List of wars involving Turkey
This is a list of wars involving the Republic of Turkey and includes conflicts such as coups, insurgencies, offensives, border and international disputes since the Turkish War of Independence in 1919. For wars before 1919, involving the Ottoman Empire, see List of wars involving the Ottoman Empire.
- Turkish victory
- Another result *
- Turkish defeat
- Ongoing conflict
*e.g. a treaty or peace without a clear result, status quo ante bellum, result of civil or internal conflict, result unknown or indecisive, inconclusive
Wars
See also
- Civil conflict in Turkey
- Military history of Turkey
- List of wars involving the Ottoman Empire
- List of battles involving the Ottoman Empire
- Military history of the Ottoman Empire
Notes
- ^ The Treaty of Ankara was signed in 1921 and the Franco-Turkish War thus ended. The French troops remained in Constantinople with the other Allied troops.
- ^ The United Kingdom occupied Constantinople, then fought directly against Turkish irregular forces in the Greek Summer Offensive with the Greek troops. However, after this the United Kingdom would not take part in any more major fighting.[6][7][8][9] Moreover, the British troops occupied several towns in Turkey such as Mudanya.[10] Naval landing forces had tried to capture Mudanya as early as 25 June 1920, but stubborn Turkish resistance inflicted casualties on British forces and forced them to withdraw. There were many instances of successful delaying operations of small Turkish irregular forces against numerical superior enemy troops.[11] The United Kingdom, which also fought diplomatically against the Turkish National Movement, came to the brink of a great war in September 1922 (Chanak Crisis).
- ^ The Ottoman controlled Kuva-yi Inzibatiye ("Caliphate Army") fought the Turkish revolutionaries during the Greek Summer Offensive and the Ottoman government in Constantinople supported other revolts (e.g. Anzavur).
- ^ Merged with the Revolutionary Communard Party (DKP) in 2017.
- ^ Following Mohammed Yusuf's death, Boko Haram splintered into numerous factions which no longer operated under a unified leadership. Though Abubakar Shekau eventually became the preeminent commander of the movement, he never really controlled all Boko Haram groups. Instead, the factions were loosely allied, but also occasionally clashed with each other. This situation changed in 2015 when Shekau pledged allegiance to ISIL. The leadership of ISIL eventually decided to replace Shekau as a local commander with Abu Mus'ab al-Barnawi, whereupon the movement split completely. Shekau no longer recognized the authority of ISIL's central command, and his loyalists started to openly fight the followers of al-Barnawi. Regardless, Shekau did never officially renounce his pledge of allegiance to ISIL as a whole; his forces are thus occasionally regarded as "second branch of ISWAP". Overall, the relation of Shekau with ISIL remains confused and ambiguous.
- ^ The exact origin of Ansaru is unclear, but it had already existed as Boko Haram faction before officially announcing its foundation as separate group on 1 January 2012. The group has no known military presence in Nigeria since 2015, but several of its members appear to be still active.
- ^ The participation of the Wagner Group, a Russian private military company, has been denied by both Russia and Mali, which insist Russia is only sending military advisors.
References
- ^ Gingeras 2022, pp. 204–206.
- ^ a b c d Western Society for French History. Meeting: Proceedings of the ... Annual Meeting of the Western Society for French History, New Mexico State University Press, 1996, sayfa 206 Archived 9 June 2022 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Briton Cooper Busch: Mudros to Lausanne: Britain's Frontier in West Asia, 1918–1923, SUNY Press, 1976, ISBN 0-87395-265-0, sayfa 216 Archived 15 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ "British Indian troops attacked by Turks; thirty wounded and British officer captured – Warships' guns drive enemy back Archived 6 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine," New York Times (18 June 1920).
- ^ "Allies occupy Constantinople; seize ministries; Turkish and British Indian soldiers killed in a clash at the War Office Archived 4 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine," New York Times (18 March 1920).
- ^ "British to defend Ismid-Black Sea line" Archived 25 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, 19 July 1920.
- ^ "Greeks enter Brussa; Turkish raids go on" Archived 27 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, 11 July 1920.
- ^ "Turk Nationalists capture Beicos" Archived 1 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, 7 July 1920.
- ^ "Allies occupy Constantinople; seize ministries" Archived 25 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, 18 March 1920.
- ^ "British to fight rebels in Turkey" Archived 24 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, 1 May 1920.
- ^ Nurettin Türsan, Burhan Göksel: Birinci Askeri Tarih Semineri: bildiriler, 1983, page 42 Archived 15 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Chester Neal Tate, Governments of the world: a global guide to citizens' rights and responsibilities, Macmillan Reference USA/Thomson Gale, 2006, p. 205.
- ^ Doğan, Zülfikar (5 February 2016). "Erdogan's new Kurdish allies". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
- ^ Jabar, Faleh A; Mansour, Renad, eds. (2019). The Kurds in a Changing Middle East: History, Politics and Representation. I.B. Tauris. doi:10.5040/9781788318907.ch-0007. hdl:1874/420966. ISBN 978-1-78673-549-2. S2CID 204390944.
- ^ MacDonald, Alex (14 September 2015). "Increasing tensions see resurgence of Turkey's far-right street movements". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
- ^ "Kurds demand answers after battles in Cizre". al-monitor.com. 18 September 2015. Archived from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
- ^ "Turkish Government-Associated Death Squads". thesop.org. Archived from the original on 7 July 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
- ^ Metelits, Claire, Inside Insurgency: Violence, Civilians, and Revolutionary Group Behavior, (New York University Press, 2010), 154–155.
- ^ Belge, Ceren (24 January 2011). "State Building and the Limits of Legibility: Kinship Networks and Kurdish Resistance in Turkey". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 43 (1): 95–114. doi:10.1017/S0020743810001212. ISSN 0020-7438. S2CID 145444623.
When it started small-scale attacks in 1978, the PKK... deliberately targeted a number of influential clan leaders, especially those affiliated with right-wing political parties, to underline the class dimension of its struggle.
- ^ Marcus, Aliza (2007). Blood and belief : the PKK and the Kurdish fight for independence. New York: New York University Press. pp. 44–48. ISBN 978-0-8147-5711-6. OCLC 85162306.
The Suleymanlar saw these leftists as a threat to the existing order, while the Kurdistan Revolutionaries viewed oppressive, landowning tribes like the Suleymanlar as much the enemy as the state itself... In Hilvan, the Suleymanlar tribe renewed their attacks on the PKK, kidnapping and killing six villagers.
- ^ "ABDli Senatör Lindsey Graham: YPG, PKK'nın siyasi koludur, Türkiye için yarattığımız problemi çözmeliyiz". BBC News Türkçe. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
- ^ "Ashton Carter'dan önemli YPG, PYD ve PKK açıklaması – Son Dakika Dünya Haberleri". 28 April 2016. Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
- ^ "Fighting ISIS: The Road to and beyond Raqqa | Crisis Group". 28 April 2017. Archived from the original on 28 April 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
- ^ "Soros'un kurduğu örgüt: YPG, PKK'nın Suriye kolu". 2 May 2017. Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
- ^ "Donald Trump Wants to Defeat the Islamic State—So He's Arming the Kurds". The Atlantic. 9 May 2017. Archived from the original on 22 May 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
- ^ "PKK ve PYD Europol raporunda". Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
- ^ TKP/ML Organising Committee (13 November 2017). "Statement of the Organising Committee of TKP/ML: Defend the party, its principles and general line. Oppose the putschists!". tkpml.com. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
- ^ "Turkey: PKK leader calls halt to armed struggle". Ansamed. 21 March 2013. Archived from the original on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
- ^ "Cautious Turkish PM welcomes Öcalan's call for end to armed struggle". Hürriyet Daily News. 21 March 2013. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
- ^ "Kurdish separatist group leader Öcalan calls to stop armed struggle". Trend AZ. 21 March 2013. Archived from the original on 20 May 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
- ^ "Ocalan's farewell to arms brings Kurds hope for peace". Euronews. 21 March 2013. Archived from the original on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
- ^ "Kurdish group PKK declares ceasefire with Turkey". www.bbc.com. 2 March 2025. Retrieved 2 March 2025.
- ^ "PKK 12. Kongresi'nde tarihi kararlar: Silahlı mücadele sona eriyor". Independent Türkçe (in Turkish). 2025-05-10. Retrieved 2025-05-10.
- ^ "Kurdish PKK disbands and ends 40-year Turkey insurgency". Reuters. 2025-05-12. Retrieved 2025-05-12.
- ^ "DESERT SHIELD AND DESERT STORM A CHRONOLOGY AND TROOP LIST FOR THE 1990–1991 PERSIAN GULF CRISIS" (PDF). apps.dtic.mil. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
- ^ Miller, Judith. "Syria Plans to Double Gulf Force." The New York Times, 27 March 1991.
- ^ Haberman, Clyde; Times, Special To the New York (20 January 1991). "WAR IN THE GULF: Turkey; Turkey's Role in Air Assault Sets Off Fear of Retaliation (Published 1991)". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 17 December 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2021.
- ^ "Den 1. Golfkrig". Forsvaret.dk. 24 September 2010. Archived from the original on 12 January 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
- ^ a b Cimbala, Stephen J.; Forster, Peter (21 October 2005). The US, NATO and Military Burden-Sharing. Routledge. p. 135. ISBN 9781134251971 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Operation Deliberate Force". www.globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 2019-03-15.
- ^ Olsen, John Andreas (15 July 2014). European Air Power: Challenges and Opportunities. Potomac Books, Inc. ISBN 9781612346816 – via Google Books.
- ^ "ISAF's mission in Afghanistan (2001-2014)". NATO. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
- ^ "Resolute Support Mission in Afghanistan (2015-2021)". NATO. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
- ^ "Parliament OKs Turkey's Involvement in Libya". The Oakland Press. Ankara. Associated Press. 24 March 2011. Archived from the original on 5 September 2012. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
- ^ "Stratfor: Turkey and Russia wage "full-blown proxy war" in Syria". Ahval. 17 January 2018.
- ^ "Assad, Iran support Kurdish forces against Turkey in Syria's Afrin with key weapon systems – reports". Al Masdar News. 9 February 2018. Archived from the original on 11 August 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
- ^ "Stratfor: Turkey and Russia wage "full-blown proxy war" in Syria". Ahval. 17 January 2018.
- ^ "Assad, Iran support Kurdish forces against Turkey in Syria's Afrin with key weapon systems – reports". Al Masdar News. 9 February 2018. Archived from the original on 11 August 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
- ^ Comolli, Virginia (2015). Boko Haram: Nigeria's Islamist Insurgency. London: Oxford University Press. pp. 28, 103, 171.
- ^ Comolli (2015), pp. 28, 103, 171.
Bibliography
- Gingeras, Ryan (2022). The Last Days of the Ottoman Empire. Dublin: Random House. ISBN 978-0-241-44432-0.