List of wars involving Scotland

This is a list of wars involving the Kingdom of Scotland before the creation of the Kingdom of Great Britain by the Acts of Union 1707, including clan conflicts, civil wars, and rebellions. For dates after 1708, see List of wars involving the United Kingdom.

Clan conflict

Scottish victory

Scottish defeat

Another result *

*e.g. a treaty or peace without a clear result, status quo ante bellum, result unknown or indecisive, inconclusive

10th and 11th centuries

Conflict	Scotland & allies	Scotland's opposition	Result
Athelstan's invasion of Scotland (934–937) Location: Whole of Scotland	Kingdom of Scotland Norse–Gaels Kingdom of Strathclyde Kingdom of Dublin	Kingdom of England Kingdom of Deheubarth Kingdom of Gwynedd	Partial Scottish victory Defeat in final battle at Brunanburh However, end of Athelstan's plans to annex Scotland and Strathclyde
Annexation of Strathclyde (c. 1034) Location: Strathclyde	Kingdom of Scotland Kingdom of England	Kingdom of Strathclyde	Scottish victory
Invasion of Northumbria (1039) Location: Northumbria	Kingdom of Scotland	Kingdom of England	Scottish defeat at Siege of Durham
Norman invasion of Scotland (1072) Part of the Norman conquest of Britain Location: Scottish Borders and Northumbria	Kingdom of Scotland	Kingdom of England	Treaty of Abernethy Scottish defeat with Scottish attacks on Northumbria repelled Malcolm III forced to submit to William the Conqueror, though makes subsequent raids once the Norman king returns south

12th century

Conflict	Scotland & allies	Scotland's opposition	Result
Óengus's invasion of Scotland (1130) Location: Angus	Kingdom of Scotland	Kingdom of Moray Kingdom of Ross	Scottish victory King Óengus of Moray killed in battle, while Máel Coluim mac Alaxandair (King of Ross) imprisoned for life
Somairle's invasion of Scotland (1164) Location: Renfrewshire	Kingdom of Scotland	Kingdom of the Isles Kingdom of Dublin	Scottish victory King Somairle of the Isles killed in battle, leading to mass destabilisation and war in his kingdom
Revolt of 1173–74 Location: England, Normandy, Scottish Borders, Brittany, and Flanders	English Rebels under Eleanor of Aquitaine Kingdom of Scotland Kingdom of France Duchy of Brittany County of Flanders County of Boulogne	English Royalists loyal to Henry II	Scottish defeat Decisive defeat of rebel forces at Battle of Alnwick Scottish King William the Lion taken as prisoner of war in England

13th century

Conflict	Scotland & allies	Scotland's opposition	Result
Haakon Haakonsson's campaign in Scotland (1230-1231) Location: Hebrides, scotland and The Minch	Kingdom of Scotland	Kingdom of Norway Kingdom of the Isles	Scottish defeat Norwegians attack, lays siege and sack Rothesay Castle
Scottish–Norwegian War (1262–1266) Location: Hebrides and the Scottish West Coast	Kingdom of Scotland	Kingdom of Norway Kingdom of the Isles Earldom of Orkney	Treaty of Perth Favourable outcome for Scotland Hebrides and Isle of Man bought from Norway for 4,000 marks to become part of Scotland Norwegian sovereignty recognised over Orkney and Shetland
First War of Scottish Independence (1296–1328) Location: Scotland, England, and Ireland	Kingdom of Scotland Supported by: Kingdom of France Kingdom of Thomond Kingdom of Uí Maine Kingdom of Tyrconnell Kingdom of West Breifne Kingdom of Desmond Kingdom of Magh Luirg Kingdom of Oriel	Kingdom of England Lordship of Ireland	Scottish victory, ending English military occupation in the country De facto independence won in 1314 at Battle of Bannockburn Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton Peace treaty signed and ratified by Scottish and English Parliaments in 1328 Bruce family established as the new Scottish royal line Border re-established roughly where it is today Humiliation to English nobles and families prompting Second War of Independence only 5 years later

14th century

Conflict	Scotland & allies	Scotland's opposition	Result
Second War of Scottish Independence (1332–1357) Location: Scotland	Kingdom of Scotland Kingdom of France	Kingdom of England Supporters of Edward Balliol	Scottish victory with end of English claims to the country's sovereignty Treaty of Berwick (1357) Scotland forced to pay 20,000 marks in ransom fees to reclaim David II (captive in England) 14-year truce established between Scotland and England
Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) Location: France, the Low Countries, Great Britain, and the Iberian Peninsula	Kingdom of Scotland Kingdom of France Crown of Castile Republic of Genoa Kingdom of Bohemia Crown of Aragon	Kingdom of England Duchy of Burgundy Duchy of Brittany (Montfort) Kingdom of Portugal Kingdom of Navarre Flanders Hainaut Luxembourg	Scottish victory Scots played a key role in this conflict after the battle of Agincourt, forming a large part of French armies in this period that changed the course of the war Battle of Homildon Hill ends in decisive English victory Battle of Sark Ends in decisive Scottish victory in the north, coinciding with victory on the continent in France English victory in the Edwardian War French victory in the Caroline War and the Lancastrian War
Anglo-Scottish Wars (1377–1575) Location: Scottish Borders and Northern England	Kingdom of Scotland	Kingdom of England	Series of border skirmishes resulting in stalemate

15th century

Scotland's involvement in the Hundred Years' War and low-level conflict over the border with England continued into the 15th century (see above), but Scotland was not involved in any wars that began in the 15th century.

16th century

Conflict	Scotland & allies	Scotland's opposition	Result
War of the League of Cambrai (1511–1513) Location: Scottish Borders	Kingdom of Scotland France Duchy of Ferrara	Kingdom of England Papal States Venice Holy Roman Empire Spain Swiss mercenaries	Scottish defeat Decisive loss at the Battle of Flodden with the death of James IV of Scotland However, French and Venetian victory overall
The Rough Wooing (1543–1550) Location: Scottish Borders	Kingdom of Scotland Kingdom of France	Kingdom of England	Scottish victory Treaty of Norham ends English military occupation in border regions, as well as returns hostages and grants Scotland full fishing rights to the River Tweed

Civil wars and revolutions

Conflict	Scottish Government	Rebels	Result
Invasion of Moray (1040) Location: Moray	Kingdom of Scotland	Supporters of Macbeth Kingdom of Moray	Civil war, victory of Macbeth Death of Duncan I at Battle of Bothnagowan
Dubh's First Rebellion (1501–1505) Location: Scottish Hebrides	Kingdom of Scotland	Lord of the Isles Clan Donald	Civil war, Royalist victory
Dubh's Second Rebellion (1545) Location: Scottish Hebrides	Kingdom of Scotland	Lord of the Isles Clan Donald Kingdom of England	Civil war, Royalist victory
Marian Civil War (1568–1573) Location: Scotland	Supporters of Mary, Queen of Scots	Supporters of James VI, Mary's son Kingdom of England	Civil war, victory of James VI Imprisonment of Mary before her flight to England
Bishops' Wars (1639–1640) Location: Scottish Lowlands	Scottish Royalists Kingdom of England	Scottish Covenanters	Civil war, Covenanter victory
Second English Civil War (1648) Location: Northern England	Scottish Royalists Scottish Engagers	Parliamentarians	Civil war, Parliamentarian victory Decisive loss at the Battle of Preston (1648) Execution of Charles I
Third English Civil War (1649–1651) Location: Scottish Lowlands and Northern England	Scottish Royalists Scottish Covenanters	Parliamentarians	Civil war, Parliamentarian victory Exile of Charles II Establishment of the republican Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell
Glorious Revolution (1688–1689)	James VII	William of Orange Dutch military forces British military forces	Internal conflict James VII replaced as king by his daughter Mary II and her husband William III
Jacobite rebellions (1689–1746) Location: Scotland, England, and Ireland	Scottish Williamites Scotland (until 1707) Great Britain (from 1707)	Scottish Jacobites	Civil war, Williamite victory Williamite War in Ireland (1688–91) – The Battle of the Boyne saw the last battle between two rival claimants for the throne Jacobite rising of 1689 (1689-92) - resulting in Massacre of Glencoe Jacobite rising of 1715 (1715–16) Jacobite rising of 1719 (1719) Jacobite rising of 1745 (1741–1746) – Jacobite restoration attempt defeated

Clan conflicts

Conflict	Clan 1	Clan 2	Result
Clan MacDougall-Clan Campbell feud Part of the First War of Scottish Independence (c. 1294) Location: Loch Awe	Clan MacDougall	Clan Campbell	Clan conflict Clan MacDougall victory at the Battle of Red Ford, with heavy casualties on either side Ford ran "red with blood"
Clan Cameron-Clan Mackintosh feud (c. 1330–1688) Location: Lochaber and Southeastern Highlands	Clan Cameron	Clan Mackintosh	Clan Conflict Various clan battles and skirmishes over the centuries, with no overall winner Ended in Battle of Mulroy, a Clan Cameron victory (allied with Clan MacDonald of Keppoch), after which clan warfare largely ceased in Scotland
Wolf of Badenoch feuds (1391) Location: Angus	Clan Stewart of Buchan Clan Robertson Clan Mackay	Clan Ogilvy Clan Lindsay Clan Gray	Clan conflict, Clan Stewart victory Lands of Angus burnt, homes sacked and civilians slaughtered Elgin Cathedral burnt to the ground
Clan Mackay-Clan Gunn feud (1426–1517) Location: Caithness and Sutherland	Clan Mackay Supported by: Clan Keith Clan Ross	Clan Gunn Supported by: Clan Matheson	Clan conflict Various clan battles and skirmishes throughout the 15th century, with no overall winner Ended in Battle of Torran Dubh, a Gunn victory, after which the two feuding clans allied against Clan Sinclair
Royal-Black Douglas feud (1440–1526) Location: Galloway, Scottish Borders, and West Lothian	Royalists loyal to House of Stewart	Rebels allied to Black Douglases	Clan conflict, victory for House of Stewart Eventual exile of the leaders of Clan Douglas after the Battle of Linlithgow Bridge
Clan Gordon-Clan Lindsay feud (1445–1452) Location: Angus	Clan Gordon Supported by: Clan Ogilvy	Clan Lindsay	Clan conflict Two clan battles: the first won by Clan Lindsay, the second, as part of the Royal-Black Douglas Civil War, Clan Gordon
Clan Munro-Clan Mackenzie feud (1452–1715) Location: Ross	Clan Munro Supported by: Clan Fraser of Lovat	Clan Mackenzie	Clan conflict Various clan battles and skirmishes over the centuries, with no overall winner Ended in Siege of Brahan during the Jacobite rising of 1715, when Clan Munro, loyal to the British Government, forced the Jacobite Mackenzies to surrender. Clan warfare largely ceased after this period
Clan Fraser of Lovat-Clan Mackenzie feud (1452–1715) Location: Ross	Clan Fraser of Lovat Supported by: Clan Munro	Clan Mackenzie	Clan conflict Various clan battles and skirmishes over the centuries, with no overall winner Ended in Siege of Brahan during the Jacobite rising of 1715, when Clan Fraser, loyal to the British Government, forced the Jacobite Mackenzies to surrender. Clan warfare largely ceased after this period
Clan Munro-Clan Mackintosh feud (1454–1719) Location: Inverness-shire	Clan Munro	Clan Mackintosh	Clan conflict Two clan battles and a perpetuated rivalry, ending after the Battle of Glen Shiel when Clan Mackintosh sided with the British Government, and Clan Munro the losing Jacobites
Clan Gunn-Clan Keith feud (1464–c. 1478) Location: Caithness	Clan Gunn	Clan Keith	Clan conflict Two clan battles ending in a Keith victory at the Battle of Champions A treaty of friendship was signed by the clans in 1978, after 300 years of peace
Clan Mackay-Clan Ross feud (c. 1480–1550) Location: Ross and Sutherland	Clan Mackay	Clan Ross	Clan conflict Various clan battles and skirmishes largely in the 1480s, with no overall winner Ended in a 1550 raid (and massacre) by Clan Mackay on Clan Ross
Clan MacDonald-Clan Maclean feud (c. 1480–1598) Location: Lochaber and Inner Hebrides	Various branches of Clan Donald	Clan Maclean	Clan conflict Various clan battles and skirmishes largely in the 16th century, with no overall winner Ended in Battle of Benbigrie, a Clan Maclean victory
Clan MacDonald-Clan Mackenzie feud (c. 1480–1602) Location: Ross	Clan Donald	Clan Mackenzie Supported by: Clan Mackay Clan Fraser of Lovat Clan Ross	Clan conflict Various clan battles and skirmishes largely in the 1480s, with no overall winner Ended in a tactical draw at Battle of Morar, after which both families agreed a peace
Clan Cunningham-Clan Montgomery feud (1488–1586) Location: Ayrshire	Clan Cunningham	Clan Montgomery	Clan conflict Various clan battles and skirmishes, as well as several high-profile murders, with no overall winner
Clan Mackay-Clan Sutherland feud (1517–1590) Location: Sutherland	Clan Mackay	Clan Sutherland Clan Gordon	Clan conflict Various clan battles and skirmishes throughout the 16th century, with no overall winner Ended in Battle of Clynetradwell, after which Clan Sutherland turned their attentions on Clan Sinclair
Clan Sutherland-Clan Sinclair feud (1570–1601) Location: Sutherland	Clan Sutherland	Clan Sinclair	Clan conflict Various clan battles and skirmishes resulting in Clan Sinclair surrendering in the Stand-off at Bengrime

Lists of wars involving European countries
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States with limited recognition	Abkhazia Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria
Dependencies and other entities	Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard