest of Linyi, west of Zhenla, which itself bordered the Kingdom of Chequ to the south.[2]

...真腊国，在林邑西南，本扶南国之属国也，去日南郡舟行六十日而至，南接车渠国，西有朱江国。...

...The Kingdom of Zhenla was located in the southwest of Linyi and was originally a vassal state of the Kingdom of Funan. It was 60 days’ boat ride away from Rinan County. It bordered the Kingdom of Chequ to the south and the Kingdom of Zhujiang to the west...

— Wang Qinruo and others of the Song Dynasty, Cefu Yuangui, volume 957

Chinese historian Chen Jiarong (陳佳榮) proposes that Zhū Jiāng means a red river, referring to the Chao Phraya River in Thailand, and Zhujiang is another name for Duò Luó Bō Dǐ (墮羅鉢底國; Dvaravati) in its lower basin.[3] In this case, Zhū Jiāng royal intermarried with Zhenla, and annexed Tou Yuan to the northwest, potentially leading the Old Book of Tang Volume 197 to assert that the Pyu Kingdoms bordered Zhenla to the east.[3]

Some say Zhū Jiāng is a corrupted name of Zhū Bō (朱波) in the New Book of Tang, which is identified with Pyu Kingdoms in present-day Myanmar, or it might be some country that controlled the Irrawaddy River Basin, which was called by the Chinese the "Black Water Silt River" (黑水淤泥河). Its water is turbid and slightly red, so it is named the "Zhu River" (朱江). Some believe it was in the Mekong Basin,[3] or the Mun Valley.[7]: 218 

Interpretations

The identification of the Zhū Jiāng Kingdom is currently uncertain,[3] since the so-called center of the Dvaravati civilization in the eastern Menam valley, Lavapura, was established by Kamalanka prince from Takkasila (Nakhon Pathom) in 648, a year after Dvaravati won over Tou Yuan, while the western plain was of the three brothers city-states of Gē Luó Shě Fēn, Xiū Luó Fēn, and Gān Bì (甘毕) which was not part of Dvaravati at the mentioned period[a]; thus, the center of Zhū Jiāng would be somewhere else near the upper Chao Phraya River.[b][c]

Another royal relation between Zhenla and Dvaravati is cited in the inscription K.978, dated 550 CE, found near Si Thep ruins, that King Prathivindravarman of Si Thep was the father of King Bhavavarman I of Chenla. However, this presupposition has recently been challenged due to the differences in inscription styles that potentially inscribed after 627.[13]: 17–19  The ancient polity that was centered at Si Thep also remains ambiguous; two Thai historians, Pensupa Sukkata and Akrin Phongphanthacha, say it probably was Ayojjhapura mentioned in the Jinakalamali and Ratanabimbavamsa.[14]

There are also the records in the 1684 Instructions Given to the Siamese Envoys Sent to Portugal, Voyage de Siam of Guy Tachard, and the Du Royaume de Siam of Simon de la Loubère regard the origin of the Siamese dynasty. The line of the dynasty begins in 756 CE with King Pra Poat honne Sourittep pennaratui sonanne bopitra (พระปฐมสุริยเทพนรไทยสุวรรณบพิตร), who reigned in the city of Tchai pappe Mahanacon (ไชยบุรีมหานคร), whose location is also uncertain. The capital was moved to Yassouttora Nacoora Louang or Tasoo Nacora Louang, which some scholars believe was Lavo's Lavapura or Zhenla's Yaśodharapura, then to Soucouttae/Locontàï, Phrip Phri, and Ayodha,[15]: 127 [16][17][18] with a total of 52 kings.[19] However, the connections between the aforementioned Siamese polities and the Zhū Jiāng Kingdom remain ambiguous; only the intermarriage between the royals of Zhenla and Zhū Jiāng is mentioned in the Chinese sources.[20]

Notes

  1. ^ As says in the Cefu Yuangui that Gē Luó Shě Fēn (哥罗舍分国) bordered Duò Hé Luó (堕和罗国; Dvaravati or Lavo) to the east.[8]: 59 
  2. ^ Based on the theory, the kingdom was named after the mighty Chao Phraya River, which is turbid and slightly red,[3] thus, it should be centered near the said river, and the lower Chao Phraya plain before the Ayutthaya period was frequently submerged by one meter of water, with a maximum of 4 meters during the monsoon season, making it not suitable for large and permanent settlements at that time.[9]: 44 
  3. ^ Possibly at the Utapao Ancient City (เมืองโบราณอู่ตะเภา; lit. 'junk dock city') in Manorom district, Chai Nat, which was the largest Dvaravati settlement in Thailand, positioned on an upland, 10 kilometers east of the Chao Phraya River, making it an ideal location for controlling trade routes from other northern polities seeking access to the sea as well as the commerce between the eastern plain from Si Thep with the western polities led by the ancient Nakhon Pathom. The city has a trapezoid-shaped moated inner city with a 1-kilometer diameter, and a 5-kilometer-diameter outer settlement. Its outer moat has been filled in and destroyed. It was surrounded by several smaller settlements, such as a well-known moated Nakhon Noi (นครน้อย; lit. 'little city') located a few hundred meters to the east, and another smaller moated Mueang Nang Lek (เมืองนางเหล็ก; lit. 'city of the iron lady') located further east, 3.5 km from Nakhon Noi.[10] Traces of iron smelting and several Dvaravati artifacts of considerable significance have been discovered in the area.[10][11][12]

References

  1. ^ a b "钦定四库全书: 册府元龟卷九百五十七宋王钦若等撰". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China (in Chinese). Retrieved 14 May 2025.
  2. ^ a b c Book of Sui, Volume 82 (in Chinese) Retrieved 17 May 2025.
  3. ^ a b c d e f "朱江". www.world10k.com (in Chinese). Retrieved 17 May 2025.
  4. ^ a b "中国哲学书电子化计划". ctext.org (in Chinese). Retrieved 16 May 2025.
  5. ^ Lawrence Palmer Briggs (1950). "The Khmer Empire and the Malay Peninsula". The Far Eastern Quarterly. 9 (3). Duke University Press: 256–305. doi:10.2307/2049556. JSTOR 2049556. Archived from the original on 26 April 2024.
  6. ^ Geoffrey Goble (2014). "Maritime Southeast Asia: The View from Tang-Song China" (PDF). ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute. p. 1–19. ISSN 2529-7287. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-06-19.
  7. ^ David Welch (1998). "Archaeology of Northeast Thailand in Relation to the Pre-Khmer and Khmer Historical Records". International Journal of Historical Archaeology. 2 (3).
  8. ^ Saritpong Khumsong (2014). โบราณคดีเมืองนครปฐม: การศึกษาอดีตศูนย์กลางแห่งทวารวดี [Nakhon Pathom Archaeology: A Study of the Former Center of Dvaravati] (PDF) (in Thai). Bangkok: Papermet (Thailand). p. 230. ISBN 978-974-641-498-2.
  9. ^ Chris Baker; Pasuk Phongpaichit (2 September 2021). "Ayutthaya Rising" (PDF). A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World. Cambridge University Press. pp. 43–8. doi:10.1017/9781108120197. ISBN 9781108120197. Archived from the original on 22 April 2025. Retrieved 22 April 2025.
  10. ^ a b "แหล่งศิลปะวัฒนธรรมที่ควรอนุรักษ์: เมืองโบราณอู่ตะเภา" [Cultural and artistic resources that should be preserved: Utapao Ancient City]. Office Of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning (in Thai). 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2025.
  11. ^ "อู่ตะเภา เมืองโบราณในวัฒนธรรมทวารวดี ที่ชัยนาท" [Utapao, an ancient city in the Dvaravati culture in Chai Nat]. Fine Arts Department (in Thai). Retrieved 18 May 2025.
  12. ^ "พิพิธภัณฑสถานแห่งชาติ ชัยนาทมุนี: ด้านโบราณคดีและพิพิธภัณฑ์" [Chainatmuni National Museum: Archaeology and Museums]. Fine Arts Department (in Thai). Archived from the original on 18 May 2025. Retrieved 18 May 2025.
  13. ^ Kangwon Katchima (2019). "จารึกพระเจ้ามเหนทรวรมัน" [The inscriptions of king Mahendravarman] (PDF) (in Thai). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 May 2023. Retrieved 16 January 2025.
  14. ^ Pensupa Sukkata (16 June 2022). "ฤๅเมืองโบราณศรีเทพ คือ 'อโยธยา-มหานคร' ในตำนานพระแก้วมรกต และตำนานพระสิกขีปฏิมาศิลาดำ?" [Is the ancient city of Sri Thep the ‘Ayutthaya-the metropolis’ in the legend of the Emerald Buddha and the legend of the black stone Buddha Sikhi Patima?]. Matichon (in Thai). Retrieved 19 December 2024.
  15. ^ Michael Smithies; Dhiravat na Pombejra (2002). "Instructions Given to the Siamese Envoys Sent to Portugal, 1684" (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society. 90 (1&2): 125–35. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 November 2024.
  16. ^ de La Loubère, Simon (1693). "CHAP. III. Concerning the History and Origine of the Siameses.". A New Historical Relation of the Kingdom of Siam. Translated by A.P. Archived from the original on 5 April 2023.
  17. ^ Thanothai Sukthit (September 26, 2020). "พงศาวดารกรุงศรีอยุธยา ส่งถวายพระเจ้าหลุยส์ที่ 14 อยู่ที่ไหน?". Art & Culture (in Thai). Retrieved March 22, 2021.
  18. ^ Smithies, Michael; Na Pombejra, Dhiravat (2002). "Instructions Given to the Siamese Envoys Sent to Portugal, 1684" (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society. 90. Retrieved April 8, 2021.
  19. ^ de La Loubère, Simon (1967). "บทที่สาม: ว่าด้วยประวัติศาสตร์และต้นกำเนิดของชนชาวสยาม". จดหมายเหตุ ลา ลูแบร์ ราชอาณาจักรสยาม. Translated by Santa T. Komolabutra. pp. 41–42.
  20. ^ "北史卷九十五 列傳第八十三" [Northern History Volume 95 Biography 83]. toyoshi.lit.nagoya-u.ac.jp (in Chinese). Retrieved 19 May 2025. Text: ...其國與參半、朱江二國和親，數與林邑、陁桓二國戰爭。其人行止，皆持甲仗，若有征伐，因而用之。... lit. 'The country had marriage alliances with the two states of Cān Bàn and Zhū Jiāng, and had frequent wars with the two states of Linyi and Tou Yuan. Whenever they move about, they all carry armor and weapons, which they can use in case of war.'
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