Shimashki dynasty
| Shimashki dynasty ล imaลกki dynasty | |
|---|---|
| Dynasty | |
A clickable map of the present-day Islamic Republic of Iran detailing the locations of various ancient, archaeological sites, settlements, hamlets, villages, towns, and/or cities (and the approximated locations of four lost cities: Urua, Hidali, Hurti, and Kimash; also, the two lost capital cities of the Elamite Empire: Awan and Shimashki) that may have been visited, interacted and traded with, invaded, conquered, destroyed, occupied, colonized by and/or otherwise within the Elamitesโ sphere of influence at some point temp. the dynasty of Shimashki. | |
| Parent family | Awan dynasty |
| Country | Elam |
| Earlier spellings | lugal-e-ne si-mash-giki |
| Etymology | Kings of the country of Simashgi |
| Founded | c.โ2220โ2015 BC |
| Founder |
|
| Final ruler | Indattu-Inshushinak II (r.โc. 1970 BC) |
| Final head | Eparti II (m.โc.โ1973 BC) |
| Historic seat | Shimashki |
| Titles | List
|
| Connected families | Sukkalmah dynasty |
| Dissolution | c.โ1980โ1790 BC |
| Deposition | c.โ1980โ1830 BC |
The Elamites remained a major source of tension for the Sumerians, Akkadians, Amorites, Assyrians, Babylonians, and Kassites centuries after Kindattuโs victory over Ibbi-Sin from the third dynasty of Ur c.โ2004 BC and Kindattuโs subsequent defeat by Ishbi-Erra from the dynasty of Isin c.โ2001 BC. | |
The Shimashki dynasty[a] was an early dynasty of the ancient region of Elam, to the southeast of Babylonia, (c.โ2100 โ c.โ1900 BC).[1] A list of twelve kings of Shimashki is found in the Elamite king-list of Susa, which also contains a list of kings of Awan dynasty.[2] It is uncertain how historically accurate the list is (and whether it reflects a chronological order[3]), although some of its kings can be corroborated by their appearance in the records of neighboring peoples.[2] The dynasty corresponds to the second Paleo-Elamite period (dated to c.โ2015 โ c.โ1880 BC). It was followed by the Sukkalmah dynasty. Shimashki was likely near today's Masjed Soleyman.
History
Gutian period (c.โ2154 โ c.โ2112 BC)
Shimashki is first mentioned on the inscription to an image of Puzur-Inshushinak, king of Awan around 2100 BC, which depicts a Shimashkian king as subordinate to him. A royal inscription recorded "in a single day he made (those lands) fall prostrate at his feet; and, when the king of ล imaลกki came up (on learning about it), he seized the feet of PuzurInลกuลกinak (in submission)".[4][5]
Daryaee suggests that, despite the impression from the king-list that the rulers of Shimashki was a dynasty of sequential rulers, it is perhaps better to think of Shimashki as an alliance of various peoples "rather than a unitary state."[6]
Ur III period (c.โ2112 โ c.โ2004 BC)
The names in the king-list, as found in Potts, are "Girnamme, Tazitta, Ebarti, Tazitta, Lu[?]-[x-x-x]-lu-uh-ha-an, Kindattu, Idaddu, Tan-Ruhurater, Ebarti, Idaddu, Idaddu-napir, Idaddu-temti, twelve Sumerian kings" (bracketed letters original).[7] An inscription establishes Idattu I was the son of Kindattu and the grandson of Ebarat (Yabrat/Ebarti) I.[8]
Girnamme ruled at the same time as Shu-Sin, king of Ur, and was involved, as either a groom or simply a facilitator, in the marriage of Shu-Sin's daughter.[9] Gwendolyn Leick places this event in 2037 BC.[9] Girnamme, along with Tazitta and Ebarti I, appears in "Mesopotamian texts establishing food rations issued to messengers," texts from 2044 to 2032 BC.[4]
Tazitta, the second figure in the list, is referred to in a document from the eighth year of the reign of Amar-Sin of Ur.[3]
Ebarat I (Old Elamite ia-ab-ra-at), king number 3 in the Shimashki kings list (SKL). He is mentioned in several documents of Third Dynasty of Ur, from year 44 of ล ulgi (the earliest) to year 8 of ล u-Sin. Documents show that he ruled at about the same time as Girnamme and at the same time as Tazitta, kings #1 and #2 from the SKL. The inscription on bronze bowl MS 4476 mentions Ebarat (de-ba-ra-at) as a father of Kindattu and grandfather of Idadu I, kings no 6 and 7 in the SKL. The spelling ia-a-ba-ra-at later became e-ba-ra-at and e-ba-ar-ti reflecting the historic shift of /โa/ to /e/ in Elamite.
The Shimashki confederacy led an alliance against the Ur III Empire, and managed to defeat its last ruler Ibbi-Sin.[10] After this victory, they destroyed the kingdom, looted the capital of Ur, and ruled through military occupation for the next 21 years.[10][11]
Kindattu was also known as Kindadu.[12] A Kindattu, who according to Daryaeee was "apparently" the Shimashkian king of the list above, lead the army that destroyed the Third Dynasty of Ur in 2004 BC.[3] The operation was a joint effort between Kindattu and his then-ally Ishbi-Erra, who defeated Ur and captured Ibbi-Sin, its king.[4] The Ishbi-Erra hymn claims that Ishbi-Erra later expelled Kindattu from Mesopotamia.[3]
Isin-Larsa period (c. 2004 to c. 1763 BC)
Idaddu I (also known as Indattu-Inshushinak,[4] or simply Indattu) called himself "king of Shimashki and Elam".[4] According to Stolper and Andrรฉ-Salvini, he was the son of Kindattu,[4] while Gwendolyn Leick calls him "son of Pepi," claiming that Kindattu may have been his grandfather.[13] According to Leick he ascended to the throne of Shimashki around 1970 BC.[13]
Tan-Ruhurater, also known as Tan-Ruhuratir, formed an alliance with Bilalama, the governor of Eshnunna, by marrying Bilama's daughter Mรช-Kubi.[14][15]
Ebarti II of Shimashki may have been the same individual known as Ebarat, a Sukkalmah, or "Grand Regent".[16] If so, he was ruler simultaneously to the next member of the list of twelve Shimaskin kings: Idaddu II.[16]
Idaddu II was the son of Tan-Ruhurater, during whose reign he oversaw building projects as the governor of Susa.[17] According to Leick, he was the last of the Shimashkian kings.[1]
The Shimashki rulers became participants in an ongoing conflict with the rulers of Isin and Larsa after the fall of Third Dynasty of Ur.[18]
Under the Shimashki and their successors the Sukkalmah, Elam then became one of the most powerful kingdoms of West Asia, influencing the territories of Mesopotamia and Syria through commercial, military or diplomatic contacts.[10] Expansion in Mesopotamia was only halted by the Babylonian king Hammurabi in the 18th century BC.[10] After a prolonged conflict, the military forces of Elam were finally forced to retreat their forces positioned along the Tigris river, and to return to Susa.[10]
The Shimashki dynasty was followed by the Sukkalmah dynasty (c. 1900โ1500).[18]
List of rulers
The following list should not be considered complete:
| # | Portrait | Name | Succession | Title | Approx. dates | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gutian period (c.โ2154 โ c.โ2119 BC) | ||||||
| Unknown | Unclear succession | King of Shimashki | Uncertain, fl.โc.โ2240 โ c.โ2100 BC d.โc.โ2100 BC |
|||
| Awan dynasty (c.โ2600 โ c.โ2120 BC)[19][20] | ||||||
| 12th | Puzur-Inshushinak ๐ ค๐ญ๐ญ๐น๐ |
Nephew of Khita (?) | Military Governor of Elam Governor of Susa Mighty King of Elam King of Awan |
Uncertain, fl.โc.โ2240 โ c.โ2100 BC |
| |
| ||||||
| Ur III period (c.โ2119 โ c.โ2025 BC) | ||||||
| Shimashki dynasty (c.โ2120 โ c.โ1980 BC) | ||||||
| Girnamme I (?) | Unclear succession | King of Shimashki | Uncertain, fl.โc.โ2120 โ c.โ2028 BC | |||
| Ebarat I (?) ๐๐๐๐ |
Relative of Gir-Namme I (?) | King of Shimashki | ||||
| 1st | Girnamme II | Relative of Ebarat I (?) | King of Shimashki |
| ||
| 3rd | Ebarat II ๐๐๐๐ |
Relative of Tazitta I | King of Shimashki |
| ||
| 2nd | Tazitta I | Relative of Gir-Namme I (?) | King of Shimashki |
| ||
| 4th | Tazitta II | Unclear succession | King of Shimashki |
| ||
| Isin-Larsa period (c.โ2025 โ c.โ1894 BC) | ||||||
| 6th | Kindattu ๐ ๐ ๐๐ |
Son of Ebarat I (?) | King of Shimashki | Uncertain, fl.โc.โ2028 โ c.โ2001 BC (26 years) |
| |
| Imazu | Son of Kindattu | King of Anshan | Uncertain, fl.โc.โ2015 BC |
| ||
| 5th | Lurak-Luhhan | Unclear succession | King of Shimashki |
| ||
| Tan-Ruhuratir I (?) | Same person as Lurak-Luhhan (?) | King of Shimashki |
| |||
| Hutran-Temti I (?) | Same person as Kindattu (?) | King of Shimashki |
| |||
| 7th | Indattu-Inshushinak I ๐ญ๐ฟ๐๐บ |
Son of Hutran-Temti I (?) | King of Shimashki | Uncertain, reigned c. 1970 BC |
| |
| 8th | Tan-Ruhuratir II | Son of Indattu-Inshushinak I (?) | King of Shimashki | Uncertain, r.โc. 1945 โ c. 1925 BC |
| |
| Indattu-Inshushinak II (?) | Son of Tan-Ruhuratir I (?) | King of Shimashki |
| |||
| Epartid dynasty (c.โ1980 โ c.โ1850 BC) | ||||||
| 9th | Ebarat III ๐๐๐๐ |
Unclear succession | Sukkalmah King of Anshan and Susa King of Shimashki |
Uncertain, fl.โc.โ1980 โ c.โ1928 BC |
| |
| 10th | Indattu-Inshushinak III ๐ญ๐ฟ๐๐บ |
Son of Pepi[21] | King of Shimashki | Uncertain, r.โc. 1925 โ c. 1870 BC (โฅ3 years) |
| |
| Shilhaha | Son of Ebarat II | Sukkalmah King of Anshan and Susa |
Uncertain, fl.โc.โ1980 โ c.โ1928 BC | |||
| Kuk-Nashur I | Son of Shilhaha | Sukkalmah | ||||
| Sukkalmah dynasty (c.โ1850 โ c.โ1450 BC) | ||||||
| Palar-Ishshan | Unclear succession | Sukkalmah | Uncertain, fl.โc.โ1980 โ c.โ1928 BC | |||
| Kuk-Sanit | Son of Palar-Ishshan (?) | |||||
| Lankuku | Father of Kuk-Kirwash | |||||
| Kuk-Kirwash | Nephew of Palar-Ishshan (?) | Sukkalmah Sukkal of Elam and Shimashki and Susa |
||||
| Tem-Sanit | Son of Kuk-Kirwash | Uncertain, fl.โc.โ1928 โ c.โ1894 BC | ||||
| Kuk-Nahhunte | Son of Kuk-Kirwash | |||||
| Old Babylonian period (c.โ1894 โ c.โ1450 BC) | ||||||
| Attakhushu | Son of Kuk-Nashur I (?) | Sukkal and Ippir of Susa Shepherd of the people of Susa Shepherd of Inshushinak |
Uncertain, fl.โc.โ1928 โ c.โ1894 BC | |||
| Tetep-Mada | Son of Kuk-Nashur I (?) | Shepherd of the people of Susa | ||||
| 11th | Idattunapir | Unclear succession | King of Shimashki | Uncertain, fl.โc.โ1894 โ c.โ1792 BC |
| |
| 12th | Idattutemti | Unclear succession | King of Shimashki | |||
| ||||||
| Shirukduh | Descendant of Shilhaha (?) | Sukkalmah | Uncertain, fl.โc.โ1792 โ c.โ1778 BC |
| ||
| Siwe-Palar-Khuppak | Son of Shirukduh (?) | Sukkalmah Sukkal of Susa Prince of Elam |
Uncertain, reigned c. 1778 โ c. 1745 BC |
| ||
| Tan-Uli | Unclear succession | Sukkalmah Sukkal |
Uncertain, fl.โc.โ1745 โ c.โ1650 BC | |||
| Temti-Halki | Son of Tan-Uli (?) | Sukkalmah Sukkal of Elam and Simashki and Susa |
||||
Gallery
-
The Susanian Dynastic Listโa regnal list dated to c.โ1800 โ c.โ1600 BC and provenanced at Susa. Its current location is the Louvre Museum, Sb 17729. It names twelve kings for Awan and another twelve for Shimashki. The eponymous ruler Eparti II is the 9th named king on this list.[22][23]
-
-
Dynastic list of twelve kings of the Awan dynasty and twelve kings of the Shimashki dynasty, 1800โ1600 BC, Louvre Museum
-
Nude man with weapons Ur III Shimashki dynasty 2000โ1940 BC. Louvre Museum
-
Nude woman statuette Ur III Shimashki dynasty 2000โ1940 BC. Louvre Museum
-
Cylinder seal and modern impression. Worshiper before a seated ruler or deity, seated female under a grape arbor, Old Elamite, ca early 2nd millennium BC
See also
- Elam
- Awan (ancient city)
- Awan dynasty
- Sukkalmah dynasty
- List of rulers of Elam
- List of Assyrian kings
- List of kings of Babylon
- Sumerian King List
- List of kings of Akkad
- List of rulers of the pre-Achaemenid kingdoms of Iran
- List of monarchs of Persia
References
Notes
Citations
- ^ a b Gwendolyn Leick (31 January 2002). Who's Who in the Ancient Near East. Routledge. p. 72. ISBN 978-1-134-78795-1.
- ^ a b I. E. S. Edwards; C. J. Gadd; N. G. L. Hammond (31 October 1971). The Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge University Press. p. 654. ISBN 978-0-521-07791-0.
- ^ a b c d Touraj Daryaee (16 February 2012). The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History. Oxford University Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-19-020882-0.
- ^ a b c d e f Matthew Stolper; Bรฉatrice Andrรฉ-Salvini (1992). "The Written Record". The Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 262. ISBN 978-0-87099-651-1.
- ^ Paladre, Clรฉlia, "Glyptic Art from the Ur III to the ล imaลกki Periods: Heritage and Overtaking of the Models", Ur in the Twenty-First Century CE: Proceedings of the 62nd Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale at Philadelphia, July 11โ15, 2016, edited by Grant Frame, Joshua Jeffers and Holly Pittman, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 341-370, 2021
- ^ Touraj Daryaee (16 February 2012). The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History. Oxford University Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-19-020882-0.
- ^ D. T. Potts (1999). The Archaeology of Elam. Cambridge University Press. p. 141.
- ^ Piotr Steinkeller, "New Light on ล imaลกki and Its Rulers", Zeitschrift fรผr Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archรคologie 97, pp. 215โ32, 2007
- ^ a b Gwendolyn Leick (31 January 2002). Who's Who in the Ancient Near East. Routledge. p. 78. ISBN 978-1-134-78795-1.
- ^ a b c d e Bryce, Trevor (2009). The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the fall of the Persian Empire. Routledge. p. 221. ISBN 9781134159079.
- ^ D. T. Potts (12 November 2015). The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State. Cambridge University Press. p. 133. ISBN 978-1-107-09469-7.
- ^ Touraj Daryaee (16 February 2012). The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-19-973215-9.
- ^ a b Gwendolyn Leick (31 January 2002). Who's Who in the Ancient Near East. Routledge. p. 92. ISBN 978-1-134-78795-1.
- ^ On the alliance, see Katrien De Graef; Jan Tavernier (7 December 2012). Susa and Elam. Archaeological, Philological, Historical and Geographical Perspectives.: Proceedings of the International Congress held at Ghent University, December 14โ17, 2009. BRILL. p. 54. ISBN 978-90-04-20741-7.
- ^ On Bilalama's position as governor of Eshnunna, see Douglas Frayne (1990). Old Babylonian Period (2003-1595 BC). University of Toronto Press. p. 491. ISBN 978-0-8020-5873-7.
- ^ a b Elizabeth Carter; Matthew W. Stolper (1984). Elam: Surveys of Political History and Archaeology. University of California Press. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-520-09950-0.
- ^ Gwendolyn Leick (31 January 2002). Who's Who in the Ancient Near East. Routledge. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-134-78796-8.
- ^ a b Sigfried J. de Laet; Ahmad Hasan Dani (1994). History of Humanity: From the third millennium to the seventh century B.C. UNESCO. p. 579. ISBN 978-92-3-102811-3.
- ^ Some archaeologists have suggested that Simashki was located in the north of Elam and Anshan near modern Isfahan.
- ^ Cameron, 1936; The Cambridge History of Iran; Hinz, 1972; The Cambridge Ancient History; Majidzadeh, 1991; Majidzadeh, 1997; Vallat "Elam ...", 1998.
- ^ Hinz, 1972.
- ^ "Awan King List".
- ^ SCHEIL, V. (1931). "Dynasties รlamites d'Awan et de Simaลก". Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archรฉologie orientale. 28 (1): 1โ46. ISSN 0373-6032. JSTOR 23283945.
Sources
Bibliography
- Cameron, G. (1936). History of Early Iran (Thesis). United States: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780608165332.
{{cite thesis}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) - Daryaee, T. (2012). The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190208820.
- Edwards, I.; Gadd, C.; Hammond, N. (1970). "II". Early history of the Middle East. The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. I (revised ed.). London; New York: CUP. ISBN 9780521070515.
- Ir, E (2015). "SUSA". Encyclopรฆdia Iranica.
- Hansman, J. (1985). "Anshan". Encyclopรฆdia Iranica. 1. Vol. II. pp. 103โ107.
- Hayes, W.; Rowton, M.; Stubbings, F. (1964). "VII". Chronology. The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. I (Revised ed.). Bureau of Military History: CUP.
- Hinz, W. (1972). Written at United Kingdom. The Lost World of Elam: Re-creation of a Vanished Civilization. Translated by Barnes, J. University of California: Sidgwick & Jackson. ISBN 9780283978630.
- Majidzadeh, Y. (1991). ุชุงุฑูุฎ ู ุชู ุฏู ุงููุงู [History and civilization of Elam] (in Persian). Iran: University of Tehran Press.
- Majidzadeh, Y. (1997). ุชุงุฑูุฎ ู ุชู ุฏู ุจูู ุงูููุฑูู [History and civilization of Mesopotamia] (in Persian). Vol. 1. Iran: University of Tehran Press. ISBN 9789640108413.
- Potts, D. (1999-07-29). The archaeology of Elam: formation and transformation of an ancient Iranian State (1st ed.). Cambridge, UK; New York, US: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521563581.
- [1] Piotr Steinkeller, "On the Dynasty of ล imaลกki: Twenty years (or so) After", in: W. Henkelman et al. (eds.), Extraction and control: studies in honor of Matthew W. Stolper, Oriental Institute, Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 68, pp. 287โ296, 2014
- Matthew W. Stolper, "On the Dynasty of ล imaลกki and the Early Sukkalmahs", Zeitschrift fรผr Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archรคologie 72, pp. 42โ6, 1982
- Vallat, F. (1998). "ELAM i. The history of Elam". Encyclopรฆdia Iranica. 3. Vol. VIII. pp. 301โ313.
Journals
- Scheil, V. (1931). "Dynasties รlamites d'Awan et de Simaลก". Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archรฉologie orientale. 28 (1). Presses Universitaires de France: 1โ46. ISSN 0373-6032. JSTOR 23283945.
External links
- Dahl, J. (2012-07-24). "Rulers of Elam". cdliwiki: Educational pages of the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative (CDLI).
- Kessler, P. (2021). "Kingdoms of Iran - Elam / Haltamtu / Susiana". The History Files. Kessler Associates.
Language
- Black, Jeremy Allen; Baines, John Robert; Dahl, Jacob L.; Van De Mieroop, Marc (2024). Cunningham, Graham; Ebeling, Jarle; Flรผckiger-Hawker, Esther; Robson, Eleanor; Taylor, Jon; Zรณlyomi, Gรกbor (eds.). "ETCSL: The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature". Faculty of Oriental Studies (revised ed.). United Kingdom.
The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature (ETCSL), a project of the University of Oxford, comprises a selection of nearly 400 literary compositions recorded on sources which come from ancient Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) and date to the late third and early second millennia BCE.
- Renn, Jรผrgen; Dahl, Jacob L.; Lafont, Bertrand; Pagรฉ-Perron, รmilie (2024). "CDLI: Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative".
Images presented online by the research project Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative (CDLI) are for the non-commercial use of students, scholars, and the public. Support for the project has been generously provided by the Mellon Foundation, the National Science Foundation (NSF), the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH), the Institute of Museum and Library Services (ILMS), and by the Max Planck Society (MPS), Oxford and University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA); network services are from UCLA's Center for Digital Humanities.
- Sjรถberg, ร
ke Waldemar; Leichty, Erle; Tinney, Steve (2024). "PSD: The Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary".
The Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary Project (PSD) is carried out in the Babylonian Section of the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Anthropology and Archaeology. It is funded by the NEH and private contributions. [They] work with several other projects in the development of tools and corpora. [Two] of these have useful websites: the CDLI and the ETCSL.
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