Mimiviridae

Mimiviridae
Tupanvirus
Virus classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Varidnaviria
Kingdom: Bamfordvirae
Phylum: Nucleocytoviricota
Class: Megaviricetes
Order: Imitervirales
Family: Mimiviridae
Subfamilies and genera

See text

Mimiviridae is a family of viruses. Amoeba and other protists serve as natural hosts. The family contains three subfamilies that contain nine genera.[1][2][3][4] Viruses in this family belong to the nucleocytoplasmic large DNA virus clade (NCLDV), also referred to as giant viruses.

History

The first member of this family, Mimivirus, was discovered in 2003,[5] and the first complete genome sequence was published in 2004.[6] However, the mimivirus Cafeteria roenbergensis virus[7] was isolated and partially characterized in 1995,[8] although the host was misidentified at the time, and the virus was designated BV-PW1.[7]

Taxonomy

The family contains the following subfamilies and genera (-virinae denotes subfamily and -virus denotes genus):[2]

Structure

Viruses in Mimiviridae have icosahedral and round geometries, with between T=972 and T=1141, or T=1200 symmetry. The diameter is around 400 nm, with a length of 125 nm. Genomes are linear and non-segmented, around 1200kb in length. The genome has 911 open reading frames.[1]

Life cycle

Replication follows the DNA strand displacement model. DNA-templated transcription is the method of transcription. Amoeba serve as the natural host.[1]

Molecular biology

Three putative DNA base excision repair enzymes were characterized from Mimivirus.[10] The base excision repair (BER) pathway was experimentally reconstituted using the purified recombinant proteins uracil-DNA glycosylase (mvUDG), AP endonuclease (mvAPE), and DNA polymerase X protein (mvPolX).[10] When reconstituted in vitro mvUDG, mvAPE and mvPolX function cohesively to repair uracil-containing DNA predominantly by long patch base excision repair, and thus these processes likely participate in the BER pathway early in the Mimivirus life cycle.[10]

Clinical

Mimiviruses have been associated with pneumonia but their significance is currently unknown.[11] The only virus of this family isolated from a human to date is LBA 111.[12] At the Pasteur Institute of Iran (Tehran), researchers identified mimivirus DNA in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and sputum samples of a child patient, utilizing real-time PCR (2018).  Analysis reported 99% homology of LBA111, lineage C of the Megavirus chilensis.[13] With only a few reported cases previous to this finding, the legitimacy of the mimivirus as an emerging infectious disease in humans remains controversial.[14][15]

Mimivirus has also been implicated in rheumatoid arthritis.[16]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  2. ^ a b "Virus Taxonomy: 2024 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Retrieved 23 March 2025.
  3. ^ Schulz, Frederik; Yutin, Natalya; Ivanova, Natalia N.; Ortega, Davi R.; Lee, Tae Kwon; Vierheilig, Julia; Daims, Holger; Horn, Matthias; Wagner, Michael (7 April 2017). "Giant viruses with an expanded complement of translation system components" (PDF). Science. 356 (6333): 82–85. Bibcode:2017Sci...356...82S. doi:10.1126/science.aal4657. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 28386012. S2CID 206655792., UCPMS ID: 1889607, PDF
  4. ^ Abrahão, Jônatas; Silva, Lorena; Silva, Ludmila Santos; Khalil, Jacques Yaacoub Bou; Rodrigues, Rodrigo; Arantes, Thalita; Assis, Felipe; Boratto, Paulo; Andrade, Miguel; Kroon, Erna Geessien; Ribeiro, Bergmann; Bergier, Ivan; Seligmann, Herve; Ghigo, Eric; Colson, Philippe; Levasseur, Anthony; Kroemer, Guido; Raoult, Didier; Scola, Bernard La (27 February 2018). "Tailed giant Tupanvirus possesses the most complete translational apparatus of the known virosphere". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 749. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9..749A. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03168-1. PMC 5829246. PMID 29487281. Fig. 4 and §Discussion: "Considering that tupanviruses comprise a sister group to amoebal mimiviruses..."
  5. ^ Suzan-Monti, M; La Scola, B; Raoult, D (2006). "Genomic and evolutionary aspects of Mimivirus". Virus Res. 117 (1): 145–155. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2005.07.011. PMID 16181700.
  6. ^ Raoult, D.; Audic, S; Robert, C; Abergel, C; Renesto, P; Ogata, H; La Scola, B; Suzan, M; Claverie, JM (2004). "The 1.2-Megabase Genome Sequence of Mimivirus". Science. 306 (5700): 1344–50. Bibcode:2004Sci...306.1344R. doi:10.1126/science.1101485. PMID 15486256. S2CID 84298461.
  7. ^ a b Matthias G. Fischer; Michael J. Allen; William H. Wilson; Curtis A. Suttle (2010). "Giant virus with a remarkable complement of genes infects marine zooplankton". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (45): 19508–13. Bibcode:2010PNAS..10719508F. doi:10.1073/pnas.1007615107. PMC 2984142. PMID 20974979.
  8. ^ D.R. Garza; C.A. Suttle (1995). "Large double-stranded DNA viruses which cause the lysis of a marine heterotrophic nanoflagellate (Bodo sp.) occur in natural marine viral communities". Aquatic Microbial Ecology. 9 (3): 203–210. doi:10.3354/ame009203.
  9. ^ Deeg, C.M.; Chow, E.C.T.; Suttle, C.A. (2018). "The kinetoplastid-infecting Bodo saltans virus (BsV), a window into the most abundant giant viruses in the sea". eLife. 7: e33014. doi:10.7554/eLife.33014. PMC 5871332. PMID 29582753.
  10. ^ a b c Lad SB, Upadhyay M, Thorat P, Nair D, Moseley GW, Srivastava S, Pradeepkumar PI, Kondabagil K. Biochemical Reconstitution of the Mimiviral Base Excision Repair Pathway. J Mol Biol. 2023 Sep 1;435(17):168188. doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168188. Epub 2023 Jun 26. PMID 37380013
  11. ^ Saadi H, Pagnier I, Colson P, Cherif JK, Beji M, Boughalmi M, Azza S, Armstrong N, Robert C, Fournous G, La Scola B, Raoult D (August 2013). "First isolation of Mimivirus in a patient with pneumonia". Clin. Infect. Dis. 57 (4): e127–34. doi:10.1093/cid/cit354. PMID 23709652.
  12. ^ Yoosuf N, Pagnier I, Fournous G, Robert C, La Scola B, Raoult D, Colson P (April 2014). "Complete genome sequence of Courdo11 virus, a member of the family Mimiviridae". Virus Genes. 48 (2): 218–23. doi:10.1007/s11262-013-1016-x. PMID 24293219. S2CID 12038772.
  13. ^ Sakhaee, Fatemeh; Vaziri, Farzam; Bahramali, Golnaz; Davar Siadat, Seyed; Fateh, Abolfazl (October 2020). "Pulmonary Infection Related to Mimivirus in Patient with Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 26 (10): 2524–2526. doi:10.3201/eid2610.191613. PMC 7510730. PMID 32946733.
  14. ^ La Scola, Bernard; Marrie, Thomas J.; Auffray, Jean-Pierre; Raoult, Didier (March 2005). "Mimivirus in pneumonia patients". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 11 (3): 449–452. doi:10.3201/eid1103.040538. PMC 3298252. PMID 15757563.
  15. ^ Saadi, Hanene; Pagnier, Isabelle; Colson, Philippe; Kanoun Cherif, Jouda; Beji, Majed; Boughalmi, Mondher; Azza, Saïd; Armstrong, Nicholas; Robert, Catherine; Fournous, Ghislain; La Scola, Bernard (24 May 2013). "First isolation of Mimivirus in a patient with pneumonia". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 57 (4): e127 – e134. doi:10.1093/cid/cit354. PMID 23709652 – via Oxford Academic.
  16. ^ Shah, N.; Hulsmeier, A. J.; Hochhold, N.; Neidhart, M.; Gay, S.; Hennet, T. (2013). "Exposure to Mimivirus Collagen Promotes Arthritis". Journal of Virology. 88 (2): 838–45. doi:10.1128/JVI.03141-13. PMC 3911627. PMID 24173233.
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