List of sciurids

IUCN Red List categories
Conservation status
EX	Extinct (0 species)
EW	Extinct in the wild (0 species)
CR	Critically endangered (3 species)
EN	Endangered (15 species)
VU	Vulnerable (14 species)
NT	Near threatened (24 species)
LC	Least concern (195 species)
Other categories
DD	Data deficient (33 species)
NE	Not evaluated (0 species)

Sciuridae is a family of small mammals in the order Rodentia and part of the Sciuromorpha suborder.^[1] Members of this family are called sciurids, and include squirrels, chipmunks, and marmots. They are found worldwide outside of Australia and Antarctica, primarily in forests, shrublands, and grasslands, though some species can be found in wetlands, deserts, or rocky areas. They range in size from the lesser pygmy flying squirrel, at 6 cm (2 in) plus a 6 cm (2 in) tail, to the Olympic marmot, at 75 cm (30 in) plus a 24 cm (9 in) tail. Sciurids primarily feed on fruit, seeds, and nuts, though many species also eat insects, fungi, bark, eggs, and small vertebrates. Almost no sciurids have population estimates, though fifteen species are categorized as endangered species and three—the Namdapha flying squirrel, Vancouver Island marmot, and speckled ground squirrel—are categorized as critically endangered.

The 284 extant species of Sciuridae are divided into five subfamilies: Callosciurinae, containing 67 species of Asian squirrels in 14 genera; Ratufinae, containing four species of giant squirrels in a single genus; Sciurillinae, containing only the neotropical pygmy squirrel; Sciurinae, containing 84 species of flying squirrel and tree squirrels in 20 genera; and Xerinae, containing 128 species of marmots, chipmunks, prairie dogs, and ground squirrels in 24 genera. A few extinct prehistoric sciurid species have been discovered, though due to ongoing research and discoveries, the exact number and categorization is not fixed.^[2]

Conventions

The author citation for the species or genus is given after the scientific name; parentheses around the author citation indicate that this was not the original taxonomic placement. Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the sciurid's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN Red List for that species unless otherwise noted.

Classification

Sciuridae is a family consisting of 284 species in 60 genera. These genera are divided between five subfamilies: Callosciurinae, Ratufinae, Sciurillinae, Sciurinae, and Xerinae. Callosciurinae contains 67 species in 14 genera, Ratufinae contains four species in a single genus, Sciurillinae contains a single species, Sciurinae contains 84 species in 20 genera, and Xerinae contains 128 species in 24 genera.

Family Sciuridae

Subfamily Callosciurinae
- Genus Callosciurus (beautiful squirrels): fifteen species
- Genus Dremomys (red-cheeked squirrels): six species
- Genus Exilisciurus (pygmy squirrels): three species
- Genus Funambulus (palm squirrels): six species
- Genus Glyphotes (sculptor squirrel): one species
- Genus Hyosciurus (long-nosed squirrels): two species
- Genus Lariscus (black-striped squirrels): four species
- Genus Menetes (Berdmore's ground squirrel): one species
- Genus Nannosciurus (black-eared squirrel): one species
- Genus Prosciurillus (Sulawesi tree squirrels): seven species
- Genus Rhinosciurus (shrew-faced squirrel): one species
- Genus Rubrisciurus (red-bellied squirrel): one species
- Genus Sundasciurus (Sunda squirrels): fifteen species
- Genus Tamiops (Asiatic striped squirrels): four species
Subfamily Ratufinae
- Genus Ratufa (giant squirrels): four species
Subfamily Sciurillinae
- Genus Sciurillus (neotropical pygmy squirrel): one species
Subfamily Sciurinae
- Genus Aeretes (groove-toothed flying squirrel): one species
- Genus Aeromys (large black flying squirrels): two species
- Genus Belomys (hairy-footed flying squirrel): one species
- Genus Biswamoyopterus (Indochinese giant flying squirrels): two species
- Genus Eoglaucomys (Kashmir flying squirrel): one species
- Genus Eupetaurus (western woolly flying squirrel): one species
- Genus Glaucomys (New World flying squirrels): two species
- Genus Hylopetes (arrow-tailed flying squirrels): nine species
- Genus Iomys (Horsfield's flying squirrels (Iomys)s): two species
- Genus Microsciurus (dwarf squirrels): four species
- Genus Petaurillus (pygmy flying squirrels): three species
- Genus Petaurista (giant flying squirrels): ten species
- Genus Petinomys (dwarf flying squirrels): eight species
- Genus Pteromys (Old World flying squirrels): two species
- Genus Pteromyscus (smoky flying squirrel): one species
- Genus Rheithrosciurus (tufted ground squirrel): one species
- Genus Sciurus (tree squirrels): twenty-nine species
- Genus Syntheosciurus (Bangs's mountain squirrel): one species
- Genus Tamiasciurus (American pine squirrels): three species
- Genus Trogopterus (complex-toothed flying squirrel): one species

Subfamily Xerinae
- Genus Ammospermophilus (antelope squirrels): four species
- Genus Atlantoxerus (Barbary ground squirrel): one species
- Genus Callospermophilus (golden-mantled ground squirrels): three species
- Genus Cynomys (prairie dogs): five species
- Genus Epixerus (Ebian's palm squirrel): one species
- Genus Eutamias (Siberian chipmunk): one species
- Genus Funisciurus (rope squirrels): ten species
- Genus Heliosciurus (sun squirrels): six species
- Genus Ictidomys (lined ground squirrels): two species
- Genus Marmota (marmots): fourteen species
- Genus Myosciurus (African pygmy squirrel): one species
- Genus Neotamias (chipmunks): twenty-three species
- Genus Notocitellus (tropical ground squirrels): two species
- Genus Otospermophilus (American rock squirrels): two species
- Genus Paraxerus (African bush squirrels): eleven species
- Genus Poliocitellus (Franklin's ground squirrel): one species
- Genus Protoxerus (African giant squirrels): two species
- Genus Sciurotamias (Chinese rock squirrels): two species
- Genus Spermophilopsis (long-clawed ground squirrel): one species
- Genus Spermophilus (Holarctic ground squirrels): fifteen species
- Genus Tamias (eastern chipmunk): one species
- Genus Urocitellus (ground squirrels): twelve species
- Genus Xerospermophilus (desert ground squirrels): four species
- Genus Xerus (unstriped ground squirrels): four species

Sciurids

The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by the reference work Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis, as supported by both the IUCN and the American Society of Mammalogists.^[1]

Subfamily Callosciurinae

Genus *Callosciurus* – Gray, 1867 – fifteen species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Anderson's squirrel	C. quinquestriatus (Anderson, 1871) Two subspecies C. q. imarius C. q. quinquestriatus	Southern China and Myanmar	Size: About 20 cm (8 in) long, plus 18–21 cm (7–8 in) tail^[3] Habitat: Forest^[4] Diet: Fruit, nuts, seeds, flowers, vegetation, insects, and eggs^[5]	LC Unknown ^[4]
Black-striped squirrel	C. nigrovittatus (Horsfield, 1823) Four subspecies C. n. bilimitatus C. n. bocki C. n. klossi C. n. nigrovittatus	Southeastern Asia	Size: 18–20 cm (7–8 in) long, plus 15–19 cm (6–7 in) tail^[3] Habitat: Forest and shrubland^[6] Diet: Fruit, nuts, seeds, flowers, vegetation, insects, and eggs^[5]	LC Unknown ^[6]
Borneo black-banded squirrel	C. orestes (Thomas, 1895)	Northern Borneo	Size: 14–16 cm (6 in) long, plus 13–16 cm (5–6 in) tail^[3] Habitat: Forest^[7] Diet: Fruit, nuts, seeds, flowers, vegetation, insects, and eggs^[5]	LC Unknown ^[7]
Ear-spot squirrel	C. adamsi (Kloss, 1921)	Borneo	Size: 15–17 cm (6–7 in) long, plus 14–16 cm (6 in) tail^[3] Habitat: Forest^[8] Diet: Fruit, nuts, seeds, flowers, vegetation, insects, and eggs^[5]	NT Unknown ^[8]
Finlayson's squirrel	C. finlaysonii (Horsfield, 1823) Sixteen subspecies C. f. albivexilli C. f. annellatus C. f. bocourti C. f. boonsongi C. f. cinnamomeus C. f. ferrugineus C. f. finlaysonii C. f. folletti C. f. frandseni C. f. germaini C. f. harmandi C. f. menamicus C. f. nox C. f. sinistralis C. f. trotteri C. f. williamsoni	Southeastern Asia	Size: 19–21 cm (7–8 in) long, plus 17–22 cm (7–9 in) tail^[3] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and inland wetlands^[9] Diet: Fruit, nuts, seeds, flowers, vegetation, insects, and eggs^[5]	LC Unknown ^[9]
Grey-bellied squirrel	C. caniceps (Gray, 1842) Six subspecies C. c. adangensis C. c. bimaculatus C. c. caniceps C. c. casensis C. c. concolor C. c. domelicus	Southeastern Asia	Size: 21–22 cm (8–9 in) long, plus 22–24 cm (9 in) tail^[3] Habitat: Forest and shrubland^[10] Diet: Fruit, nuts, seeds, flowers, vegetation, insects, and eggs^[5]	LC Unknown ^[10]
Inornate squirrel	C. inornatus (Gray, 1867)	Southeastern Asia	Size: About 29 cm (11 in) long, plus 17–21 cm (7–8 in) tail^[3] Habitat: Forest and shrubland^[11] Diet: Fruit, nuts, seeds, flowers, vegetation, insects, and eggs^[5]	LC Unknown ^[11]
Irrawaddy squirrel	C. pygerythrus (Geoffroy, 1831) Seven subspecies C. p. blythii C. p. janetta C. p. lokroides C. p. mearsi C. p. owensi C. p. pygerythrus C. p. stevensi	Southern Asia	Size: 18–23 cm (7–9 in) long, plus 11–22 cm (4–9 in) tail^[3] Habitat: Shrubland and forest^[12] Diet: Fruit, nuts, seeds, flowers, vegetation, insects, and eggs^[5]	LC Unknown ^[12]
Kinabalu squirrel	C. baluensis (Bonhote, 1901)	Malaysia	Size: 23–24 cm (9 in) long, plus 24–25 cm (9–10 in) tail^[3] Habitat: Forest^[13] Diet: Fruit, nuts, seeds, flowers, vegetation, insects, and eggs^[5]	LC Unknown ^[13]
Kloss's squirrel	C. albescens (Bonhote, 1901)	Indonesia	Size: 20–24 cm (8–9 in) long, plus 17–19 cm (7 in) tail^[3] Habitat: Forest and shrubland^[14] Diet: Fruit, nuts, seeds, flowers, vegetation, insects, and eggs^[5]	DD Unknown ^[14]
Mentawai squirrel	C. melanogaster (Thomas, 1895) Three subspecies C. m. atratus C. m. melanogaster C. m. mentawi	Indonesia	Size: About 21 cm (8 in) long, plus about 18 cm (7 in) tail^[3] Habitat: Forest^[15] Diet: Fruit, nuts, seeds, flowers, vegetation, insects, and eggs^[5]	VU Unknown ^[15]
Pallas's squirrel	C. erythraeus (Pallas, 1779) 26 subspecies C. e. atrodorsalis C. e. bartoni C. e. bhutanensis C. e. bonhotei C. e. castaneoventris C. e. erythraeus C. e. erythrogaster C. e. flavimanus C. e. gloveri C. e. gordoni C. e. griseimanus C. e. harringtoni C. e. hendeei C. e. hyperythrus C. e. intermedius C. e. michianus C. e. ningpoensis C. e. pranis C. e. rubeculus C. e. shanicus C. e. siamensis C. e. sladeni C. e. styani C. e. thai C. e. thaiwanensis C. e. zimmeensis	Southeastern and eastern Asia	Size: 21–23 cm (8–9 in) long, plus 17–27 cm (7–11 in) tail^[3] Habitat: Forest and shrubland^[16] Diet: Fruit, nuts, seeds, flowers, vegetation, insects, and eggs^[5]	LC Unknown ^[16]
Phayre's squirrel	C. phayrei (Blyth, 1856)	Southern China and Myanmar	Size: 21–24 cm (8–9 in) long, plus 20–25 cm (8–10 in) tail^[3] Habitat: Forest^[17] Diet: Fruit, nuts, seeds, flowers, vegetation, insects, and eggs^[5]	LC Unknown ^[17]
Plantain squirrel	C. notatus (Boddaert, 1785) Five subspecies C. n. diardii C. n. miniatus C. n. notatus C. n. suffusus C. n. vittatus	Southeastern Asia	Size: 20–24 cm (8–9 in) long, plus 17–19 cm (7 in) tail^[3] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and inland wetlands^[18] Diet: Fruit, nuts, seeds, flowers, vegetation, insects, and eggs^[5]	LC Unknown ^[18]
Prevost's squirrel	C. prevostii (Desmarest, 1822) Six subspecies C. p. atricapillus C. p. melanops C. p. piceus C. p. prevostii C. p. rafflesii C. p. sarawakensis	Southeastern Asia	Size: About 24 cm (9 in) long, plus about 23 cm (9 in) tail^[3] Habitat: Forest^[19] Diet: Fruit, nuts, seeds, flowers, vegetation, insects, and eggs^[5]^[19]	LC Unknown ^[19]

Genus *Dremomys* – Heude, 1898 – six species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Asian red-cheeked squirrel	D. rufigenis (Blanford, 1878) Five subspecies D. r. adamsoni D. r. belfieldi D. r. fuscus D. r. ornatus D. r. rufigenis	Southeastern and eastern Asia	Size: 18–20 cm (7–8 in) long, plus 14–17 cm (6–7 in) tail^[20] Habitat: Forest and shrubland^[21] Diet: Fruit, nuts, vegetation, and insects^[22]	LC Unknown ^[21]
Bornean mountain ground squirrel	D. everetti (Thomas, 1890)	Borneo	Size: 15–18 cm (6–7 in) long, plus 9–12 cm (4–5 in) tail^[23] Habitat: Forest^[24] Diet: Fruit, nuts, vegetation, and insects^[22]	LC Unknown ^[24]
Orange-bellied Himalayan squirrel	D. lokriah (Hodgson, 1836) Five subspecies D. l. garonum D. l. lokriah D. l. macmillani D. l. motuoensis D. l. pagus	Southern Asia	Size: 16–20 cm (6–8 in) long, plus 13–22 cm (5–9 in) tail^[20] Habitat: Forest^[25] Diet: Fruit, nuts, vegetation, and insects^[22]	LC Unknown ^[25]
Perny's long-nosed squirrel	D. pernyi (H. Milne-Edwards, 1867) Six subspecies D. p. flavior D. p. howelli D. p. imus D. p. owstoni D. p. pernyi D. p. senex	Eastern Asia	Size: 17–20 cm (7–8 in) long, plus 13–18 cm (5–7 in) tail^[20] Habitat: Forest^[26] Diet: Fruit, nuts, vegetation, and insects^[22]	LC Unknown ^[26]
Red-hipped squirrel	D. pyrrhomerus (Thomas, 1895) Two subspecies D. p. pyrrhomerus D. p. riudonensis	China and Vietnam	Size: 19–21 cm (7–8 in) long, plus 14–17 cm (6–7 in) tail^[20] Habitat: Rocky areas^[27] Diet: Fruit, nuts, vegetation, and insects^[22]	LC Unknown ^[27]
Red-throated squirrel	D. gularis Osgood, 1932	China and Vietnam	Size: About 22 cm (9 in) long, plus about 17 cm (7 in) tail^[20] Habitat: Forest^[28] Diet: Fruit, nuts, vegetation, and insects^[22]	DD Unknown ^[28]

Genus *Exilisciurus* – Moore, 1958 – three species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Least pygmy squirrel	E. exilis (Müller, 1838)	Southeastern Asia	Size: 7–8 cm (3 in) long, plus 4–6 cm (2 in) tail^[20] Habitat: Forest^[29] Diet: Vegetation and insects^[22]	DD Unknown ^[29]
Philippine pygmy squirrel	E. concinnus (Thomas, 1888)	Philippines	Size: About 9 cm (4 in) long, plus 6–7 cm (2–3 in) tail^[20] Habitat: Forest^[30] Diet: Vegetation and insects^[22]	LC Unknown ^[30]
Tufted pygmy squirrel	E. whiteheadi (Thomas, 1887)	Borneo	Size: 8–9 cm (3–4 in) long, plus 6–7 cm (2–3 in) tail^[20] Habitat: Forest^[31] Diet: Vegetation and insects^[22]	LC Unknown ^[31]

Genus *Funambulus* – Lesson, 1835 – six species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Dusky striped squirrel	F. obscurus (Pelzeln & Kohl, 1886)	Sri Lanka	Size: 10–14 cm (4–6 in) long, plus 7–13 cm (3–5 in) tail^[20] Habitat: Forest^[32] Diet: Seeds, nuts, bark, buds, leaves, flowers, and insects^[33]	VU Unknown ^[32]
Indian palm squirrel	F. palmarum (Linnaeus, 1766) Three subspecies F. p. brodiei F. p. palmarum F. p. robertsoni	India and Sri Lanka	Size: 14–15 cm (6 in) long, plus 14–16 cm (6 in) tail^[20] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands^[34] Diet: Seeds, nuts, bark, buds, leaves, flowers, and insects^[33]	LC Unknown ^[34]
Jungle palm squirrel	F. tristriatus (Waterhouse, 1837) Two subspecies F. t. numarius F. t. tristriatus	India	Size: 15–16 cm (6 in) long, plus 13–15 cm (5–6 in) tail^[20] Habitat: Forest^[35] Diet: Seeds, nuts, bark, buds, leaves, flowers, and insects^[33]	LC Unknown ^[35]
Layard's palm squirrel	F. layardi (Blyth, 1849) Two subspecies F. l. dravidianus F. l. layardi	Sri Lanka	Size: 14–16 cm (6 in) long, plus 15–17 cm (6–7 in) tail^[20] Habitat: Forest^[36] Diet: Seeds, nuts, bark, buds, leaves, flowers, and insects^[33]	VU Unknown ^[36]
Nilgiri striped squirrel	F. sublineatus (Waterhouse, 1838) Two subspecies F. s. obscurus F. s. sublineatus	India	Size: 11–13 cm (4–5 in) long, plus 9–14 cm (4–6 in) tail^[20] Habitat: Forest^[37] Diet: Seeds, nuts, bark, buds, leaves, flowers, and insects^[33]	VU Unknown ^[37]
Northern palm squirrel	F. pennantii Wroughton, 1905 Two subspecies F. p. argentescens F. p. pennantii	Southern Asia	Size: 13–16 cm (5–6 in) long, plus 13–14 cm (5–6 in) tail^[20] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland^[38] Diet: Seeds, nuts, bark, buds, leaves, flowers, and insects^[33]	LC Unknown ^[38]

Genus *Glyphotes* – Thomas, 1898 – one species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Sculptor squirrel	G. simus Thomas, 1898	Borneo	Size: 9–15 cm (4–6 in) long, plus 9–11 cm (4 in) tail^[3] Habitat: Forest^[39] Diet: Fruit, nuts, seeds, flowers, vegetation, insects, and eggs^[22]	DD Unknown ^[39]

Genus *Hyosciurus* – Archbold & Tate, 1935 – two species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Lowland long-nosed squirrel	H. ileile Archbold & Tate, 1936	Indonesia	Size: 21–25 cm (8–10 in) long, plus 7–13 cm (3–5 in) tail^[23] Habitat: Forest and shrubland^[40] Diet: Fruit, nuts, and insects^[41]	LC Unknown ^[40]
Montane long-nosed squirrel	H. heinrichi Archbold & Tate, 1935	Indonesia	Size: 19–24 cm (7–9 in) long, plus 6–12 cm (2–5 in) tail^[23] Habitat: Forest^[42] Diet: Fruit, nuts, and insects^[41]	LC Unknown ^[42]

Genus *Lariscus* – Thomas & Wroughton, 1909 – four species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Four-striped ground squirrel	L. hosei (Thomas, 1892)	Borneo	Size: About 19 cm (7 in) long, plus about 9 cm (4 in) tail^[3] Habitat: Forest^[43] Diet: Fruit and nuts^[44]	LC Unknown ^[43]
Mentawai three-striped squirrel	L. obscurus (Miller, 1903) Three subspecies L. o. auroreus L. o. obscurus L. o. siberu	Indonesia	Size: About 20 cm (8 in) long, plus 8–9 cm (3–4 in) tail^[3] Habitat: Forest and shrubland^[45] Diet: Fruit and nuts^[44]	NT Unknown ^[45]
Niobe ground squirrel	L. niobe (Thomas, 1892) Two subspecies L. n. niobe L. n. vulcanus	Indonesia	Size: 18–20 cm (7–8 in) long, plus 8–9 cm (3–4 in) tail^[3] Habitat: Forest and shrubland^[46] Diet: Fruit and nuts^[44]	DD Unknown ^[46]
Three-striped ground squirrel	L. insignis (F. Cuvier, 1821) Five subspecies L. i. diversus L. i. insignis L. i. javanus L. i. peninsulae L. i. rostratus	Southeastern Asia	Size: 18–20 cm (7–8 in) long, plus 10–11 cm (4 in) tail^[3] Habitat: Forest^[47] Diet: Fruit and nuts^[44]	LC Unknown ^[47]

Genus *Menetes* – Thomas, 1908 – one species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Berdmore's ground squirrel	M. berdmorei (Blyth, 1849) Seven subspecies M. b. berdmorei M. b. consularis M. b. decoratus M. b. moerescens M. b. mouhotei M. b. peninsularis M. b. pyrrocephalus	Southeastern Asia	Size: About 18 cm (7 in) long, plus 13–14 cm (5–6 in) tail^[23] Habitat: Grassland, shrubland, and forest^[48] Diet: Fruit and nuts^[49]	LC Unknown ^[48]

Genus *Nannosciurus* – Trouessart, 1880 – one species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Black-eared squirrel	N. melanotis (Müller, 1840) Four subspecies N. m. bancanus N. m. borneanus N. m. melanotis N. m. pulcher	Southeastern Asia	Size: About 8 cm (3 in) long, plus 6–7 cm (2–3 in) tail^[23] Habitat: Forest^[50] Diet: Fruit and nuts^[22]	LC Unknown ^[50]

Genus *Prosciurillus* – Ellerman, 1947 – seven species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Alston's Sulawesi dwarf squirrel	P. alstoni Anderson, 1879	Indonesia	Size: 15–20 cm (6–8 in) long, plus 13–18 cm (5–7 in) tail^[20] Habitat: Forest^[51] Diet: Fruit, nuts, bark, and resin^[52]	NT Unknown ^[51]
Roux's Sulawesi dwarf squirrel	P. topapuensis Roux, 1910	Indonesia	Size: 15–19 cm (6–7 in) long, plus 12–17 cm (5–7 in) tail^[20] Habitat: Forest^[53] Diet: Fruit, nuts, bark, and resin^[52]	NT Unknown ^[53]
Celebes dwarf squirrel	P. murinus (Müller & Schlegel, 1844) Three subspecies P. m. griseus P. m. murinus P. m. necopinus	Indonesia	Size: 10–15 cm (4–6 in) long, plus 5–12 cm (2–5 in) tail^[23] Habitat: Forest^[54] Diet: Fruit, nuts, bark, and resin^[52]	LC Unknown ^[54]
Sanghir squirrel	P. rosenbergii (Jentink, 1879)	Indonesia and Philippines	Size: About 19 cm (7 in) long, plus about 18 cm (7 in) tail^[23] Habitat: Forest^[55] Diet: Fruit, nuts, bark, and resin^[52]	EN Unknown ^[55]
Secretive dwarf squirrel	P. abstrusus Moore, 1958	Indonesia	Size: 11–15 cm (4–6 in) long, plus 7–13 cm (3–5 in) tail^[23] Habitat: Forest^[56] Diet: Fruit, nuts, bark, and resin^[52]	NT Unknown ^[56]
Weber's dwarf squirrel	P. weberi (Jentink, 1890)	Indonesia	Size: About 19 cm (7 in) long, plus about 14 cm (6 in) tail^[20] Habitat: Forest^[57] Diet: Fruit, nuts, bark, and resin^[52]	VU Unknown ^[57]
Whitish dwarf squirrel	P. leucomus (Müller & Schlegel, 1844) Four subspecies P. l. hirsutus P. l. leucomus P. l. occidentalis P. l. tonkeanus	Indonesia	Size: 16–19 cm (6–7 in) long, plus 14–19 cm (6–7 in) tail^[20] Habitat: Forest^[58] Diet: Fruit, nuts, bark, and resin^[52]	LC Unknown ^[58]

Genus *Rhinosciurus* – Blyth, 1856 – one species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Shrew-faced squirrel	R. laticaudatus (Müller, 1840) Three subspecies R. l. alacris R. l. laticaudatus R. l. saturatus	Southeastern Asia	Size: 19–21 cm (7–8 in) long, plus 11–14 cm (4–6 in) tail^[23] Habitat: Forest^[59] Diet: Insects and earthworms, as well as fruit^[44]	NT Unknown ^[59]

Genus *Rubrisciurus* – Ellerman, 1954 – one species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Red-bellied squirrel	R. rubriventer (Müller & Schlegel, 1844)	Island of Sulawesi in Indonesia	Size: 15–30 cm (6–12 in) long, plus 18–25 cm (7–10 in) tail^[20] Habitat: Forest^[60] Diet: Fruit and seeds^[61]	LC Unknown ^[60]

Genus *Sundasciurus* – Moore, 1958 – fifteen species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Brooke's squirrel	S. brookei (Thomas, 1892)	Indonesia and Malaysia	Size: 15–16 cm (6 in) long, plus 11–13 cm (4–5 in) tail^[23] Habitat: Forest^[62] Diet: Fruit and vegetation, as well as insects^[49]	LC Unknown ^[62]
Busuanga squirrel	S. hoogstraali (Sanborn, 1952)	Philippines	Size: About 20 cm (8 in) long, plus 16–17 cm (6–7 in) tail^[23] Habitat: Forest^[63] Diet: Fruit and vegetation, as well as insects^[49]	LC Unknown ^[63]
Culion tree squirrel	S. moellendorffi (Matschie, 1898)	Philippines	Size: About 20 cm (8 in) long, plus about 19 cm (7 in) tail^[23] Habitat: Forest^[64] Diet: Fruit and vegetation, as well as insects^[49]	NT Unknown ^[64]
Davao squirrel	S. davensis (Sanborn, 1952)	Philippines	Size: About 20 cm (8 in) long, plus about 18 cm (7 in) tail^[23] Habitat: Forest^[65] Diet: Fruit and vegetation, as well as insects^[49]	DD Unknown ^[65]
Fraternal squirrel	S. fraterculus (Thomas, 1895)	Indonesia	Size: 11–12 cm (4–5 in) long, plus 7–8 cm (3 in) tail^[23] Habitat: Forest^[66] Diet: Fruit and vegetation, as well as insects^[49]	VU Unknown ^[66]
Horse-tailed squirrel	S. hippurus (Geoffroy, 1831) Five subspecies S. h. borneensis S. h. hippurosus S. h. hippurus S. h. ornatus S. h. pryeri	Southeastern Asia	Size: 23–25 cm (9–10 in) long, plus 23–25 cm (9–10 in) tail^[23] Habitat: Forest^[67] Diet: Fruit and vegetation, as well as insects^[49]	NT Unknown ^[67]
Jentink's squirrel	S. jentinki (Thomas, 1887)	Indonesia and Malaysia	Size: 12–13 cm (5 in) long, plus 11–13 cm (4–5 in) tail^[23] Habitat: Forest^[68] Diet: Fruit and vegetation, as well as insects^[49]	LC Unknown ^[68]
Low's squirrel	S. lowii (Thomas, 1892) Seven subspecies S. l. balae S. l. bangueyae S. l. humilis S. l. lowii S. l. natunensis S. l. robinsoni S. l. seimundi	Southeastern Asia	Size: 12–17 cm (5–7 in) long, plus 7–11 cm (3–4 in) tail^[23] Habitat: Forest^[69] Diet: Fruit and vegetation, as well as insects^[49]	LC Unknown ^[69]
Mindanao squirrel	S. mindanensis (Steere, 1890)	Philippines	Size: About 20 cm (8 in) long, plus about 19 cm (7 in) tail^[23] Habitat: Forest^[70] Diet: Fruit and vegetation, as well as insects^[49]	LC Unknown ^[70]
Northern Palawan tree squirrel	S. juvencus (Thomas, 1908)	Philippines	Size: 19–20 cm (7–8 in) long, plus 15–18 cm (6–7 in) tail^[23] Habitat: Forest^[71] Diet: Fruit and vegetation, as well as insects^[49]	LC Unknown ^[71]
Palawan montane squirrel	S. rabori Heaney, 1979	Philippines	Size: 16–19 cm (6–7 in) long, plus 13–14 cm (5–6 in) tail^[23] Habitat: Forest^[72] Diet: Fruit and vegetation, as well as insects^[49]	DD Unknown ^[72]
Philippine tree squirrel	S. philippinensis (Waterhouse, 1839)	Philippines	Size: About 19 cm (7 in) long, plus 17–20 cm (7–8 in) tail^[23] Habitat: Forest^[73] Diet: Fruit and vegetation, as well as insects^[49]	LC Unknown ^[73]
Samar squirrel	S. samarensis (Steere, 1890)	Philippines	Size: 18–20 cm (7–8 in) long, plus 15–17 cm (6–7 in) tail^[23] Habitat: Forest^[74] Diet: Fruit and vegetation, as well as insects^[49]	LC Unknown ^[74]
Slender squirrel	S. tenuis (Horsfield, 1824) Five subspecies S. t. bancarus S. t. modestus S. t. parvus S. t. procerus S. t. tenuis	Southeastern Asia	Size: About 14 cm (6 in) long, plus 11–12 cm (4–5 in) tail^[23] Habitat: Forest^[75] Diet: Fruit and vegetation, as well as insects^[49]	LC Unknown ^[75]
Southern Palawan tree squirrel	S. steerii (Günther, 1877)	Philippines	Size: About 20 cm (8 in) long, plus about 16 cm (6 in) tail^[23] Habitat: Forest^[76] Diet: Fruit and vegetation, as well as insects^[49]	LC Unknown ^[76]

Genus *Tamiops* – Allen, 1906 – four species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Cambodian striped squirrel	T. rodolphii (H. Milne-Edwards, 1867) Two subspecies T. r. elbeli T. r. rodolphii	Southeastern Asia	Size: 11–12 cm (4–5 in) long, plus 10–12 cm (4–5 in) tail^[20] Habitat: Forest and shrubland^[77] Diet: Fruit, nuts, seeds, and insects^[49]	LC Unknown ^[77]
Himalayan striped squirrel	T. mcclellandii (Horsfield, 1840) Six subspecies T. m. barbei T. m. collinus T. m. inconstans T. m. kongensis T. m. leucotis T. m. mcclellandii	Southeastern Asia	Size: 11–12 cm (4–5 in) long, plus 10–11 cm (4 in) tail^[20] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands^[78] Diet: Fruit, nuts, seeds, and insects^[49]	LC Unknown ^[78]
Maritime striped squirrel	T. maritimus (Bonhote, 1900) Four subspecies T. m. hainanus T. m. maritimus T. m. moi T. m. monticolus	Southeastern and eastern Asia	Size: 11–13 cm (4–5 in) long, plus 10–11 cm (4 in) tail^[20] Habitat: Forest and shrubland^[79] Diet: Fruit, nuts, seeds, and insects^[49]	LC Unknown ^[79]
Swinhoe's striped squirrel	T. swinhoei (H. Milne-Edwards, 1874) Four subspecies T. s. olivaceus T. s. spencei T. s. swinhoei T. s. vestitus	China and southeastern Asia	Size: About 13 cm (5 in) long, plus about 10 cm (4 in) tail^[20] Habitat: Forest and shrubland^[80] Diet: Fruit, nuts, seeds, and insects^[49]	LC Unknown ^[80]

Subfamily Ratufinae

Genus *Ratufa* – Gray, 1867 – four species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Black giant squirrel	R. bicolor (Sparrman, 1778) Ten subspecies R. b. bicolor R. b. condorensis R. b. felli R. b. gigantea R. b. hainana R. b. leucogenys R. b. melanopepla R. b. palliata R. b. phaeopepla R. b. smithi	Southeastern Asia	Size: 33–36 cm (13–14 in) long, plus 41–42 cm (16–17 in) tail^[81] Habitat: Forest^[82] Diet: Fruit, nuts, bark, insects, and eggs^[33]	NT Unknown ^[82]
Cream-coloured giant squirrel	R. affinis (Raffles, 1821) Nine subspecies R. a. affinis R. a. bancana R. a. baramensis R. a. bunguranensis R. a. cothurnata R. a. ephippium R. a. hypoleucos R. a. insignis R. a. polia	Southeastern Asia	Size: 33–34 cm (13 in) long, plus 41–42 cm (16–17 in) tail^[81] Habitat: Forest^[83] Diet: Fruit, nuts, bark, insects, and eggs^[33]	NT Unknown ^[83]
Grizzled giant squirrel	R. macroura (Pennant, 1769) Three subspecies R. m. dandolena R. m. macroura R. m. melanochra	Southern India and Sri Lanka	Size: 32–40 cm (13–16 in) long, plus 35–36 cm (14 in) tail^[81] Habitat: Forest^[84] Diet: Fruit, nuts, bark, insects, and eggs^[33]	NT Unknown ^[84]
Indian giant squirrel	R. indica (Erxleben, 1777) Four subspecies R. i. centralis R. i. dealbata R. i. indica R. i. maxima	India	Size: 34–45 cm (13–18 in) long, plus 38–49 cm (15–19 in) tail^[81] Habitat: Forest^[85] Diet: Fruit, nuts, bark, insects, and eggs^[33]	LC Unknown ^[85]

Subfamily Sciurillinae

Genus *Sciurillus* – Thomas, 1914 – one species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Neotropical pygmy squirrel	S. pusillus (Geoffroy, 1803) Three subspecies S. p. glaucinus S. p. kuhlii S. p. pusillus	Northern South America	Size: 8–12 cm (3–5 in) long, plus 8–12 cm (3–5 in) tail^[81] Habitat: Forest^[86] Diet: Fruit, nuts, bark, and resin^[52]	LC Unknown ^[86]

Subfamily Sciurinae

Genus *Aeretes* – Allen, 1940 – one species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Groove-toothed flying squirrel	A. melanopterus (H. Milne-Edwards, 1867) Two subspecies A. m. melanopterus A. m. szechuanensis	Central China	Size: 27–35 cm (11–14 in) long, plus 27–36 cm (11–14 in) tail^[87] Habitat: Forest^[88] Diet: Nuts, fruit, twigs, shoots, leaves, bark and insects^[89]	LC Unknown ^[88]

Genus *Aeromys* – Robinson & Kloss, 1915 – two species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Black flying squirrel	A. tephromelas (Günther, 1873) Two subspecies A. t. phaeomelas A. t. tephromelas	Southeastern Asia	Size: 37–38 cm (15 in) long, plus 39–44 cm (15–17 in) tail^[90] Habitat: Forest^[91] Diet: Fruit, nuts, leaves, and insects^[92]	DD Unknown ^[91]
Thomas's flying squirrel	A. thomasi (Hose, 1900)	Indonesia and Malaysia	Size: 30–36 cm (12–14 in) long, plus 37–41 cm (15–16 in) tail^[90] Habitat: Forest^[93] Diet: Fruit, nuts, leaves, and insects^[92]	LC Unknown ^[93]

Genus *Belomys* – Thomas, 1908 – one species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Hairy-footed flying squirrel	B. pearsonii (Gray, 1842) Two subspecies B. p. blandus B. p. pearsonii	Eastern and Southeastern Asia	Size: 18–21 cm (7–8 in) long, plus 13–17 cm (5–7 in) tail^[87] Habitat: Forest^[94] Diet: Nuts, fruit, twigs, shoots, leaves, bark and insects^[89]	DD Unknown ^[94]

Genus *Biswamoyopterus* – Saha, 1981 – two species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Laotian giant flying squirrel	B. laoensis Sanamxay, Douangboubpha, Bumrungsri, Xayavong, Xayaphet, Satasook, & Bates, 2013	Laos	Size: About 46 cm (18 in) long, plus about 62 cm (24 in) tail^[87] Habitat: Forest^[95] Diet: Unknown^[92]	DD Unknown ^[95]
Namdapha flying squirrel	B. biswasi Saha, 1981	Eastern India	Size: About 40 cm (16 in) long, plus about 60 cm (24 in) tail^[87] Habitat: Forest^[96] Diet: Unknown^[92]	CR Unknown ^[96]

Genus *Eoglaucomys* – Howell, 1915 – one species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Kashmir flying squirrel	E. fimbriatus (Gray, 1837) Two subspecies E. f. baberi E. f. fimbriatus	Central Asia	Size: 23–30 cm (9–12 in) long, plus 25–33 cm (10–13 in) tail^[97] Habitat: Forest^[98] Diet: Seeds, as well as shoots, buds, leaves, and nuts^[99]	LC Unknown ^[98]

Genus *Eupetaurus* – Thomas, 1888 – one species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Western woolly flying squirrel	E. cinereus Thomas, 1888	Western China	Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 38–54 cm (15–21 in) tail^[87] Habitat: Forest, rocky areas, and caves^[100] Diet: Moss and lichen^[92]	EN 1,000–3,000 ^[100]

Genus *Glaucomys* – Thomas, 1908 – two species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Northern flying squirrel	G. sabrinus (Shaw, 1801) 25 subspecies G. s. alpinus G. s. bangsi G. s. californicus G. s. canescens G. s. coloratus G. s. columbiensis G. s. flaviventris G. s. fuliginosus G. s. fuscus G. s. goodwini G. s. gouldi G. s. griseifrons (Prince of Wales flying squirrel) G. s. klamathensis G. s. lascivus G. s. latipes G. s. lucifugus G. s. macrotis G. s. makkovikensis G. s. murinauralis G. s. oregonensis G. s. reductus G. s. sabrinus G. s. stephensi G. s. yukonensis G. s. zaphaeus	Canada and northern United States	Size: 11–19 cm (4–7 in) long, plus 12–16 cm (5–6 in) tail^[97] Habitat: Forest^[101] Diet: Nuts, bark, lichen, fungi, fruit, and berries, as well as insects^[99]	LC Unknown ^[101]
Southern flying squirrel	G. volans (Linnaeus, 1758) Eleven subspecies G. v. chontali G. v. goldmani G. v. guerreroensis G. v. herreranus G. v. madrensis G. v. oaxacensis G. v. querceti G. v. saturatus G. v. texensis G. v. underwoodi G. v. volans	Eastern North America	Size: 11–14 cm (4–6 in) long, plus 8–12 cm (3–5 in) tail^[97] Habitat: Forest^[102] Diet: Nuts, bark, lichen, fungi, fruit, and berries, as well as insects^[99]	LC Unknown ^[102]

Genus *Hylopetes* – Thomas, 1908 – nine species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Arrow flying squirrel	H. sagitta (Linnaeus, 1766)	Indonesia	Size: 11–13 cm (4–5 in) long, plus 9–13 cm (4–5 in) tail^[90] Habitat: Forest^[103] Diet: Nuts, shoots, leaves, fruit, insects, and small snakes^[99]	DD Unknown ^[103]
Bartel's flying squirrel	H. bartelsi Chasen, 1939	Indonesia	Size: 13–20 cm (5–8 in) long, plus 11–12 cm (4–5 in) tail^[90] Habitat: Forest^[104] Diet: Nuts, shoots, leaves, fruit, insects, and small snakes^[99]	DD Unknown ^[104]
Indochinese flying squirrel	H. phayrei (Blyth, 1859) Two subspecies H. p. electilis H. p. phayrei	Southeastern Asia	Size: 14–20 cm (6–8 in) long, plus 12–18 cm (5–7 in) tail^[90] Habitat: Forest^[105] Diet: Nuts, shoots, leaves, fruit, insects, and small snakes^[99]	LC Unknown ^[105]
Jentink's flying squirrel	H. platyurus Jentink, 1890	Southeastern Asia	Size: 11–16 cm (4–6 in) long, plus 10–14 cm (4–6 in) tail^[90] Habitat: Forest^[106] Diet: Nuts, shoots, leaves, fruit, insects, and small snakes^[99]	DD Unknown ^[106]
Palawan flying squirrel	H. nigripes (Thomas, 1893) Two subspecies H. n. elassodontus H. n. nigripes	Philippines	Size: 25–33 cm (10–13 in) long, plus 25–31 cm (10–12 in) tail^[90] Habitat: Forest^[107] Diet: Nuts, shoots, leaves, fruit, insects, and small snakes^[99]	NT Unknown ^[107]
Particolored flying squirrel	H. alboniger (Hodgson, 1836) Three subspecies H. a. alboniger H. a. chianfengensis H. a. orinus	Eastern and southeastern Asia	Size: 17–25 cm (7–10 in) long, plus 18–23 cm (7–9 in) tail^[90] Habitat: Forest and shrubland^[108] Diet: Nuts, shoots, leaves, fruit, insects, and small snakes^[99]	LC Unknown ^[108]
Red-cheeked flying squirrel	H. spadiceus (Blyth, 1847) Two subspecies H. s. caroli H. s. spadiceus	Southeastern Asia	Size: 13–19 cm (5–7 in) long, plus 10–17 cm (4–7 in) tail^[90] Habitat: Forest and shrubland^[109] Diet: Nuts, shoots, leaves, fruit, insects, and small snakes^[99]	LC Unknown ^[109]
Sipora flying squirrel	H. sipora Chasen, 1940	Indonesia	Size: About 14 cm (6 in) long, plus about 16 cm (6 in) tail^[90] Habitat: Forest^[110] Diet: Nuts, shoots, leaves, fruit, insects, and small snakes^[99]	EN Unknown ^[110]
Sumatran flying squirrel	H. winstoni (Sody, 1949)	Indonesia	Size: About 14 cm (6 in) long, plus about 14 cm (6 in) tail^[90] Habitat: Forest^[111] Diet: Nuts, shoots, leaves, fruit, insects, and small snakes^[99]	DD Unknown ^[111]

Genus *Iomys* – Thomas, 1908 – two species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Javanese flying squirrel	I. horsfieldii (Waterhouse, 1838) Four subspecies I. h. davisoni I. h. horsfieldii I. h. penangensis I. h. thomsoni	Southeastern Asia	Size: 16–23 cm (6–9 in) long, plus 15–21 cm (6–8 in) tail^[97] Habitat: Forest and shrubland^[112] Diet: Nuts, fruit, twigs, shoots, leaves, bark and insects^[89]	LC Unknown ^[112]
Mentawi flying squirrel	I. sipora Chasen & Kloss, 1928	Indonesia	Size: 17–20 cm (7–8 in) long, plus 17–20 cm (7–8 in) tail^[97] Habitat: Forest^[113] Diet: Nuts, fruit, twigs, shoots, leaves, bark and insects^[89]	EN Unknown ^[113]

Genus *Microsciurus* – Allen, 1895 – four species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Amazon dwarf squirrel	M. flaviventer (Gray, 1867) Eight subspecies M. f. flaviventer M. f. napi M. f. otinus M. f. peruanus M. f. rubrirostris M. f. sabanillae M. f. similis M. f. simonsi	Northwestern South America	Size: 12–16 cm (5–6 in) long, plus 9–15 cm (4–6 in) tail^[97] Habitat: Forest^[114] Diet: Fruit and nuts^[115]	LC Unknown ^[114]
Central American dwarf squirrel	M. alfari (Allen, 1895) Six subspecies M. a. alfari M. a. alticola M. a. browni M. a. fusculus M. a. septentrionalis M. a. venustulus	Central America and northern South America	Size: 10–15 cm (4–6 in) long, plus 8–13 cm (3–5 in) tail^[97] Habitat: Forest^[116] Diet: Fruit and nuts^[115]	LC Unknown ^[116]
Santander dwarf squirrel	M. santanderensis (Hernández-Camacho, 1957)	Northern South America	Size: 13–16 cm (5–6 in) long, plus 13–16 cm (5–6 in) tail^[97] Habitat: Forest^[117] Diet: Fruit and nuts^[115]	DD Unknown ^[117]
Western dwarf squirrel	M. mimulus (Thomas, 1898) Three subspecies M. m. boquetensis M. m. isthmius M. m. mimulus	Central America and northern South America	Size: 13–15 cm (5–6 in) long, plus 9–12 cm (4–5 in) tail^[97] Habitat: Forest^[118] Diet: Fruit and nuts^[115]	LC Unknown ^[118]

Genus *Petaurillus* – Thomas, 1908 – three species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Hose's pygmy flying squirrel	P. hosei (Thomas, 1900)	Island of Borneo	Size: 7–9 cm (3–4 in) long, plus 8–10 cm (3–4 in) tail^[90] Habitat: Forest^[119] Diet: Nuts, fruit, twigs, shoots, leaves, bark and insects^[89]	DD Unknown ^[119]
Lesser pygmy flying squirrel	P. emiliae Thomas, 1908	Borneo	Size: 6–8 cm (2–3 in) long, plus 6–7 cm (2–3 in) tail^[90] Habitat: Forest^[120] Diet: Nuts, fruit, twigs, shoots, leaves, bark and insects^[89]	DD Unknown ^[120]
Selangor pygmy flying squirrel	P. kinlochii (Chasen & Kloss, 1928)	Malaysia	Size: 8–10 cm (3–4 in) long, plus 8–10 cm (3–4 in) tail^[90] Habitat: Forest^[121] Diet: Nuts, fruit, twigs, shoots, leaves, bark and insects^[89]	DD Unknown ^[121]

Genus *Petaurista* – Link, 1795 – ten species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Bhutan giant flying squirrel	P. nobilis (Gray, 1842) Two subspecies P. n. nobilis P. n. singhei	Bhutan and Nepal	Size: 35–49 cm (14–19 in) long, plus 38–49 cm (15–19 in) tail^[122] Habitat: Forest^[123] Diet: Fruit, nuts, twigs, shoots, and leaves, as well as insects^[124]	NT Unknown ^[123]
Chinese giant flying squirrel	P. xanthotis (H. Milne-Edwards, 1872)	Central China	Size: 32–44 cm (13–17 in) long, plus 29–38 cm (11–15 in) tail^[87] Habitat: Forest^[125] Diet: Fruit, nuts, twigs, shoots, and leaves, as well as insects^[124]	LC Unknown ^[125]
Hodgson's giant flying squirrel	P. magnificus (Hodgson, 1836)	Central Asia	Size: 36–42 cm (14–17 in) long, plus 41–55 cm (16–22 in) tail^[122] Habitat: Forest^[126] Diet: Fruit, nuts, twigs, shoots, and leaves, as well as insects^[124]	LC Unknown ^[126]
Indian giant flying squirrel	P. philippensis (Elliot, 1839) Seven subspecies P. p. annamensis P. p. cineraceus P. p. grandis P. p. lylei P. p. mergulus P. p. philippensis P. p. yunanensis	Southern, eastern, and southeastern Asia	Size: 38–61 cm (15–24 in) long, plus 48–69 cm (19–27 in) tail^[122] Habitat: Forest^[127] Diet: Fruit, nuts, twigs, shoots, and leaves, as well as insects^[124]	LC Unknown ^[127]
Japanese giant flying squirrel	P. leucogenys Temminck, 1827 Four subspecies P. l. hintoni P. l. leucogenys P. l. nikkonis P. l. oreas	Japan	Size: 27–48 cm (11–19 in) long, plus 28–41 cm (11–16 in) tail^[87] Habitat: Forest^[128] Diet: Fruit, nuts, twigs, shoots, and leaves, as well as insects^[124]	LC Unknown ^[128]
Mechuka giant flying squirrel	P. mechukaensis Choudhury, 2009	Northeastern India	Size: 46–53 cm (18–21 in) long, plus 52–77 cm (20–30 in) tail^[122] Habitat: Forest^[129] Diet: Fruit, nuts, twigs, shoots, and leaves, as well as insects^[124]	NT Unknown ^[129]
Mishmi giant flying squirrel	P. mishmiensis Choudhury, 2009	Northeastern India	Size: 40–59 cm (16–23 in) long, plus 57–60 cm (22–24 in) tail^[122] Habitat: Forest^[130] Diet: Fruit, nuts, twigs, shoots, and leaves, as well as insects^[124]	NT Unknown ^[130]
Red and white giant flying squirrel	P. alborufus (A. Milne-Edwards, 1870) Five subspecies P. a. alborufus P. a. castaneus P. a. lena P. a. leucocephalus P. a. ochraspis	China and Taiwan	Size: 35–58 cm (14–23 in) long, plus 40–61 cm (16–24 in) tail^[87] Habitat: Forest and rocky areas^[131] Diet: Fruit, nuts, twigs, shoots, and leaves, as well as insects^[124]	LC Unknown ^[131]
Red giant flying squirrel	P. petaurista (Pallas, 1766) Eighteen subspecies P. p. albiventer P. p. batuana P. p. candidula P. p. cicur P. p. interceptio P. p. lumholtzi P. p. marchio P. p. melanotus P. p. nigrescens P. p. nigricaudatus P. p. nitidula P. p. penangensis P. p. petaurista P. p. rajah P. p. rufipes P. p. stellaris P. p. taylori P. p. terutaus	Southern, eastern, and southeastern Asia	Size: 28–52 cm (11–20 in) long, plus 34–63 cm (13–25 in) tail^[87] Habitat: Forest^[132] Diet: Fruit, nuts, twigs, shoots, and leaves, as well as insects^[124]	LC Unknown ^[132]
Spotted giant flying squirrel	P. elegans (Müller, 1840) Seven subspecies P. e. banksi P. e. caniceps P. e. elegans P. e. marica P. e. punctatus P. e. sumatrana P. e. sybilla	Southeastern Asia	Size: Unknown^[87] Habitat: Forest^[133] Diet: Fruit, nuts, twigs, shoots, and leaves, as well as insects^[124]	LC Unknown ^[133]

Genus *Petinomys* – Thomas, 1908 – eight species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Basilan flying squirrel	P. crinitus (Hollister, 1911)	Philippines	Size: About 31 cm (12 in) long, plus about 26 cm (10 in) tail^[90] Habitat: Forest^[134] Diet: Nuts, fruit, twigs, shoots, and leaves, as well as bark and insects^[89]	LC Unknown ^[134]
Hagen's flying squirrel	P. hageni (Jentink, 1888)	Indonesia	Size: 23–28 cm (9–11 in) long, plus 23–25 cm (9–10 in) tail^[90] Habitat: Forest^[135] Diet: Nuts, fruit, twigs, shoots, and leaves, as well as bark and insects^[89]	DD Unknown ^[135]
Mindanao flying squirrel	P. mindanensis Rabor, 1939	Philippines	Size: 32–37 cm (13–15 in) long, plus 34–46 cm (13–18 in) tail^[90] Habitat: Forest^[136] Diet: Nuts, fruit, twigs, shoots, and leaves, as well as bark and insects^[89]	LC Unknown ^[136]
Siberut flying squirrel	P. lugens (Thomas, 1895)	Indonesia	Size: 23–28 cm (9–11 in) long, plus 21–23 cm (8–9 in) tail^[90] Habitat: Forest^[137] Diet: Nuts, fruit, twigs, shoots, and leaves, as well as bark and insects^[89]	VU Unknown ^[137]
Temminck's flying squirrel	P. setosus (Temminck, 1844)	Southeastern Asia	Size: 9–13 cm (4–5 in) long, plus 8–12 cm (3–5 in) tail^[90] Habitat: Forest^[138] Diet: Nuts, fruit, twigs, shoots, and leaves, as well as bark and insects^[89]	VU Unknown ^[138]
Travancore flying squirrel	P. fuscocapillus (Jerdon, 1847)	Southern India	Size: 18–34 cm (7–13 in) long, plus 24–29 cm (9–11 in) tail^[90] Habitat: Forest^[139] Diet: Nuts, fruit, twigs, shoots, and leaves, as well as bark and insects^[89]	LC Unknown ^[139]
Vordermann's flying squirrel	P. vordermanni (Jentink, 1890)	Southeastern Asia	Size: 9–12 cm (4–5 in) long, plus 8–12 cm (3–5 in) tail^[90] Habitat: Forest^[140] Diet: Nuts, fruit, twigs, shoots, and leaves, as well as bark and insects^[89]	VU Unknown ^[140]
Whiskered flying squirrel	P. genibarbis (Horsfield, 1822)	Indonesia and Malaysia	Size: 14–20 cm (6–8 in) long, plus 15–20 cm (6–8 in) tail^[90] Habitat: Forest^[141] Diet: Nuts, fruit, twigs, shoots, and leaves, as well as bark and insects^[89]	VU Unknown ^[141]

Genus *Pteromys* – Cuvier, 1800 – two species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Japanese dwarf flying squirrel	P. momonga Temminck, 1844	Japan	Size: 14–20 cm (6–8 in) long, plus 9–14 cm (4–6 in) tail^[90] Habitat: Forest^[142] Diet: Nuts, pine seeds, buds, bark, fruit, and insects^[92]	LC Unknown ^[142]
Siberian flying squirrel	P. volans (Linnaeus, 1758) Four subspecies P. v. athene P. v. buechneri P. v. orii (Ezo flying squirrel) P. v. volans	Northern Asia and northern Europe	Size: 12–23 cm (5–9 in) long, plus 9–15 cm (4–6 in) tail^[90] Habitat: Forest^[143] Diet: Nuts, pine seeds, buds, bark, fruit, and insects^[92]	LC Unknown ^[143]

Genus *Pteromyscus* – Thomas, 1908 – one species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Smoky flying squirrel	P. pulverulentus (Günther, 1873) Two subspecies P. p. borneanus P. p. pulverulentus	Southeastern Asia	Size: 20–29 cm (8–11 in) long, plus 17–23 cm (7–9 in) tail^[87] Habitat: Forest^[144] Diet: Nuts, fruit, twigs, shoots, leaves, bark and insects^[89]	EN Unknown ^[144]

Genus *Rheithrosciurus* – Gray, 1867 – one species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Tufted ground squirrel	R. macrotis (Gray, 1856)	Borneo	Size: 33–35 cm (13–14 in) long, plus 30–34 cm (12–13 in) tail^[97] Habitat: Forest^[145] Diet: Fruit and nuts^[52]	VU Unknown ^[145]

Genus *Sciurus* – Linnaeus, 1758 – 29 species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Abert's squirrel	S. aberti Woodhouse, 1853 Six subspecies S. a. aberti S. a. barberi S. a. chuscensis S. a. durangi S. a. ferreus S. a. kaibabensis (Kaibab squirrel)	Western United States and western Mexico	Size: 26–27 cm (10–11 in) long, plus 21–22 cm (8–9 in) tail^[146] Habitat: Forest^[147] Diet: Nuts, seeds, fruit, buds, and tree shoots^[148]	LC Unknown ^[147]
Allen's squirrel	S. alleni Nelson, 1898	Mexico	Size: 22–25 cm (9–10 in) long, plus 22–25 cm (9–10 in) tail^[146] Habitat: Forest^[149] Diet: Nuts, seeds, fruit, buds, and tree shoots^[148]	LC Unknown ^[149]
Andean squirrel	S. pucheranii (Fitzinger, 1867) Three subspecies S. p. caucensis S. p. medellinensis S. p. pucheranii	Northwestern South America	Size: 14–19 cm (6–7 in) long, plus 11–16 cm (4–6 in) tail^[97] Habitat: Forest^[150] Diet: Nuts, seeds, fruit, buds, and tree shoots^[148]	DD Unknown ^[150]
Arizona gray squirrel	S. arizonensis Coues, 1867 Three subspecies S. a. arizonensis S. a. catalinae S. a. huachuca	Western United States and western Mexico	Size: 25–26 cm (10 in) long, plus about 25 cm (10 in) tail^[146] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland^[151] Diet: Nuts, seeds, fruit, buds, and tree shoots^[148]	DD Unknown ^[151]
Bolivian squirrel	S. ignitus (Gray, 1867) Five subspecies S. i. argentinius S. i. boliviensis S. i. cabrerai S. i. ignitus S. i. irroratus	Western South America	Size: 14–22 cm (6–9 in) long, plus 15–23 cm (6–9 in) tail^[97] Habitat: Forest^[152] Diet: Nuts, seeds, fruit, buds, and tree shoots^[148]	LC Unknown ^[152]
Brazilian squirrel	S. aestuans Linnaeus, 1766 Ten subspecies S. a. aestuans S. a. alphonsei S. a. garbei S. a. georgihernandezi S. a. henseli S. a. ingrami S. a. macconnelli S. a. poaiae S. a. quelchii S. a. venustus	South America	Size: 16–19 cm (6–7 in) long, plus 16–25 cm (6–10 in) tail^[97] Habitat: Forest^[153] Diet: Nuts, seeds, fruit, buds, and tree shoots^[148]	LC Unknown ^[153]
Calabrian black squirrel	S. meridionalis Lucifero, 1907	Southern Italy	Size: Unknown^[146] Habitat: Forest^[154] Diet: Nuts, seeds, fruit, buds, and tree shoots^[148]	NT Unknown ^[154]
Caucasian squirrel	S. anomalus Gmelin, 1778 Three subspecies S. a. anomalus S. a. pallescens S. a. syriacus	Western Asia	Size: 19–25 cm (7–10 in) long, plus 12–17 cm (5–7 in) tail^[146] Habitat: Forest^[155] Diet: Nuts, seeds, fruit, buds, and tree shoots^[148]	LC Unknown ^[155]
Collie's squirrel	S. colliaei Richardson, 1839 Four subspecies S. c. colliaei S. c. nuchalis S. c. sinaloensis S. c. truei	Western Mexico	Size: 24–25 cm (9–10 in) long, plus 24–26 cm (9–10 in) tail^[146] Habitat: Forest^[156] Diet: Nuts, seeds, fruit, buds, and tree shoots^[148]	LC Unknown ^[156]
Deppe's squirrel	S. deppei Peters, 1863 Five subspecies S. d. deppei S. d. matagalpae S. d. miravallensis S. d. negligens S. d. vivax	Southern Mexico and Centrla America	Size: About 21 cm (8 in) long, plus 17–18 cm (7 in) tail^[97] Habitat: Forest^[157] Diet: Nuts, seeds, fruit, buds, and tree shoots^[148]	LC Unknown ^[157]
Eastern gray squirrel	S. carolinensis Gmelin, 1788 Five subspecies S. c. carolinensis (Carolina gray squirrel) S. c. extimus (Florida gray squirrel) S. c. fuliginosus (Louisiana gray squirrel) S. c. hypophaeus (Merriam's gray squirrel) S. c. pennsylvanicus (Pennsylvania gray squirrel)	Canada and eastern United States	Size: 20–31 cm (8–12 in) long, plus 15–25 cm (6–10 in) tail^[146] Habitat: Forest^[158] Diet: Nuts, seeds, fruit, buds, and tree shoots^[148]	LC Unknown ^[158]
Fiery squirrel	S. flammifer Thomas, 1904	Venezuela	Size: 27–30 cm (11–12 in) long, plus 24–31 cm (9–12 in) tail^[97] Habitat: Forest^[159] Diet: Nuts, seeds, fruit, buds, and tree shoots^[148]	DD Unknown ^[159]
Fox squirrel	S. niger Linnaeus, 1758 Ten subspecies S. n. avicinnia (Mangrove fox squirrel) S. n. bachmani (Upland fox squirrel) S. n. cinereus (Delmarva fox squirrel) S. n. limitis (Texas fox squirrel) S. n. ludovicianus (Pineywoods fox squirrel) S. n. niger (Southern fox squirrel) S. n. rufiventer (Western fox squirrel) S. n. shermani (Sherman's fox squirrel) S. n. subauratus (Delta fox squirrel) S. n. vulpinus (Eastern fox squirrel)	Canada and United States	Size: 26–37 cm (10–15 in) long, plus 20–33 cm (8–13 in) tail^[146] Habitat: Forest^[160] Diet: Nuts, seeds, fruit, buds, and tree shoots^[148]	LC Unknown ^[160]
Guayaquil squirrel	S. stramineus Eydoux & Souleyet, 1841	Ecuador and Peru	Size: 18–32 cm (7–13 in) long, plus 25–33 cm (10–13 in) tail^[97] Habitat: Forest^[161] Diet: Nuts, seeds, fruit, buds, and tree shoots^[148]	LC Unknown ^[161]
Japanese squirrel	S. lis Temminck, 1844	Japan	Size: 16–22 cm (6–9 in) long, plus 13–17 cm (5–7 in) tail^[146] Habitat: Forest^[162] Diet: Nuts, seeds, fruit, buds, and tree shoots^[148]	LC Unknown ^[162]
Junín red squirrel	S. pyrrhinus Thomas, 1898	Ecuador and Peru	Size: 24–25 cm (9–10 in) long, plus 21–25 cm (8–10 in) tail^[97] Habitat: Forest^[163] Diet: Nuts, seeds, fruit, buds, and tree shoots^[148]	DD Unknown ^[163]
Mexican fox squirrel	S. nayaritensis Allen, 1890 Three subspecies S. n. apache (Apache fox squirrel) S. n. chiricahuae (Chiricahua fox squirrel) S. n. nayaritensis (Nayarit fox squirrel)	Mexico and southern United States	Size: 25–26 cm (10 in) long, plus about 25 cm (10 in) tail^[146] Habitat: Forest^[164] Diet: Nuts, seeds, fruit, buds, and tree shoots^[148]	LC Unknown ^[164]
Mexican gray squirrel	S. aureogaster F. Cuvier, 1829 Two subspecies S. a. aureogaster S. a. nigrescens	Mexico and Guatemala	Size: 23–31 cm (9–12 in) long, plus 21–28 cm (8–11 in) tail^[146] Habitat: Forest^[165] Diet: Nuts, seeds, fruit, buds, and tree shoots^[148]	LC Unknown ^[165]
Northern Amazon red squirrel	S. igniventris Wagner, 1842 Two subspecies S. i. cocalis S. i. igniventris	Northwestern South America	Size: 24–29 cm (9–11 in) long, plus 24–29 cm (9–11 in) tail^[97] Habitat: Forest^[166] Diet: Nuts, seeds, fruit, buds, and tree shoots^[148]	LC Unknown ^[166]
Peters's squirrel	S. oculatus Peters, 1863 Three subspecies S. o. oculatus S. o. shawi S. o. tolucae	Central Mexico	Size: 51–56 cm (20–22 in) long, plus 26–27 cm (10–11 in) tail^[146] Habitat: Forest^[167] Diet: Nuts, seeds, fruit, buds, and tree shoots^[148]	LC Unknown ^[167]
Red squirrel	S. vulgaris Linnaeus, 1758 23 subspecies S. v. alpinus S. v. altaicus (Altai red squirrel) S. v. anadyrensis (Anadyr red squirrel) S. v. arcticus (Arcticai red squirrel) S. v. balcanicus (Balkan red squirrel) S. v. chiliensis S. v. cinerea S. v. dulkeiti S. v. exalbidus (Siberian red squirrel) S. v. fedjushini S. v. formosovi (Formosov's red squirrel) S. v. fuscoater (Central European red squirrel) S. v. fusconigricans (Transbaikal red squirrel) S. v. leucourus (British red squirrel) S. v. lilaeus S. v. mantchuricus (Manchurian red squirrel) S. v. martensi (West Siberian red squirrel) S. v. ognevi (Central Russian red squirrel) S. v. orientis (Japanese red squirrel) S. v. rupestris (Sakhalin red squirrel) S. v. ukrainicus (Ukrainian red squirrel) S. v. varius (Kola red squirrel) S. v. vulgaris (Scandinavian red squirrel)	Europe and Asia	Size: 21–25 cm (8–10 in) long, plus 15–20 cm (6–8 in) tail^[146] Habitat: Forest^[168] Diet: Nuts, seeds, fruit, buds, and tree shoots^[148]	LC Unknown ^[168]
Red-tailed squirrel	S. granatensis (Humboldt, 1811) 32 subspecies S. g. agricolae S. g. bondae S. g. candelensis S. g. carchensis S. g. chapmani S. g. chiriquensis S. g. chrysuros S. g. ferminae S. g. gerrardi S. g. granatensis S. g. griseimembra S. g. griseogena S. g. hoffmanni S. g. imbaburae S. g. llanensis S. g. manavi S. g. maracaibensis S. g. meridensis S. g. morulus S. g. nesaeus S. g. norosiensis S. g. perijae S. g. quindianus S. g. saltuensis S. g. soederstroemi S. g. splendidus S. g. sumaco S. g. tarrae S. g. valdiviae S. g. variabilis S. g. versicolor S. g. zuliae	Northwestern South America and Central America	Size: 20–28 cm (8–11 in) long, plus 14–28 cm (6–11 in) tail^[97] Habitat: Forest^[169] Diet: Nuts, seeds, fruit, buds, and tree shoots^[148]	LC Unknown ^[169]
Richmond's squirrel	S. richmondi Nelson, 1898	Nicaragua	Size: 16–22 cm (6–9 in) long, plus 13–19 cm (5–7 in) tail^[146] Habitat: Forest^[170] Diet: Nuts, seeds, fruit, buds, and tree shoots^[148]	NT Unknown ^[170]
Sanborn's squirrel	S. sanborni Osgood, 1944	Peru and Bolivia	Size: 15–18 cm (6–7 in) long, plus 16–19 cm (6–7 in) tail^[97] Habitat: Forest^[171] Diet: Nuts, seeds, fruit, buds, and tree shoots^[148]	DD Unknown ^[171]
Southern Amazon red squirrel	S. spadiceus Olfers, 1818 Three subspecies S. s. spadiceus S. s. steinbachi S. s. tricolor	Northwestern South America	Size: 24–29 cm (9–11 in) long, plus 23–34 cm (9–13 in) tail^[97] Habitat: Forest^[172] Diet: Nuts, seeds, fruit, buds, and tree shoots^[148]	LC Unknown ^[172]
Variegated squirrel	S. variegatoides Ogilby, 1839 Fifteen subspecies S. v. adolphei S. v. atrirufus S. v. bangsi S. v. belti S. v. boothiae S. v. dorsalis S. v. goldmani S. v. helveolus S. v. loweryi S. v. managuensis S. v. melania S. v. rigidus S. v. thomasi S. v. underwoodi S. v. variegatoides	Southern Mexico and Central America	Size: About 26 cm (10 in) long, plus 26–28 cm (10–11 in) tail^[146] Habitat: Forest^[173] Diet: Nuts, seeds, fruit, buds, and tree shoots^[148]	LC Unknown ^[173]
Western gray squirrel	S. griseus Ord, 1818 Three subspecies S. g. anthonyi S. g. griseus S. g. nigripes	Western United States and western Mexico	Size: 26–32 cm (10–13 in) long, plus 24–31 cm (9–12 in) tail^[146] Habitat: Forest^[174] Diet: Nuts, seeds, fruit, buds, and tree shoots^[148]	LC Unknown ^[174]
Yellow-throated squirrel	S. gilvigularis Wagner, 1842 Two subspecies S. g. gilvigularis S. g. paraensis	Northern South America	Size: 15–18 cm (6–7 in) long, plus 16–20 cm (6–8 in) tail^[97] Habitat: Forest^[175] Diet: Nuts, seeds, fruit, buds, and tree shoots^[148]	DD Unknown ^[175]
Yucatan squirrel	S. yucatanensis Allen, 1877 Three subspecies S. y. baliolus S. y. phaeopus S. y. yucatanensis	Southern Mexico and Central America	Size: 20–32 cm (8–13 in) long, plus 19–27 cm (7–11 in) tail^[146] Habitat: Forest^[176] Diet: Nuts, seeds, fruit, buds, and tree shoots^[148]	LC Unknown ^[176]

Genus *Syntheosciurus* – Bangs, 1902 – one species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Bangs's mountain squirrel	S. brochus Bangs, 1902	Costa Rica and Panama	Size: 15–19 cm (6–7 in) long, plus 12–16 cm (5–6 in) tail^[97] Habitat: Forest^[177] Diet: Flowers, buds, leaves, and sap^[115]	DD Unknown ^[177]

Genus *Tamiasciurus* – Trouessart, 1880 – three species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
American red squirrel	T. hudsonicus (Erxleben, 1777) 24 subspecies T. h. abieticola (Southern Appalachian red squirrel) T. h. baileyi (Bailey's red squirrel) T. h. dakotensis (Black Hills red squirrel) T. h. dixiensis T. h. fremonti T. h. grahamensis (Mount Graham red squirrel) T. h. gymnicus (Gymnastic red squirrel) T. h. hudsonicus (Wind River Mountains red squirrel) T. h. kenaiensis (Cook Inlet red squirrel) T. h. lanuginosus (Vancouver Island red squirrel) T. h. laurentianus T. h. loquax (Southern red squirrel) T. h. lychnuchus T. h. minnesota (Minnesota red squirrel) T. h. mogollonensis T. h. pallescens (North Dakota red squirrel) T. h. petulans T. h. picatus (Kupreanof red squirrel) T. h. preblei (Mackenzie red squirrel) T. h. regalis (Isle Royale red squirrel) T. h. richardsoni (Columbia red squirrel) T. h. streatori T. h. ungavensis T. h. ventorum	Canada and United States	Size: 18–19 cm (7 in) long, plus about 12 cm (5 in) tail^[3] Habitat: Forest^[178] Diet: Nuts, buds, fruit, bark, fungi, sap, eggs, and small vertebrates^[179]	LC Unknown ^[178]
Douglas squirrel	T. douglasii (Bachman, 1880) Two subspecies T. d. douglasii T. d. mollipilosus (Soft-haired squirrel)	Western Canada and western United States	Size: 18–19 cm (7 in) long, plus 11–15 cm (4–6 in) tail^[3] Habitat: Forest^[180] Diet: Nuts, buds, fruit, bark, fungi, sap, eggs, and small vertebrates^[179]	LC Unknown ^[180]
Mearns's squirrel	T. mearnsi (Townsend, 1897)	Mexico	Size: 18–19 cm (7 in) long, plus 11–15 cm (4–6 in) tail^[3] Habitat: Forest^[181] Diet: Nuts, buds, fruit, bark, fungi, sap, eggs, and small vertebrates^[179]	EN Unknown ^[181]

Genus *Trogopterus* – Heude, 1898 – one species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Complex-toothed flying squirrel	T. xanthipes (H. Milne-Edwards, 1867)	Southern China	Size: 20–33 cm (8–13 in) long, plus 26–30 cm (10–12 in) tail^[87] Habitat: Forest and caves^[182] Diet: Leaves, twigs, fruit, and nuts^[89]	NT Unknown ^[182]

Subfamily Xerinae

Genus *Ammospermophilus* – Merriam, 1892 – four species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Harris's antelope squirrel	A. harrisii (Audubon & Bachman, 1854) Two subspecies A. h. harrisii A. h. saxicolus	Western United States and western Mexico	Size: 27–28 cm (11 in) long, plus 6–10 cm (2–4 in) tail^[183] Habitat: Desert^[184] Diet: Seeds, fruit, stems, and roots, as well as insects and carrion^[185]	LC Unknown ^[184]
San Joaquin antelope squirrel	A. nelsoni (Merriam, 1893)	Western United States	Size: 23–27 cm (9–11 in) long, plus 6–8 cm (2–3 in) tail^[183] Habitat: Shrubland, grassland, and desert^[186] Diet: Seeds, fruit, stems, and roots, as well as insects and carrion^[185]	EN Unknown ^[186]
Texas antelope squirrel	A. interpres (Merriam, 1890)	Southwestern United States	Size: 22–23 cm (9 in) long, plus 6–9 cm (2–4 in) tail^[183] Habitat: Shrubland, grassland, and desert^[187] Diet: Seeds, fruit, stems, and roots, as well as insects and carrion^[185]	LC Unknown ^[187]
White-tailed antelope squirrel	A. leucurus (Merriam, 1889) Nine subspecies A. l. canfieldiae A. l. cinamomeus A. l. escalante A. l. extimus A. l. leucurus A. l. notom A. l. peninsulae A. l. pennipes A. l. tersus	Western United States and western Mexico	Size: 18–22 cm (7–9 in) long, plus 4–8 cm (2–3 in) tail^[183] Habitat: Desert, shrubland, and forest^[188] Diet: Seeds, fruit, stems, and roots, as well as insects and carrion^[185]	LC Unknown ^[188]

Genus *Atlantoxerus* – Forsyth Major, 1893 – one species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Barbary ground squirrel	A. getulus (Linnaeus, 1758)	Northwestern Africa	Size: About 17 cm (7 in) long, plus about 13 cm (5 in) tail^[122] Habitat: Rocky areas, grassland, and shrubland^[189] Diet: Fruit and seeds^[190]	LC Unknown ^[189]

Genus *Callospermophilus* – Merriam, 1897 – three species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Cascade golden-mantled ground squirrel	C. saturatus (Rhoads, 1895)	Western United States and western Canada	Size: 28–31 cm (11–12 in) long, plus 9–12 cm (4–5 in) tail^[191] Habitat: Rocky areas, grassland, shrubland, and forest^[192] Diet: Seeds, nuts, grains, roots, bulbs, fungi, vegetation, and insects, as well as small vertebrates and eggs^[193]	LC Unknown ^[192]
Golden-mantled ground squirrel	C. lateralis (Say, 1823)	Western United States and western Canada	Size: About 18 cm (7 in) long, plus 8–9 cm (3–4 in) tail^[191] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and rocky areas^[194] Diet: Seeds, nuts, grains, roots, bulbs, fungi, vegetation, and insects, as well as small vertebrates and eggs^[193]	LC Unknown ^[194]
Sierra Madre ground squirrel	C. madrensis Merriam, 1901	Western Mexico	Size: 16–17 cm (6–7 in) long, plus 6–7 cm (2–3 in) tail^[191] Habitat: Forest^[195] Diet: Seeds, nuts, grains, roots, bulbs, fungi, vegetation, and insects, as well as small vertebrates and eggs^[193]	NT Unknown ^[195]

Genus *Cynomys* – Rafinesque, 1817 – five species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Black-tailed prairie dog	C. ludovicianus (Ord, 1815) Two subspecies C. l. arizonensis C. l. ludovicianus	Central North America	Size: About 37 cm (15 in) long, plus 8–9 cm (3–4 in) tail^[196] Habitat: Desert, grassland, and savanna^[197] Diet: Herbs and grasses^[198]	LC Unknown ^[197]
Gunnison's prairie dog	C. gunnisoni (Baird, 1855) Two subspecies C. g. gunnisoni C. g. zuniensis	Southwestern United States	Size: 31–39 cm (12–15 in) long, plus 4–7 cm (2–3 in) tail^[196] Habitat: Shrubland, grassland, and desert^[199] Diet: Herbs and grasses^[198]	LC Unknown ^[199]
Mexican prairie dog	C. mexicanus Merriam, 1892	Northern Mexico	Size: 38–44 cm (15–17 in) long, plus 10–11 cm (4 in) tail^[196] Habitat: Grassland^[200] Diet: Herbs and grasses^[198]	EN Unknown ^[200]
Utah prairie dog	C. parvidens Allen, 1905	Western United States	Size: 29–37 cm (11–15 in) long, plus 4–7 cm (2–3 in) tail^[196] Habitat: Grassland^[201] Diet: Herbs and grasses^[198]	EN Unknown ^[201]
White-tailed prairie dog	C. leucurus Merriam, 1890	Western United States	Size: 35–37 cm (14–15 in) long, plus 5–6 cm (2 in) tail^[196] Habitat: Shrubland and grassland^[202] Diet: Herbs and grasses^[198]	LC Unknown ^[202]

Genus *Epixerus* – Thomas, 1909 – one species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Ebian's palm squirrel	E. ebii (Temminck, 1853) Three subspecies E. e. ebii E. e. jonesi E. e. wilsoni	Western Africa	Size: 28–29 cm (11 in) long, plus about 28 cm (11 in) tail^[122] Habitat: Forest^[203] Diet: Fruit as well as insects^[204]	LC Unknown ^[203]

Genus *Eutamias* – Trouessart, 1880 – one species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Siberian chipmunk	E. sibiricus Laxmann, 1769	Northern and eastern Asia and Europe	Size: 14–15 cm (6 in) long, plus 10–12 cm (4–5 in) tail^[183] Habitat: Forest and shrubland^[205] Diet: Nuts and seeds, as well as buds, berries, grains, and fungi^[206]	LC Unknown ^[205]

Genus *Funisciurus* – Trouessart, 1880 – ten species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Carruther's mountain squirrel	F. carruthersi Thomas, 1906 Four subspecies F. c. birungensis F. c. carruthersi F. c. chrysippus F. c. tanganyikae	Central Africa	Size: 21–22 cm (8–9 in) long, plus 18–19 cm (7 in) tail^[207] Habitat: Forest^[208] Diet: Seeds, nuts, and fruit, as well as insects and eggs^[209]	LC Unknown ^[208]
Congo rope squirrel	F. congicus (Kuhl, 1820)	Central Africa	Size: 16–18 cm (6–7 in) long, plus 16–17 cm (6–7 in) tail^[207] Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and rocky areas^[210] Diet: Seeds, nuts, and fruit, as well as insects and eggs^[209]	LC Unknown ^[210]
Du Chaillu's rope squirrel	F. duchaillui Sanborn, 1953	Central Africa	Size: 18–21 cm (7–8 in) long, plus 19–23 cm (7–9 in) tail^[207] Habitat: Forest^[211] Diet: Seeds, nuts, and fruit, as well as insects and eggs^[209]	DD Unknown ^[211]
Fire-footed rope squirrel	F. pyrropus (F. Cuvier, 1833) Nine subspecies F. p. akka F. p. leonis F. p. leucostigma F. p. mandingo F. p. nigrensis F. p. niveatus F. p. pembertoni F. p. pyrropus F. p. talboti	Central and western Africa	Size: 19–20 cm (7–8 in) long, plus 14–16 cm (6 in) tail^[207] Habitat: Forest and savanna^[212] Diet: Seeds, nuts, and fruit, as well as insects and eggs^[209]	LC Unknown ^[212]
Kintampo rope squirrel	F. substriatus De Winton, 1899	Western Africa	Size: 16–17 cm (6–7 in) long, plus about 16 cm (6 in) tail^[207] Habitat: Forest and savanna^[213] Diet: Seeds, nuts, and fruit, as well as insects and eggs^[209]	DD Unknown ^[213]
Lady Burton's rope squirrel	F. isabella (Gray, 1862) Two subspecies F. i. dubosti F. i. isabella	Central Africa	Size: 16–17 cm (6–7 in) long, plus 14–17 cm (6–7 in) tail^[207] Habitat: Forest^[214] Diet: Seeds, nuts, and fruit, as well as insects and eggs^[209]	LC Unknown ^[214]
Lunda rope squirrel	F. bayonii (Bocage, 1890)	Central Africa	Size: 18–25 cm (7–10 in) long, plus 19–20 cm (7–8 in) tail^[207] Habitat: Savanna^[215] Diet: Seeds, nuts, and fruit, as well as insects and eggs^[209]	DD Unknown ^[215]
Red-cheeked rope squirrel	F. leucogenys (Waterhouse, 1842) Three subspecies F. l. auriculatus F. l. leucogenys F. l. oliviae	Central and western Africa	Size: 20–21 cm (8 in) long, plus 14–15 cm (6 in) tail^[207] Habitat: Forest^[216] Diet: Seeds, nuts, and fruit, as well as insects and eggs^[209]	LC Unknown ^[216]
Ribboned rope squirrel	F. lemniscatus (LeConte, 1857) Two subspecies F. l. lemniscatus F. l. mayumbicus	Central Africa	Size: 16–18 cm (6–7 in) long, plus 13–14 cm (5–6 in) tail^[207] Habitat: Forest^[217] Diet: Seeds, nuts, and fruit, as well as insects and eggs^[209]	LC Unknown ^[217]
Thomas's rope squirrel	F. anerythrus (Thomas, 1890) Four subspecies F. a. anerythrus F. a. bandarum F. a. mystax F. a. raptorum	Central and western Africa	Size: 17–18 cm (7 in) long, plus 16–17 cm (6–7 in) tail^[207] Habitat: Forest and savanna^[218] Diet: Seeds, nuts, and fruit, as well as insects and eggs^[209]	LC Unknown ^[218]

Genus *Heliosciurus* – Trouessart, 1880 – six species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Gambian sun squirrel	H. gambianus (Ogilby, 1835) Sixteen subspecies H. g. abassensis H. g. bongensis H. g. canaster H. g. dysoni H. g. elegans H. g. gambianus H. g. hoogstraali H. g. kaffensis H. g. lateris H. g. limbatus H. g. loandicus H. g. madogae H. g. multicolor H. g. omensis H. g. rhodesiae H. g. senescens	Sub-Saharan Africa	Size: 20–22 cm (8–9 in) long, plus 23–24 cm (9 in) tail^[122] Habitat: Savanna and forest^[219] Diet: Seeds, nuts, fruit, insects, and eggs^[41]	LC Unknown ^[219]
Mutable sun squirrel	H. mutabilis (Peters, 1852) Five subspecies H. m. beirae H. m. chirindensis H. m. mutabilis H. m. shirensis H. m. vumbae	Eastern Africa	Size: 22–23 cm (9 in) long, plus 23–27 cm (9–11 in) tail^[122] Habitat: Savanna and forest^[220] Diet: Seeds, nuts, fruit, insects, and eggs^[41]	LC Unknown ^[220]
Red-legged sun squirrel	H. rufobrachium (Waterhouse, 1842) 22 subspecies H. r. arrhenii H. r. aubryi H. r. benga H. r. brauni H. r. caurinus H. r. coenosus H. r. emissus H. r. hardyi H. r. isabellinus H. r. keniae H. r. leakyi H. r. leonensis H. r. lualabae H. r. maculatus H. r. medjianus H. r. nyansae H. r. obfuscatus H. r. occidentalis H. r. pasha H. r. rubricatus H. r. rufobrachium H. r. semlikii	Central and western Africa	Size: 22–23 cm (9 in) long, plus 24–25 cm (9–10 in) tail^[122] Habitat: Forest and savanna^[221] Diet: Seeds, nuts, fruit, insects, and eggs^[41]	LC Unknown ^[221]
Ruwenzori sun squirrel	H. ruwenzorii (Schwann, 1904) Four subspecies H. r. ituriensis H. r. ruwenzorii H. r. schoutedeni H. r. vulcanius	Central Africa	Size: 21–22 cm (8–9 in) long, plus about 25 cm (10 in) tail^[122] Habitat: Forest^[222] Diet: Seeds, nuts, fruit, insects, and eggs^[41]	LC Unknown ^[222]
Small sun squirrel	H. punctatus (Temminck, 1853) Two subspecies H. p. punctatus H. p. savannius	Western Africa	Size: 18–19 cm (7 in) long, plus 20–21 cm (8 in) tail^[122] Habitat: Forest^[223] Diet: Seeds, nuts, fruit, insects, and eggs^[41]	DD Unknown ^[223]
Zanj sun squirrel	H. undulatus (True, 1892)	Eastern Africa	Size: 23–24 cm (9 in) long, plus 26–27 cm (10–11 in) tail^[122] Habitat: Forest^[224] Diet: Seeds, nuts, fruit, insects, and eggs^[41]	DD Unknown ^[224]

Genus *Ictidomys* – Allen, 1877 – two species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Mexican ground squirrel	I. mexicanus (Erxleben, 1777)	Mexico and southern United States	Size: 32–38 cm (13–15 in) long, plus 12–17 cm (5–7 in) tail^[191] Habitat: Grassland and shrubland^[225] Diet: Seeds, nuts, grains, roots, bulbs, fungi, vegetation, and insects, as well as small vertebrates and eggs^[193]	LC Unknown ^[225]
Thirteen-lined ground squirrel	I. tridecemlineatus (Mitchill, 1821)	United States and Canada	Size: 17–31 cm (7–12 in) long, plus 6–14 cm (2–6 in) tail^[191] Habitat: Shrubland, grassland, and coastal marine^[226] Diet: Seeds, nuts, grains, roots, bulbs, fungi, vegetation, and insects, as well as small vertebrates and eggs^[193]	LC Unknown ^[226]

Genus *Marmota* – Blumenbach, 1779 – fourteen species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Alaska marmot	M. broweri Hall & Gilmore, 1934	Northern Alaska	Size: 54–65 cm (21–26 in) long, plus 13–18 cm (5–7 in) tail^[191] Habitat: Grassland and rocky areas^[227] Diet: Grass and forbs, as well as fruit, grains, legumes, and insects^[228]	LC Unknown ^[227]
Alpine marmot	M. marmota (Linnaeus, 1758) Two subspecies M. m. latirostris (Tatra marmot) M. m. marmota	Europe	Size: 50–60 cm (20–24 in) long, plus 14–17 cm (6–7 in) tail^[191] Habitat: Grassland and rocky areas^[229] Diet: Grass and forbs, as well as fruit, grains, legumes, and insects^[228]	LC Unknown ^[229]
Black-capped marmot	M. camtschatica (Pallas, 1811) Three subspecies M. c. bungei M. c. camtschatica M. c. doppelmayri	Eastern Russia	Size: 46–53 cm (18–21 in) long, plus about 17 cm (7 in) tail^[191] Habitat: Grassland^[230] Diet: Grass and forbs, as well as fruit, grains, legumes, and insects^[228]	LC Unknown ^[230]
Bobak marmot	M. bobak (P. L. S. Müller, 1776) Two subspecies M. b. bobak M. b. tschaganensis	Western Asia and eastern Europe	Size: 49–57 cm (19–22 in) long, plus 10–13 cm (4–5 in) tail^[191] Habitat: Grassland^[231] Diet: Grass and forbs, as well as fruit, grains, legumes, and insects^[228]	LC Unknown ^[231]
Gray marmot	M. baibacina Kaschtschenko, 1899 Three subspecies M. b. baibacina M. b. centralis M. b. kastschenkoi	Central Asia	Size: 46–65 cm (18–26 in) long, plus 13–16 cm (5–6 in) tail^[191] Habitat: Other and grassland^[232] Diet: Grass and forbs, as well as fruit, grains, legumes, and insects^[228]	LC Unknown ^[232]
Groundhog	M. monax (Linnaeus, 1758) Four subspecies M. m. canadensis M. m. ignava M. m. monax M. m. rufescens	United States and Canada	Size: 42–66 cm (17–26 in) long, plus 10–16 cm (4–6 in) tail^[191] Habitat: Forest and grassland^[233] Diet: Grass and forbs, as well as fruit, grains, legumes, and insects^[228]	LC Unknown ^[233]
Himalayan marmot	M. himalayana (Hodgson, 1841) Two subspecies M. h. himalayana M. h. robusta	Nepal and western China	Size: 46–65 cm (18–26 in) long, plus 12–15 cm (5–6 in) tail^[191] Habitat: Shrubland, grassland, rocky areas, and desert^[234] Diet: Grass and forbs, as well as fruit, grains, legumes, and insects^[228]	LC Unknown ^[234]
Hoary marmot	M. caligata (Eschscholtz, 1829) Three subspecies M. c. caligata M. c. cascadensis M. c. okanagana	Western United States and western Canada	Size: 45–60 cm (18–24 in) long, plus 17–25 cm (7–10 in) tail^[207] Habitat: Rocky areas and grassland^[235] Diet: Grass and forbs, as well as fruit, grains, legumes, and insects^[228]	LC Unknown ^[235]
Long-tailed marmot	M. caudata (Geoffroy, 1844) Three subspecies M. c. aurea M. c. caudata M. c. dichrous	Central Asia	Size: About 50 cm (20 in) long, plus about 18 cm (7 in) tail^[191] Habitat: Shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas^[236] Diet: Grass and forbs, as well as fruit, grains, legumes, and insects^[228]	LC Unknown ^[236]
Menzbier's marmot	M. menzbieri (Kashkarov, 1925) Two subspecies M. m. menzbieri M. m. zachidovi	Central Asia	Size: About 49 cm (19 in) long, plus about 12 cm (5 in) tail^[191] Habitat: Forest^[237] Diet: Grass and forbs, as well as fruit, grains, legumes, and insects^[228]	VU Unknown ^[237]
Olympic marmot	M. olympus (Merriam, 1898)	Northwestern United States	Size: 67–75 cm (26–30 in) long, plus 18–24 cm (7–9 in) tail^[207] Habitat: Forest and grassland^[238] Diet: Grass and forbs, as well as fruit, grains, legumes, and insects^[228]	LC 2,000–4,000 ^[238]
Tarbagan marmot	M. sibirica (Radde, 1862) Two subspecies M. s. caliginosus M. s. sibirica	Central Asia	Size: 36–49 cm (14–19 in) long, plus 11–12 cm (4–5 in) tail^[191] Habitat: Shrubland, grassland, and other^[239] Diet: Grass and forbs, as well as fruit, grains, legumes, and insects^[228]	EN Unknown ^[239]
Vancouver Island marmot	M. vancouverensis (Swarth, 1911)	Vancouver Island in western Canada	Size: 66–69 cm (26–27 in) long, plus 19–22 cm (7–9 in) tail^[207] Habitat: Forest, grassland, and rocky areas^[240] Diet: Grass and forbs, as well as fruit, grains, legumes, and insects^[228]	CR 90 ^[240]
Yellow-bellied marmot	M. flaviventris (Audubon & Bachman, 1841) Seven subspecies M. f. avara M. f. dacota M. f. flaviventris M. f. luteola M. f. nosophora M. f. notioros M. f. obscura	Western United States and western Canada	Size: 47–70 cm (19–28 in) long, plus 13–22 cm (5–9 in) tail^[191] Habitat: Forest, grassland, and rocky areas^[241] Diet: Grass and forbs, as well as fruit, grains, legumes, and insects^[228]	LC Unknown ^[241]

Genus *Myosciurus* – Thomas, 1909 – one species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
African pygmy squirrel	M. pumilio (LeConte, 1857)	Western Africa	Size: 7–8 cm (3 in) long, plus 5–6 cm (2 in) tail^[122] Habitat: Forest^[242] Diet: Fruit, bark, and insects^[41]	LC Unknown ^[242]

Genus *Neotamias* – Howell, 1929 – 23 species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Allen's chipmunk	N. senex (Allen, 1890)	Western United States	Size: 14–15 cm (6 in) long, plus 10–11 cm (4 in) tail^[243] Habitat: Shrubland and forest^[244] Diet: Fruit and seeds, as well as flowers, fungi, insects, and eggs^[206]	LC Unknown ^[244]
Alpine chipmunk	N. alpinus (Merriam, 1893)	Western United States	Size: 10–11 cm (4 in) long, plus 6–8 cm (2–3 in) tail^[183] Habitat: Rocky areas and forest^[245] Diet: Fruit and seeds, as well as flowers, fungi, insects, and eggs^[206]	LC Unknown ^[245]
Buller's chipmunk	N. bulleri (Allen, 1889)	Mexico	Size: 13–14 cm (5–6 in) long, plus 8–11 cm (3–4 in) tail^[243] Habitat: Shrubland and forest^[246] Diet: Fruit and seeds, as well as flowers, fungi, insects, and eggs^[206]	VU Unknown ^[246]
California chipmunk	N. obscurus (Allen, 1890)	Western United States and western Mexico	Size: 12–13 cm (5 in) long, plus 10–12 cm (4–5 in) tail^[243] Habitat: Desert and shrubland^[247] Diet: Fruit and seeds, as well as flowers, fungi, insects, and eggs^[206]	LC Unknown ^[247]
Cliff chipmunk	N. dorsalis (Baird, 1855)	Western United States and western Mexico	Size: 12–13 cm (5 in) long, plus 8–11 cm (3–4 in) tail^[243] Habitat: Forest and shrubland^[248] Diet: Fruit and seeds, as well as flowers, fungi, insects, and eggs^[206]	LC Unknown ^[248]
Colorado chipmunk	N. quadrivittatus (Say, 1823)	Western United States	Size: 12–14 cm (5–6 in) long, plus about 10 cm (4 in) tail^[243] Habitat: Rocky areas, shrubland, and forest^[249] Diet: Fruit and seeds, as well as flowers, fungi, insects, and eggs^[206]	LC Unknown ^[249]
Durango chipmunk	N. durangae (Allen, 1903)	Mexico	Size: 12–16 cm (5–6 in) long, plus 8–11 cm (3–4 in) tail^[243] Habitat: Forest^[250] Diet: Fruit and seeds, as well as flowers, fungi, insects, and eggs^[206]	LC Unknown ^[250]
Gray-collared chipmunk	N. cinereicollis (Allen, 1890)	Southwestern United States	Size: 12–14 cm (5–6 in) long, plus 9–11 cm (4 in) tail^[243] Habitat: Forest^[251] Diet: Fruit and seeds, as well as flowers, fungi, insects, and eggs^[206]	LC Unknown ^[251]
Gray-footed chipmunk	N. canipes (Bailey, 1902)	Southwestern United States	Size: 12–14 cm (5–6 in) long, plus 9–11 cm (4 in) tail^[243] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and rocky areas^[252] Diet: Fruit and seeds, as well as flowers, fungi, insects, and eggs^[206]	LC Unknown ^[252]
Hopi chipmunk	N. rufus (Hoffmeister & Ellis, 1979)	Southwestern United States	Size: 12–13 cm (5 in) long, plus 9–10 cm (4 in) tail^[243] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, rocky areas, and desert^[253] Diet: Fruit and seeds, as well as flowers, fungi, insects, and eggs^[206]	LC Unknown ^[253]
Least chipmunk	N. minimus (Bachman, 1839)	Canada and United States	Size: 10–12 cm (4–5 in) long, plus 8–9 cm (3–4 in) tail^[183] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and desert^[254] Diet: Fruit and seeds, as well as flowers, fungi, insects, and eggs^[206]	LC Unknown ^[254]
Lodgepole chipmunk	N. speciosus (Merriam, 1890)	Western United States	Size: 12–13 cm (5 in) long, plus 8–10 cm (3–4 in) tail^[243] Habitat: Forest and grassland^[255] Diet: Fruit and seeds, as well as flowers, fungi, insects, and eggs^[206]	LC Unknown ^[255]
Long-eared chipmunk	N. quadrimaculatus (J. E. Gray, 1867)	Western United States	Size: 13–14 cm (5–6 in) long, plus 9–11 cm (4 in) tail^[243] Habitat: Forest and shrubland^[256] Diet: Fruit and seeds, as well as flowers, fungi, insects, and eggs^[206]	LC Unknown ^[256]
Merriam's chipmunk	N. merriami (Allen, 1889)	Western United States and western Mexico	Size: 13–14 cm (5–6 in) long, plus 10–12 cm (4–5 in) tail^[243] Habitat: Forest and shrubland^[257] Diet: Fruit and seeds, as well as flowers, fungi, insects, and eggs^[206]	LC Unknown ^[257]
Palmer's chipmunk	N. palmeri (Merriam, 1897)	Western United States	Size: 12–13 cm (5 in) long, plus 8–10 cm (3–4 in) tail^[243] Habitat: Forest and rocky areas^[258] Diet: Fruit and seeds, as well as flowers, fungi, insects, and eggs^[206]	EN Unknown ^[258]
Panamint chipmunk	N. panamintinus (Merriam, 1893)	Western United States	Size: 10–11 cm (4–4 in) long, plus 8–10 cm (3–4 in) tail^[183] Habitat: Forest and rocky areas^[259] Diet: Fruit and seeds, as well as flowers, fungi, insects, and eggs^[206]	LC Unknown ^[259]
Red-tailed chipmunk	N. ruficaudus (Howell, 1920)	Western United States and western Canada	Size: 12–13 cm (5 in) long, plus 9–11 cm (4 in) tail^[243] Habitat: Forest^[260] Diet: Fruit and seeds, as well as flowers, fungi, insects, and eggs^[206]	LC Unknown ^[260]
Siskiyou chipmunk	N. siskiyou (Howell, 1922)	Western United States	Size: 14–15 cm (6 in) long, plus 10–11 cm (4 in) tail^[243] Habitat: Forest^[261] Diet: Fruit and seeds, as well as flowers, fungi, insects, and eggs^[206]	LC Unknown ^[261]
Sonoma chipmunk	N. sonomae (Grinnell, 1915)	Western United States	Size: 13–14 cm (5–6 in) long, plus 10–12 cm (4–5 in) tail^[243] Habitat: Forest and shrubland^[262] Diet: Fruit and seeds, as well as flowers, fungi, insects, and eggs^[206]	LC Unknown ^[262]
Townsend's chipmunk	N. townsendii (Bachman, 1839)	Western United States and western Canada	Size: 13–15 cm (5–6 in) long, plus 11–12 cm (4–5 in) tail^[243] Habitat: Forest^[263] Diet: Fruit and seeds, as well as flowers, fungi, insects, and eggs^[206]	LC Unknown ^[263]
Uinta chipmunk	N. umbrinus (Allen, 1890)	Western United States	Size: 12–13 cm (5 in) long, plus 8–12 cm (3–5 in) tail^[243] Habitat: Shrubland and forest^[264] Diet: Fruit and seeds, as well as flowers, fungi, insects, and eggs^[206]	LC Unknown ^[264]
Yellow-cheeked chipmunk	N. ochrogenys (Merriam, 1897)	Western United States	Size: 14–16 cm (6 in) long, plus 10–12 cm (4–5 in) tail^[243] Habitat: Forest^[265] Diet: Fruit and seeds, as well as flowers, fungi, insects, and eggs^[206]	LC Unknown ^[265]
Yellow-pine chipmunk	N. amoenus (Allen, 1890)	Western United States and western Canda	Size: 11–13 cm (4–5 in) long, plus 8–10 cm (3–4 in) tail^[243] Habitat: Shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas^[266] Diet: Fruit and seeds, as well as flowers, fungi, insects, and eggs^[206]	LC Unknown ^[266]

Genus *Notocitellus* – Howell, 1938 – two species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Ring-tailed ground squirrel	N. annulatus (Audubon & Bachman, 1842)	Central Mexico	Size: About 22 cm (9 in) long, plus about 21 cm (8 in) tail^[183] Habitat: Forest^[267] Diet: Seeds, nuts, grains, roots, bulbs, fungi, vegetation, and insects, as well as small vertebrates and eggs^[193]	LC Unknown ^[267]
Tropical ground squirrel	N. adocetus (Merriam, 1903)	Mexico	Size: 16–18 cm (6–7 in) long, plus 13–15 cm (5–6 in) tail^[183] Habitat: Rocky areas, shrubland, and forest^[268] Diet: Seeds, nuts, grains, roots, bulbs, fungi, vegetation, and insects, as well as small vertebrates and eggs^[193]	LC Unknown ^[268]

Genus *Otospermophilus* – Brandt, 1844 – two species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
California ground squirrel	O. beecheyi (Richardson, 1829)	Western United States and western Mexico	Size: About 28 cm (11 in) long, plus about 13 cm (5 in) tail^[191] Habitat: Shrubland and grassland^[269] Diet: Seeds, nuts, grains, roots, bulbs, fungi, vegetation, and insects, as well as small vertebrates and eggs^[193]	LC Unknown ^[269]
Rock squirrel	O. variegatus (Erxleben, 1777)	Mexico and southwestern United States	Size: 43–54 cm (17–21 in) long, plus 17–26 cm (7–10 in) tail^[191] Habitat: Shrubland and rocky areas^[270] Diet: Seeds, nuts, grains, roots, bulbs, fungi, vegetation, and insects, as well as small vertebrates and eggs^[193]	LC Unknown ^[270]

Genus *Paraxerus* – Forsyth Major, 1893 – eleven species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Alexander's bush squirrel	P. alexandri (Thomas & Wroughton, 1907)	Central Africa	Size: 13–15 cm (5–6 in) long, plus 10–12 cm (4–5 in) tail^[207] Habitat: Forest^[271] Diet: Seeds and fruit, as well as roots and eggs^[209]	LC Unknown ^[271]
Black and red bush squirrel	P. lucifer (Thomas, 1897)	Southeastern Africa	Size: About 23 cm (9 in) long, plus 19–20 cm (7–8 in) tail^[207] Habitat: Forest^[272] Diet: Seeds and fruit, as well as roots and eggs^[209]	DD Unknown ^[272]
Boehm's bush squirrel	P. boehmi (Reichenow, 1886) Four subspecies P. b. antoniae P. b. boehmi P. b. emini P. b. gazellae	Central Africa	Size: About 13 cm (5 in) long, plus 13–15 cm (5–6 in) tail^[207] Habitat: Savanna and forest^[273] Diet: Seeds and fruit, as well as roots and eggs^[209]	LC Unknown ^[273]
Cooper's mountain squirrel	P. cooperi (Hayman, 1950)	Western Africa	Size: 19–20 cm (7–8 in) long, plus about 19 cm (7 in) tail^[207] Habitat: Forest^[274] Diet: Seeds and fruit, as well as roots and eggs^[209]	DD Unknown ^[274]
Green bush squirrel	P. poensis (Smith, 1830)	Central and western Africa	Size: 15–16 cm (6 in) long, plus 15–17 cm (6–7 in) tail^[207] Habitat: Forest and shrubland^[275] Diet: Seeds and fruit, as well as roots and eggs^[209]	LC Unknown ^[275]
Ochre bush squirrel	P. ochraceus (Huet, 1880) Eight subspecies P. o. affinis P. o. animosus P. o. aruscensis P. o. electus P. o. ganana P. o. jacksoni P. o. kahari P. o. ochraceus	Eastern Africa	Size: 16–17 cm (6–7 in) long, plus 16–17 cm (6–7 in) tail^[207] Habitat: Forest, savanna, and shrubland^[276] Diet: Seeds and fruit, as well as roots and eggs^[209]	LC Unknown ^[276]
Red bush squirrel	P. palliatus (Peters, 1852) Seven subspecies P. p. bridgemani P. p. frerei P. p. ornatus P. p. palliatus P. p. sponsus P. p. swynnertoni P. p. tanae	Eastern Africa	Size: About 21 cm (8 in) long, plus 20–21 cm (8 in) tail^[207] Habitat: Forest and shrubland^[277] Diet: Seeds and fruit, as well as roots and eggs^[209]	LC Unknown ^[277]
Smith's bush squirrel	P. cepapi (Smith, 1836) Ten subspecies P. c. bororensis P. c. carpi P. c. cepapi P. c. cepapoides P. c. chobiensis P. c. phalaena P. c. quotus P. c. sindi P. c. soccatus P. c. yulei	Southern Africa	Size: About 23 cm (9 in) long, plus about 18 cm (7 in) tail^[207] Habitat: Shrubland and savanna^[278] Diet: Seeds and fruit, as well as roots and eggs^[209]	LC Unknown ^[278]
Striped bush squirrel	P. flavovittis (Peters, 1852) Four subspecies P. f. exgeanus P. f. flavovittis P. f. ibeanus P. f. mossambicus	Eastern Africa	Size: 16–18 cm (6–7 in) long, plus 15–17 cm (6–7 in) tail^[207] Habitat: Savanna^[279] Diet: Seeds and fruit, as well as roots and eggs^[209]	LC Unknown ^[279]
Swynnerton's bush squirrel	P. vexillarius (Kershaw, 1923) Two subspecies P. v. byatti P. v. vexillarius	Tanzania	Size: 21–23 cm (8–9 in) long, plus 18–19 cm (7 in) tail^[207] Habitat: Forest^[280] Diet: Seeds and fruit, as well as roots and eggs^[209]	LC Unknown ^[280]
Vincent's bush squirrel	P. vincenti Hayman, 1950	Mozambique	Size: 21–22 cm (8–9 in) long, plus about 21 cm (8 in) tail^[207] Habitat: Forest^[281] Diet: Seeds and fruit, as well as roots and eggs^[209]	EN Unknown ^[281]

Genus *Poliocitellus* – Howell, 1938 – one species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Franklin's ground squirrel	P. franklinii (Sabine, 1822)	Central United States and southern Canada	Size: 23–24 cm (9 in) long, plus about 13 cm (5 in) tail^[191] Habitat: Savanna, grassland, and inland wetlands^[282] Diet: Seeds, nuts, grains, roots, bulbs, fungi, vegetation, and insects, as well as small vertebrates and eggs^[193]	LC Unknown ^[282]

Genus *Protoxerus* – Forsyth Major, 1893 – two species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Forest giant squirrel	P. stangeri (Waterhouse, 1842) Twelve subspecies P. s. bea P. s. centricola P. s. cooperi P. s. eborivorus P. s. kabobo P. s. kwango P. s. loandae P. s. nigeriae P. s. personatus P. s. signatus P. s. stangeri P. s. temminckii	Western and central Africa	Size: 28–30 cm (11–12 in) long, plus 30–31 cm (12 in) tail^[122] Habitat: Forest^[283] Diet: Seeds, nuts, and fruit^[204]	LC Unknown ^[283]
Slender-tailed squirrel	P. aubinnii (Gray, 1873) Two subspecies P. a. aubinnii P. a. salae	Western Africa	Size: 24–25 cm (9–10 in) long, plus about 30 cm (12 in) tail^[122] Habitat: Forest^[284] Diet: Seeds, nuts, and fruit^[204]	NT Unknown ^[284]

Genus *Sciurotamias* – Miller, 1901 – two species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Forrest's rock squirrel	S. forresti (Thomas, 1922)	Southern China	Size: About 22 cm (9 in) long, plus about 16 cm (6 in) tail^[243] Habitat: Rocky areas and shrubland^[285] Diet: Fruit and seeds^[190]	LC Unknown ^[285]
Père David's rock squirrel	S. davidianus (H. Milne-Edwards, 1867) Two subspecies S. d. consobrinus S. d. davidianus	China	Size: 20–21 cm (8 in) long, plus 14–15 cm (6 in) tail^[243] Habitat: Rocky areas^[286] Diet: Fruit and seeds^[190]	LC Unknown ^[286]

Genus *Spermophilopsis* – Blasius, 1884 – one species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Long-clawed ground squirrel	S. leptodactylus (Lichtenstein, 1823) Three subspecies S. l. bactrianus S. l. heptopotamicus S. l. leptodactylus	Central Asia	Size: 23–27 cm (9–11 in) long, plus 2–9 cm (1–4 in) tail^[122] Habitat: Desert, grassland, and shrubland^[287] Diet: Fruit, seeds, vegetation, and insects^[288]	LC Unknown ^[287]

Genus *Spermophilus* – F. Cuvier, 1825 – fifteen species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Alashan ground squirrel	S. alaschanicus (Büchner, 1888)	China and Mongolia	Size: About 22 cm (9 in) long, plus about 8 cm (3 in) tail^[183] Habitat: Grassland, rocky areas, and desert^[289] Diet: Seeds, nuts, grains, roots, bulbs, fungi, vegetation, and insects, as well as small vertebrates and eggs^[193]	LC Unknown ^[289]
Asia Minor ground squirrel	S. xanthoprymnus (Bennett, 1835)	Western Asia	Size: 14–23 cm (6–9 in) long, plus 3–4 cm (1–2 in) tail^[196] Habitat: Grassland^[290] Diet: Seeds, nuts, grains, roots, bulbs, fungi, vegetation, and insects, as well as small vertebrates and eggs^[193]	NT Unknown ^[290]
Brandt's ground squirrel	S. brevicauda (Brandt, 1843)	Central Asia	Size: About 28 cm (11 in) long, plus about 5 cm (2 in) tail^[183] Habitat: Shrubland and grassland^[291] Diet: Seeds, nuts, grains, roots, bulbs, fungi, vegetation, and insects, as well as small vertebrates and eggs^[193]	LC Unknown ^[291]
Caucasian Mountain ground squirrel	S. musicus Ménétries, 1823	Southwestern Russia	Size: 20–24 cm (8–9 in) long, plus 3–5 cm (1–2 in) tail^[183] Habitat: Shrubland and grassland^[292] Diet: Seeds, nuts, grains, roots, bulbs, fungi, vegetation, and insects, as well as small vertebrates and eggs^[193]	LC Unknown ^[292]
Daurian ground squirrel	S. dauricus Brandt, 1843	Eastern Asia	Size: About 19 cm (7 in) long, plus 5–7 cm (2–3 in) tail^[183] Habitat: Grassland^[293] Diet: Seeds, nuts, grains, roots, bulbs, fungi, vegetation, and insects, as well as small vertebrates and eggs^[193]	LC Unknown ^[293]
European ground squirrel	S. citellus (Linnaeus, 1766)	Eastern Europe	Size: 17–23 cm (7–9 in) long, plus 3–9 cm (1–4 in) tail^[196] Habitat: Grassland^[294] Diet: Seeds, nuts, grains, roots, bulbs, fungi, vegetation, and insects, as well as small vertebrates and eggs^[193]	EN Unknown ^[294]
Little ground squirrel	S. pygmaeus (Pallas, 1778)	Eastern Europe and western Asia	Size: 17–26 cm (7–10 in) long, plus 2–5 cm (1–2 in) tail^[183] Habitat: Grassland^[295] Diet: Seeds, nuts, grains, roots, bulbs, fungi, vegetation, and insects, as well as small vertebrates and eggs^[193]	LC Unknown ^[295]
Pallid ground squirrel	S. pallidicauda (Satunin, 1903)	Mongolia	Size: 19–23 cm (7–9 in) long, plus 3–6 cm (1–2 in) tail^[183] Habitat: Grassland^[296] Diet: Seeds, nuts, grains, roots, bulbs, fungi, vegetation, and insects, as well as small vertebrates and eggs^[193]	LC Unknown ^[296]
Red-cheeked ground squirrel	S. erythrogenys Brandt, 1841	Central Asia	Size: 18–20 cm (7–8 in) long, plus 4–5 cm (2 in) tail^[183] Habitat: Shrubland^[297] Diet: Seeds, nuts, grains, roots, bulbs, fungi, vegetation, and insects, as well as small vertebrates and eggs^[193]	LC Unknown ^[297]
Relict ground squirrel	S. relictus (Kashkarov, 1923)	Central Asia	Size: 23–27 cm (9–11 in) long, plus 5–8 cm (2–3 in) tail^[183] Habitat: Grassland^[298] Diet: Seeds, nuts, grains, roots, bulbs, fungi, vegetation, and insects, as well as small vertebrates and eggs^[193]	LC Unknown ^[298]
Russet ground squirrel	S. major (Pallas, 1779)	Central Asia	Size: 25–32 cm (10–13 in) long, plus 7–11 cm (3–4 in) tail^[183] Habitat: Grassland^[299] Diet: Seeds, nuts, grains, roots, bulbs, fungi, vegetation, and insects, as well as small vertebrates and eggs^[193]	NT Unknown ^[299]
Speckled ground squirrel	S. suslicus (Güldenstädt, 1770)	Eastern Europe and western Asia	Size: 18–26 cm (7–10 in) long, plus 3–6 cm (1–2 in) tail^[196] Habitat: Grassland^[300] Diet: Seeds, nuts, grains, roots, bulbs, fungi, vegetation, and insects, as well as small vertebrates and eggs^[193]	CR Unknown ^[300]
Taurus ground squirrel	S. taurensis Gündüz, Jaarola, Tez, Yeniyurt, Polly, & Searle, 2007	Turkey	Size: About 20 cm (8 in) long, plus about 6 cm (2 in) tail^[196] Habitat: Unknown^[301] Diet: Seeds, nuts, grains, roots, bulbs, fungi, vegetation, and insects, as well as small vertebrates and eggs^[193]	LC Unknown ^[301]
Tian Shan ground squirrel	S. nilkaensis Kuznetsov, 1948	Western China	Size: 20–24 cm (8–9 in) long, plus 6–8 cm (2–3 in) tail^[183] Habitat: Grassland^[302] Diet: Seeds, nuts, grains, roots, bulbs, fungi, vegetation, and insects, as well as small vertebrates and eggs^[193]	LC Unknown ^[302]
Yellow ground squirrel	S. fulvus (Lichtenstein, 1823) Three subspecies S. f. fulvus S. f. hypoleucos S. f. oxianus	Central Asia	Size: 22–28 cm (9–11 in) long, plus 7–9 cm (3–4 in) tail^[183] Habitat: Grassland and desert^[303] Diet: Seeds, nuts, grains, roots, bulbs, fungi, vegetation, and insects, as well as small vertebrates and eggs^[193]	LC Unknown ^[303]

Genus *Tamias* – Illiger, 1811 – one species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Eastern chipmunk	T. striatus (Linnaeus, 1758)	Eastern United States and eastern Canada	Size: 14–15 cm (6 in) long, plus 8–10 cm (3–4 in) tail^[183] Habitat: Shrubland and forest^[304] Diet: Nuts, seeds, fruit, and fungi^[206]	LC Unknown ^[304]

Genus *Urocitellus* – Obolenskij, 1927 – twelve species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Arctic ground squirrel	U. parryii Richardson, 1825	Northern Canada, Alaska, and eastern Russia	Size: 26–27 cm (10–11 in) long, plus 8–11 cm (3–4 in) tail^[196] Habitat: Forest and grassland^[305] Diet: Seeds, nuts, grains, roots, bulbs, fungi, vegetation, and insects, as well as small vertebrates and eggs^[193]	LC Unknown ^[305]
Belding's ground squirrel	U. beldingi (Merriam, 1888)	Western United States	Size: 20–21 cm (8 in) long, plus 6–7 cm (2–3 in) tail^[196] Habitat: Grassland and shrubland^[306] Diet: Seeds, nuts, grains, roots, bulbs, fungi, vegetation, and insects, as well as small vertebrates and eggs^[193]	LC Unknown ^[306]
Columbian ground squirrel	U. columbianus (Ord, 1815)	Western United States and western Canada	Size: 25–26 cm (10 in) long, plus 8–11 cm (3–4 in) tail^[196] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland^[307] Diet: Seeds, nuts, grains, roots, bulbs, fungi, vegetation, and insects, as well as small vertebrates and eggs^[193]	LC Unknown ^[307]
Long-tailed ground squirrel	U. undulatus Pallas, 1778	Central and eastern Asia	Size: 21–31 cm (8–12 in) long, plus 10–14 cm (4–6 in) tail^[196] Habitat: Grassland and desert^[308] Diet: Seeds, nuts, grains, roots, bulbs, fungi, vegetation, and insects, as well as small vertebrates and eggs^[193]	LC Unknown ^[308]
Merriam's ground squirrel	U. canus (Merriam, 1898)	Western United States	Size: 15–16 cm (6 in) long, plus 3–5 cm (1–2 in) tail^[196] Habitat: Shrubland, grassland, and desert^[309] Diet: Seeds, nuts, grains, roots, bulbs, fungi, vegetation, and insects, as well as small vertebrates and eggs^[193]	LC Unknown ^[309]
Northern Idaho ground squirrel	U. brunneus (Howell, 1928)	Western United States	Size: 17–18 cm (7 in) long, plus about 6 cm (2 in) tail^[196] Habitat: Shrubland and grassland^[310] Diet: Seeds, nuts, grains, roots, bulbs, fungi, vegetation, and insects, as well as small vertebrates and eggs^[193]	EN 1,000 ^[310]
Piute ground squirrel	U. mollis (Kennicott, 1863)	Western United States	Size: 20–23 cm (8–9 in) long, plus 4–7 cm (2–3 in) tail^[196] Habitat: Shrubland, grassland, and desert^[311] Diet: Seeds, nuts, grains, roots, bulbs, fungi, vegetation, and insects, as well as small vertebrates and eggs^[193]	LC Unknown ^[311]
Richardson's ground squirrel	U. richardsonii (Sabine, 1822)	Northern United States and southern Canada	Size: 26–34 cm (10–13 in) long, plus 5–9 cm (2–4 in) tail^[196] Habitat: Grassland^[312] Diet: Seeds, nuts, grains, roots, bulbs, fungi, vegetation, and insects, as well as small vertebrates and eggs^[193]	LC Unknown ^[312]
Townsend's ground squirrel	U. townsendii (Bachman, 1839)	Northwestern United States	Size: 20–23 cm (8–9 in) long, plus 3–6 cm (1–2 in) tail^[196] Habitat: Shrubland and desert^[313] Diet: Seeds, nuts, grains, roots, bulbs, fungi, vegetation, and insects, as well as small vertebrates and eggs^[193]	VU Unknown ^[313]
Uinta ground squirrel	U. armatus (Kennicott, 1863)	Western United States	Size: About 22 cm (9 in) long, plus 6–8 cm (2–3 in) tail^[196] Habitat: Shrubland and grassland^[314] Diet: Seeds, nuts, grains, roots, bulbs, fungi, vegetation, and insects, as well as small vertebrates and eggs^[193]	LC Unknown ^[314]
Washington ground squirrel	U. washingtoni (Howell, 1938)	Northwestern United States	Size: 18–24 cm (7–9 in) long, plus 3–7 cm (1–3 in) tail^[196] Habitat: Shrubland and grassland^[315] Diet: Seeds, nuts, grains, roots, bulbs, fungi, vegetation, and insects, as well as small vertebrates and eggs^[193]	NT Unknown ^[315]
Wyoming ground squirrel	U. elegans (Kennicott, 1863)	Northwestern United States	Size: About 20 cm (8 in) long, plus about 7 cm (3 in) tail^[196] Habitat: Grassland and shrubland^[316] Diet: Seeds, nuts, grains, roots, bulbs, fungi, vegetation, and insects, as well as small vertebrates and eggs^[193]	LC Unknown ^[316]

Genus *Xerospermophilus* – Merriam, 1892 – four species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Mohave ground squirrel	X. mohavensis (Merriam, 1889)	Western United States	Size: 21–23 cm (8–9 in) long, plus 5–8 cm (2–3 in) tail^[196] Habitat: Desert^[317] Diet: Seeds, nuts, grains, roots, bulbs, fungi, vegetation, and insects, as well as small vertebrates and eggs^[193]	NT Unknown ^[317]
Perote ground squirrel	X. perotensis (Merriam, 1893)	Central Mexico	Size: 24–26 cm (9–10 in) long, plus 5–8 cm (2–3 in) tail^[196] Habitat: Forest, grassland, and desert^[318] Diet: Seeds, nuts, grains, roots, bulbs, fungi, vegetation, and insects, as well as small vertebrates and eggs^[193]	EN Unknown ^[318]
Round-tailed ground squirrel	X. tereticaudus (Baird, 1858)	Southwestern United States and Northwestern Mexico	Size: 20–28 cm (8–11 in) long, plus 6–12 cm (2–5 in) tail^[196] Habitat: Desert^[319] Diet: Seeds, nuts, grains, roots, bulbs, fungi, vegetation, and insects, as well as small vertebrates and eggs^[193]	LC Unknown ^[319]
Spotted ground squirrel	X. spilosoma (Bennett, 1833)	Mexico and central and western United States	Size: 18–25 cm (7–10 in) long, plus 5–10 cm (2–4 in) tail^[196] Habitat: Grassland and desert^[320] Diet: Seeds, nuts, grains, roots, bulbs, fungi, vegetation, and insects, as well as small vertebrates and eggs^[193]	LC Unknown ^[320]

Genus *Xerus* – Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1833 – four species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
African striped ground squirrel	X. erythropus Geoffroy, 1803 Six subspecies X. e. chadensis X. e. erythropus X. e. lacustris X. e. leucoumbrinus X. e. limitaneus X. e. microdon	Sub-Saharan Africa	Size: 22–29 cm (9–11 in) long, plus 18–26 cm (7–10 in) tail^[122] Habitat: Forest and savanna^[321] Diet: Roots, seeds, fruit, grains, insects, small vertebrates, and eggs^[322]	LC Unknown ^[321]
Cape ground squirrel	X. inauris (Zimmermann, 1780)	Southern Africa	Size: 24–25 cm (9–10 in) long, plus 19–21 cm (7–8 in) tail^[122] Habitat: Desert, shrubland, and savanna^[323] Diet: Roots, seeds, fruit, grains, insects, small vertebrates, and eggs^[322]	LC Unknown ^[323]
Mountain ground squirrel	X. princeps (Thomas, 1929)	Southern Africa	Size: 22–29 cm (9–11 in) long, plus 21–28 cm (8–11 in) tail^[122] Habitat: Savanna and shrubland^[324] Diet: Roots, seeds, fruit, grains, insects, small vertebrates, and eggs^[322]	LC Unknown ^[324]
Unstriped ground squirrel	X. rutilus (Cretzschmar, 1828) Eight subspecies X. r. dabagala X. r. dorsalis X. r. intensus X. r. massaicus X. r. rufifrons X. r. rutilus X. r. saturatus X. r. stephanicus	Eastern Africa	Size: 23–27 cm (9–11 in) long, plus 18–20 cm (7–8 in) tail^[122] Habitat: Savanna and shrubland^[325] Diet: Roots, seeds, fruit, grains, insects, small vertebrates, and eggs^[322]	LC Unknown ^[325]

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^ ^a ^b Achmadi, A. S.; et al. (2024). "Prosciurillus murinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024: e.T18364A233249627. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T18364A233249627.en.
^ ^a ^b Achmadi, A. S.; et al. (2024). "Prosciurillus rosenbergii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024: e.T136574A233247375. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T136574A233247375.en.
^ ^a ^b Gazzard, A. (2024). "Prosciurillus abstrusus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024: e.T18362A233249511. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T18362A233249511.en.
^ ^a ^b Achmadi, A. S.; et al. (2024). "Prosciurillus weberi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024: e.T18365A233249717. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T18365A233249717.en.
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^ ^a ^b Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Sciurus nayaritensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T20015A115155124. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20015A22247142.en.
^ ^a ^b Koprowski, J.; et al. (2017). "Sciurus aureogaster". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T20006A22248035. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T20006A22248035.en.
^ ^a ^b Amori, G.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Sciurus igniventris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T20013A115154863. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20013A22246972.en.
^ ^a ^b Álvarez-Castañeda, S. T.; et al. (2016). "Sciurus oculatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T20017A22246721. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T20017A22246721.en.
^ ^a ^b Gazzard, A. (2023). "Sciurus vulgaris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023: e.T221730864A221731049. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T221730864A221731049.en.
^ ^a ^b Koprowski, J.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Sciurus granatensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T20010A115154583. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20010A22247615.en.
^ ^a ^b Koprowski, J.; et al. (2018). "Sciurus richmondi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T20020A22246819. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T20020A22246819.en.
^ ^a ^b Amori, G.; et al. (2019). "Sciurus sanborni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T20021A22246363. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T20021A22246363.en.
^ ^a ^b Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Sciurus spadiceus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T20022A115155594. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20022A22246240.en.
^ ^a ^b Reid, F. (2016). "Sciurus variegatoides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T20024A22246448. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T20024A22246448.en.
^ ^a ^b Lacher, T.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Sciurus griseus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T20011A115154716. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20011A22247710.en.
^ ^a ^b Amori, G.; et al. (2019). "Sciurus gilvigularis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T20009A22247528. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T20009A22247528.en.
^ ^a ^b Vázquez, E.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Sciurus yucatanensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T20026A115156290. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20026A22245813.en.
^ ^a ^b Koprowski, J.; et al. (2019). "Syntheosciurus brochus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T21260A22259417. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T21260A22259417.en.
^ ^a ^b Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Tamiasciurus hudsonicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42587A115192299. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42587A22250817.en.
^ ^a ^b ^c Nowak, p. 1272
^ ^a ^b Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Tamiasciurus douglasii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42586A115192165. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42586A22250640.en.
^ ^a ^b de Grammont, P. C.; et al. (2018). "Tamiasciurus mearnsi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T21378A22250725. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T21378A22250725.en.
^ ^a ^b Johnston, C.; et al. (2016). "Trogopterus xanthipes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22297A22271122. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T22297A22271122.en.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 398–399
^ ^a ^b Timm, R.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Ammospermophilus harrisii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42399A115189204. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42399A22251385.en.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Nowak, p. 1253
^ ^a ^b Koprowski, J. (2017). "Ammospermophilus nelsoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T1149A22251492. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T1149A22251492.en.
^ ^a ^b Timm, R.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Ammospermophilus interpres". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42451A115189324. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42451A22251620.en.
^ ^a ^b Linzey, A. V.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Ammospermophilus leucurus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42452A115189458. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42452A22251719.en.
^ ^a ^b Aulagnier, S. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Atlantoxerus getulus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T2358A115518165. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T2358A22251981.en.
^ ^a ^b ^c Nowak, p. 1261
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 394–395
^ ^a ^b Cassola, F. (2016). "Callospermophilus saturatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42562A22262657. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T42562A22262657.en.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao Nowak, p. 1256
^ ^a ^b Cassola, F. (2016). "Callospermophilus lateralis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42468A22265474. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42468A22265474.en.
^ ^a ^b Álvarez-Castañeda, S. T.; et al. (2016). "Callospermophilus madrensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T20485A22263330. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20485A22263330.en.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 396–397
^ ^a ^b Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Cynomys ludovicianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T6091A115080297. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T6091A22261137.en.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Nowak, p. 1258
^ ^a ^b Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Cynomys gunnisoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42453A115189620. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42453A22261232.en.
^ ^a ^b Álvarez-Castañeda, S. T.; et al. (2019). "Cynomys mexicanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T6089A139607891. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T6089A139607891.en.
^ ^a ^b Roach, N. (2018). "Cynomys parvidens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T6090A22260975. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T6090A22260975.en.
^ ^a ^b Cassola, F. (2016). "Cynomys leucurus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42454A22261371. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T42454A22261371.en.
^ ^a ^b Cassola, F. (2016). "Epixerus ebii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T7899A22245089. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T7899A22245089.en.
^ ^a ^b ^c Nowak, pp. 1276–1277
^ ^a ^b Tsytsulina, K.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Eutamias sibiricus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T21360A115161465. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T21360A22268598.en.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y Nowak, pp. 1248–1250
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 392–393
^ ^a ^b Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Funisciurus carruthersi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T8755A115088287. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T8755A22269967.en.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u Nowak, p. 1279
^ ^a ^b Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Funisciurus congicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T8758A115088669. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T8758A22270249.en.
^ ^a ^b Gerrie, R.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Funisciurus duchaillui". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T136461A115207982. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T136461A22270411.en.
^ ^a ^b Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Funisciurus pyrropus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T8762A115089084. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T8762A22270593.en.
^ ^a ^b Gerrie, R.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Funisciurus substriatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T8763A115089293. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T8763A22270490.en.
^ ^a ^b Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Funisciurus isabella". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T8759A115088799. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T8759A22270134.en.
^ ^a ^b Gerrie, R.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Funisciurus bayonii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T8757A115088563. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T8757A22270331.en.
^ ^a ^b Cassola, F. (2016). "Funisciurus leucogenys". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T8761A22270752. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T8761A22270752.en.
^ ^a ^b Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Funisciurus lemniscatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T8760A115088948. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T8760A22270044.en.
^ ^a ^b Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Funisciurus anerythrus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T8756A115088410. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T8756A22269868.en.
^ ^a ^b Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Heliosciurus gambianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T9830A115094544. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T9830A22260303.en.
^ ^a ^b Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Heliosciurus mutabilis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T9831A115094804. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T9831A22260214.en.
^ ^a ^b Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Heliosciurus rufobrachium". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T9833A115095080. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T9833A22260685.en.
^ ^a ^b Cassola, F. (2016). "Heliosciurus ruwenzorii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T9834A22260596. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T9834A22260596.en.
^ ^a ^b Gerrie, R.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Heliosciurus punctatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T9832A115094941. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T9832A22260126.en.
^ ^a ^b Gerrie, R.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Heliosciurus undulatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T9835A115095319. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T9835A22260513.en.
^ ^a ^b Linzey, A. V.; et al. (2016). "Ictidomys mexicanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T20487A22262744. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20487A22262744.en.
^ ^a ^b Cassola, F. (2016). "Ictidomys tridecemlineatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42564A22263122. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42564A22263122.en.
^ ^a ^b Cassola, F. (2016). "Marmota broweri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42455A22258026. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T42455A22258026.en.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Nowak, p. 1252
^ ^a ^b Gazzard, A.; et al. (2024). "Marmota marmota". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024: e.T12835A227283057. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T12835A227283057.en.
^ ^a ^b Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Marmota camtschatica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T12831A115106935. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T12831A22258500.en.
^ ^a ^b Tsytsulina, K.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Marmota bobak". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T12830A115106780. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T12830A22258375.en.
^ ^a ^b Batbold, J.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Marmota baibacina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T12829A115106596. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T12829A22258206.en.
^ ^a ^b Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Marmota monax". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42458A115189992. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42458A22257685.en.
^ ^a ^b Shrestha, T. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Marmota himalayana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T12826A115106426. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T12826A22258911.en.
^ ^a ^b Cassola, F. (2018). "Marmota caligata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T42456A122560084. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T42456A122560084.en.
^ ^a ^b Cassola, F. (2017). "Marmota caudata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T12825A111931601. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T12825A111931601.en.
^ ^a ^b Sultangaziev, О.E.; et al. (2023). "Marmota menzbieri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023: e.T12827A229617076. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T12827A229617076.en.
^ ^a ^b Cassola, F. (2016). "Marmota olympus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42459A22257452. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T42459A22257452.en.
^ ^a ^b Clayton, E. (2016). "Marmota sibirica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T12832A22258643. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T12832A22258643.en.
^ ^a ^b Roach, N. (2017). "Marmota vancouverensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T12828A22259184. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T12828A22259184.en.
^ ^a ^b Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Marmota flaviventris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42457A115189809. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42457A22257543.en.
^ ^a ^b Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Myosciurus pumilio". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T14105A115119983. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T14105A22259328.en.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 400–401
^ ^a ^b Cassola, F. (2016). "Neotamias senex". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42579A22268269. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T42579A22268269.en.
^ ^a ^b Cassola, F. (2016). "Neotamias alpinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42568A22266784. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T42568A22266784.en.
^ ^a ^b Álvarez-Castañeda, S. T.; et al. (2016). "Neotamias bulleri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T21356A103309807. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T21356A103309807.en.
^ ^a ^b Álvarez-Castañeda, S. T.; et al. (2016). "Neotamias obscurus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T21359A22268421. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T21359A22268421.en.
^ ^a ^b Lacher, T.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Neotamias dorsalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42571A115190634. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42571A22267136.en.
^ ^a ^b Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Neotamias quadrivittatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42576A115191051. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42576A22267688.en.
^ ^a ^b Álvarez-Castañeda, S. T.; et al. (2016). "Neotamias durangae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T21357A22268753. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T21357A22268753.en.
^ ^a ^b Cassola, F. (2016). "Neotamias cinereicollis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42570A22267056. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T42570A22267056.en.
^ ^a ^b Cassola, F. (2016). "Neotamias canipes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T21364A22266973. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T21364A22266973.en.
^ ^a ^b Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Neotamias rufus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42578A115191185. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42578A22267793.en.
^ ^a ^b Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Neotamias minimus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42572A115190804. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42572A22267269.en.
^ ^a ^b Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Neotamias speciosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42582A115191427. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42582A22268352.en.
^ ^a ^b Cassola, F. (2016). "Neotamias quadrimaculatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42575A22267619. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T42575A22267619.en.
^ ^a ^b Álvarez-Castañeda, S. T.; et al. (2016). "Neotamias merriami". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T21358A22269203. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T21358A22269203.en.
^ ^a ^b Lowrey, C. (2016). "Neotamias palmeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T21355A22267875. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T21355A22267875.en.
^ ^a ^b Cassola, F. (2016). "Neotamias panamintinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42574A22267550. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T42574A22267550.en.
^ ^a ^b Cassola, F. (2016). "Neotamias ruficaudus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42577A22268024. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T42577A22268024.en.
^ ^a ^b Cassola, F. (2016). "Neotamias siskiyou". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42580A22268201. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T42580A22268201.en.
^ ^a ^b Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Neotamias sonomae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42581A115191316. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42581A22268516.en.
^ ^a ^b Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Neotamias townsendii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42584A115191888. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42584A22268822.en.
^ ^a ^b Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Neotamias umbrinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42585A115192014. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42585A22269271.en.
^ ^a ^b Cassola, F. (2016). "Neotamias ochrogenys". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42573A22267475. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T42573A22267475.en.
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^ ^a ^b Kennerley, R.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Paraxerus vincenti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T16212A115132722. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T16212A22243323.en.
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^ ^a ^b Smith, A. T.; et al. (2016) "Spermophilus ralli". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T136455A22266455. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T136455A22266455.en.
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^ ^a ^b Cassola, F. (2016). "Urocitellus undulatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T20494A22264197. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20494A22264197.en.
^ ^a ^b Yensen, E.; et al. (2017). "Urocitellus canus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T42465A22265551. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T42465A22265551.en.
^ ^a ^b Yensen, E. (2019). "Urocitellus brunneus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T20497A111881863. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T20497A111881863.en.
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^ ^a ^b Nature, Serve (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Urocitellus townsendii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T20476A112212554. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20476A22266682.en.
^ ^a ^b Cassola, F. (2016). "Urocitellus armatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42463A22264746. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T42463A22264746.en.
^ ^a ^b Nature, Serve (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Urocitellus washingtoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T20475A112211642. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20475A22266550.en.
^ ^a ^b Yensen, E.; et al. (2017). "Urocitellus elegans". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T42467A22265347. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T42467A22265347.en.
^ ^a ^b Roach, N.; et al. (2016). "Xerospermophilus mohavensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T20474A22266305. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20474A22266305.en.
^ ^a ^b Álvarez-Castañeda, S. T.; et al. (2016). "Xerospermophilus perotensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T20489A22264586. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20489A22264586.en.
^ ^a ^b Lacher, T.; et al. (2016). "Xerospermophilus tereticaudus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T20493A22264318. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20493A22264318.en.
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[IUCNIndianpalmsquirrel-34] Nameer, P. O.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Funambulus palmarum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T8701A115087934. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T8701A22259902.en.

[IUCNJunglepalmsquirrel-35] Molur, S.; et al. (2016). "Funambulus tristriatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T8704A22259512. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T8704A22259512.en.

[IUCNLayardspalmsquirrel-36] A. Goonatilake, W. L. D. P. T. S. (2016). "Funambulus layardi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T8700A22260033. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T8700A22260033.en.

[IUCNNilgiristripedsquirrel-37] Middleton, K.; et al. (2020). "Funambulus sublineatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T88813572A22259638. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T88813572A22259638.en.

[IUCNNorthernpalmsquirrel-38] Nameer, P. O.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Funambulus pennantii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T8702A115088099. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T8702A22259750.en.

[IUCNSculptorsquirrel-39] Gerrie, R.; et al. (2016). "Glyphotes simus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T9283A22255329. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T9283A22255329.en.

[IUCNLowlandlong-nosedsquirrel-40] Achmadi, A. S.; et al. (2024). "Hyosciurus ileile". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024: e.T10636A233248403. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T10636A233248403.en.

[MamWorld12821283-41] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Nowak, pp. 1282–1283

[IUCNMontanelong-nosedsquirrel-42] Achmadi, A. S.; et al. (2024). "Hyosciurus heinrichi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024: e.T10635A233248314. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T10635A233248314.en.

[IUCNFour-stripedgroundsquirrel-43] Gerrie, R.; et al. (2019). "Lariscus hosei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T11304A22242503. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T11304A22242503.en.

[MamWorld1289-44] Nowak, p. 1289

[IUCNMentawaithree-stripedsquirrel-45] Gerrie, R.; et al. (2017). "Lariscus obscurus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T11307A22242238. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T11307A22242238.en.

[IUCNNiobegroundsquirrel-46] Gerrie, R.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Lariscus niobe". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T11306A115101313. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T11306A22242433.en.

[IUCNThree-stripedgroundsquirrel-47] Tizard, R. J. (2016). "Lariscus insignis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T11305A22242321. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T11305A22242321.en.

[IUCNBerdmoresgroundsquirrel-48] Duckworth, J. W. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Menetes berdmorei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T13144A115109552. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T13144A22269758.en.

[MamWorld1287-49] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t Nowak, p. 1287

[IUCNBlack-earedsquirrel-50] Francis, C.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Nannosciurus melanotis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T14325A115121817. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T14325A22245208.en.

[IUCNAlstonsSulawesidwarfsquirrel-51] Gazzard, A. (2024). "Prosciurillus alstoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024: e.T112300360A233249408. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T112300360A233249408.en.

[MamWorld12701271-52] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Nowak, pp. 1270–1271

[IUCNRouxsSulawesidwarfsquirrel-53] Gazzard, A. (2024). "Prosciurillus topapuensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024: e.T112298450A233248923. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T112298450A233248923.en.

[IUCNCelebesdwarfsquirrel-54] Achmadi, A. S.; et al. (2024). "Prosciurillus murinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024: e.T18364A233249627. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T18364A233249627.en.

[IUCNSanghirsquirrel-55] Achmadi, A. S.; et al. (2024). "Prosciurillus rosenbergii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024: e.T136574A233247375. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T136574A233247375.en.

[IUCNSecretivedwarfsquirrel-56] Gazzard, A. (2024). "Prosciurillus abstrusus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024: e.T18362A233249511. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T18362A233249511.en.

[IUCNWebersdwarfsquirrel-57] Achmadi, A. S.; et al. (2024). "Prosciurillus weberi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024: e.T18365A233249717. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T18365A233249717.en.

[IUCNWhitishdwarfsquirrel-58] Achmadi, A. S.; et al. (2024). "Prosciurillus leucomus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024: e.T112297404A233250109. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T112297404A233250109.en.

[IUCNShrew-facedsquirrel-59] Meijaard, E. (2017). "Rhinosciurus laticaudatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T42460A22241116. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T42460A22241116.en.

[IUCNRed-belliedsquirrel-60] Achmadi, A. S.; et al. (2024). "Rubrisciurus rubriventer". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024: e.T19762A260353962. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T19762A260353962.en.

[MamWorld1286-61] Nowak, p. 1286

[IUCNBrookessquirrel-62] Aplin, K. (2016). "Sundasciurus brookei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T21153A22250269. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T21153A22250269.en.

[IUCNBusuangasquirrel-63] Balete, D. S.; et al. (2016). "Sundasciurus hoogstraali". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42566A22249540. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T42566A22249540.en.

[IUCNCuliontreesquirrel-64] Balete, D. S.; et al. (2019). "Sundasciurus moellendorffi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T21159A22250089. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T21159A22250089.en.

[IUCNDavaosquirrel-65] Kennerley, R.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Sundasciurus davensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42565A115190370. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42565A22249346.en.

[IUCNFraternalsquirrel-66] Clayton, E.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Sundasciurus fraterculus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T21154A115160836. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T21154A22250341.en.

[IUCNHorse-tailedsquirrel-67] Meijaard, E. (2017). "Sundasciurus hippurus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T21155A22250415. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T21155A22250415.en.

[IUCNJentinkssquirrel-68] Meijaard, E. (2016). "Sundasciurus jentinki". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T21156A22250549. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T21156A22250549.en.

[IUCNLowssquirrel-69] Meijaard, E. (2016). "Sundasciurus lowii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T21158A22249977. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T21158A22249977.en.

[IUCNMindanaosquirrel-70] Chiozza, F. (2016). "Sundasciurus mindanensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42567A22249631. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T42567A22249631.en.

[IUCNNorthernPalawantreesquirrel-71] Balete, D. S.; et al. (2016). "Sundasciurus juvencus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T21157A22249896. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T21157A22249896.en.

[IUCNPalawanmontanesquirrel-72] Gerrie, R.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Sundasciurus rabori". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T21161A115160978. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T21161A22249407.en.

[IUCNPhilippinetreesquirrel-73] Ong, P.; et al. (2016). "Sundasciurus philippinensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T21160A22250172. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T21160A22250172.en.

[IUCNSamarsquirrel-74] Chiozza, F. (2016). "Sundasciurus samarensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T21162A22249465. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T21162A22249465.en.

[IUCNSlendersquirrel-75] Meijaard, E. (2016). "Sundasciurus tenuis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T21164A22249784. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T21164A22249784.en.

[IUCNSouthernPalawantreesquirrel-76] Ong, P.; et al. (2016). "Sundasciurus steerii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T21163A22249713. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T21163A22249713.en.

[IUCNCambodianstripedsquirrel-77] Duckworth, J. W. (2017). "Tamiops rodolphii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T21381A22252307. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T21381A22252307.en.

[IUCNHimalayanstripedsquirrel-78] Duckworth, J. W.; et al. (2017). "Tamiops mcclellandii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T21379A22252047. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T21379A22252047.en.

[IUCNMaritimestripedsquirrel-79] Duckworth, J. W. (2017). "Tamiops maritimus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T21380A22252211. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T21380A22252211.en.

[IUCNSwinhoesstripedsquirrel-80] Duckworth, J. W. (2017). "Tamiops swinhoei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T21382A22252396. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T21382A22252396.en.

[AllMam375-81] Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, p. 375

[IUCNBlackgiantsquirrel-82] Duckworth, J. W.; et al. (2016). "Ratufa bicolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T19377A22261810. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T19377A22261810.en.

[IUCNCream-colouredgiantsquirrel-83] Meijaard, E. (2017). "Ratufa affinis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T19376A22261483. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T19376A22261483.en.

[IUCNGrizzledgiantsquirrel-84] A. Goonatilake, W. L. D. P. T. S. (2019). "Ratufa macroura". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T19381A22261644. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T19381A22261644.en.

[IUCNIndiangiantsquirrel-85] Molur, S. (2016). "Ratufa indica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T19378A22262028. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T19378A22262028.en.

[IUCNNeotropicalpygmysquirrel-86] Koprowski, J.; et al. (2019). "Sciurillus pusillus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T19997A22256834. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T19997A22256834.en.

[AllMam388389-87] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 388–389

[IUCNGroove-toothedflyingsquirrel-88] Li, Q.; et al. (2025). "Aeretes melanopterus" IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2025: e.T555A269329366.

[MamWorld13021306-89] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q Nowak, pp. 1302–1306

[AllMam386387-90] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 386–387

[IUCNBlackflyingsquirrel-91] Lee, B. (2016). "Aeromys tephromelas". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T556A22271336. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T556A22271336.en.

[MamWorld12951297-92] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Nowak, pp. 1295–1297

[IUCNThomassflyingsquirrel-93] Gerrie, R.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Aeromys thomasi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T557A115050074. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T557A22271445.en.

[IUCNHairy-footedflyingsquirrel-94] Molur, S. (2016). "Belomys pearsonii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T2756A22256636. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T2756A22256636.en.

[IUCNLaotiangiantflyingsquirrel-95] Kennerley, R. (2017). "Biswamoyopterus laoensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T88700294A88700297. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T88700294A88700297.en.

[IUCNNamdaphaflyingsquirrel-96] Molur, S. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Biswamoyopterus biswasi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T2816A115063959. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T2816A22271554.en.

[AllMam384385-97] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 384–385

[IUCNKashmirflyingsquirrel-98] Molur, S. (2016). "Eoglaucomys fimbriatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T7781A22248922. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T7781A22248922.en.

[MamWorld12981301-99] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Nowak, pp. 1298–1301

[IUCNWesternwoollyflyingsquirrel-100] Krishna, M.; et al. (2021). "Eupetaurus cinereus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T8269A22251841. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T8269A22251841.en.

[IUCNNorthernflyingsquirrel-101] Cassola, F. (2016). "Glaucomys sabrinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T39553A22256914. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T39553A22256914.en.

[IUCNSouthernflyingsquirrel-102] Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Glaucomys volans". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T9240A115091392. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T9240A22257175.en.

[IUCNArrowflyingsquirrel-103] Gerrie, R.; et al. (2019). "Hylopetes sagitta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T112296031A22241796. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T112296031A22241796.en.

[IUCNBartelsflyingsquirrel-104] Clayton, E. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Hylopetes bartelsi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T10602A115098024. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T10602A22243650.en.

[IUCNIndochineseflyingsquirrel-105] Tizard, R. J. (2016). "Hylopetes phayrei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T10605A22244042. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T10605A22244042.en.

[IUCNJentinksflyingsquirrel-106] Gerrie, R.; et al. (2019). "Hylopetes platyurus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T136262A22244459. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T136262A22244459.en.

[IUCNPalawanflyingsquirrel-107] Kennerley, R.; et al. (2019). "Hylopetes nigripes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T10604A22243756. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T10604A22243756.en.

[IUCNParticoloredflyingsquirrel-108] Duckworth, J. W.; et al. (2016). "Hylopetes alboniger". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T10600A22244563. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T10600A22244563.en.

[IUCNRed-cheekedflyingsquirrel-109] Duckworth, J. W. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Hylopetes spadiceus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T10607A115098135. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T10607A22244296.en.

[IUCNSiporaflyingsquirrel-110] Lee, B. (2016). "Hylopetes sipora". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T10606A22243951. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T10606A22243951.en.

[IUCNSumatranflyingsquirrel-111] Lee, B. (2016). "Hylopetes winstoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T10608A22244199. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T10608A22244199.en.

[IUCNJavaneseflyingsquirrel-112] Aplin, K.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Iomys horsfieldii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T10845A115099730. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T10845A22249234.en.

[IUCNMentawiflyingsquirrel-113] Lee, B. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Iomys sipora". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T10846A115099877. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T10846A22249119.en.

[IUCNAmazondwarfsquirrel-114] Koprowski, J.; et al. (2019). "Microsciurus flaviventer". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T13410A22255256. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T13410A22255256.en.

[MamWorld1268-115] Nowak, p. 1268

[IUCNCentralAmericandwarfsquirrel-116] Cassola, F. (2016). "Microsciurus alfari". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T13409A22255178. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T13409A22255178.en.

[IUCNSantanderdwarfsquirrel-117] Koprowski, J.; et al. (2019). "Microsciurus santanderensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T13412A22255091. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T13412A22255091.en.

[IUCNWesterndwarfsquirrel-118] Reid, F. (2016). "Microsciurus mimulus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T13411A22254996. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T13411A22254996.en.

[IUCNHosespygmyflyingsquirrel-119] Gerrie, R.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Petaurillus hosei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T16715A115137752. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T16715A22269460.en.

[IUCNLesserpygmyflyingsquirrel-120] Clayton, E.; et al. (2016). "Petaurillus emiliae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T16714A22269375. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T16714A22269375.en.

[IUCNSelangorpygmyflyingsquirrel-121] Gerrie, R.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Petaurillus kinlochii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T16716A115137890. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T16716A22269559.en.

[AllMam390391-122] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 390–391

[IUCNBhutangiantflyingsquirrel-123] Molur, S. (2016). "Petaurista nobilis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T16722A22271710. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T16722A22271710.en.

[MamWorld1292-124] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Nowak, p. 1292

[IUCNChinesegiantflyingsquirrel-125] Smith, A. T.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Petaurista xanthotis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T16725A115138662. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T16725A22272458.en.

[IUCNHodgsonsgiantflyingsquirrel-126] Molur, S. (2016). "Petaurista magnificus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T16721A22271868. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T16721A22271868.en.

[IUCNIndiangiantflyingsquirrel-127] Walston, J.; et al. (2020) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Petaurista philippensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T16724A184098981. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T16724A184098981.en.

[IUCNJapanesegiantflyingsquirrel-128] Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Petaurista leucogenys". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T16720A115138197. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T16720A22272889.en.

[IUCNMechukagiantflyingsquirrel-129] Choudhury, A. U.; et al. (2024). "Petaurista mechukaensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024: e.T45959013A258448634. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T45959013A258448634.en.

[IUCNMishmigiantflyingsquirrel-130] Choudhury, A. U.; et al. (2024). "Petaurista mishmiensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024: e.T45959040A258448912. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T45959040A258448912.en.

[IUCNRedandwhitegiantflyingsquirrel-131] Smith, A. T.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Petaurista alborufus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T16718A115138006. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T16718A22272572.en.

[IUCNRedgiantflyingsquirrel-132] Duckworth, J. W. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Petaurista petaurista". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T16723A115138344. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T16723A22272173.en.

[IUCNSpottedgiantflyingsquirrel-133] Molur, S. (2016). "Petaurista elegans". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T16719A22272724. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T16719A22272724.en.

[IUCNBasilanflyingsquirrel-134] Ong, P.; et al. (2016). "Petinomys crinitus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T16733A22241533. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T16733A22241533.en.

[IUCNHagensflyingsquirrel-135] Gerrie, R.; et al. (2017). "Petinomys hageni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T16736A22241918. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T16736A22241918.en.

[IUCNMindanaoflyingsquirrel-136] Chiozza, F. (2016). "Petinomys mindanensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T136439A22241726. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T136439A22241726.en.

[IUCNSiberutflyingsquirrel-137] Clayton, E.; et al. (2016). "Petinomys lugens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T16737A22242011. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T16737A22242011.en.

[IUCNTemmincksflyingsquirrel-138] Clayton, E. (2016). "Petinomys setosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T16739A22241609. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T16739A22241609.en.

[IUCNTravancoreflyingsquirrel-139] Kennerley, R. (2016). "Petinomys fuscocapillus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T16734A22241374. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T16734A22241374.en.

[IUCNVordermannsflyingsquirrel-140] Clayton, E. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Petinomys vordermanni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T16740A115139026. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T16740A22241246.en.

[IUCNWhiskeredflyingsquirrel-141] Clayton, E. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Petinomys genibarbis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T16735A115138813. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T16735A22242104.en.

[IUCNJapanesedwarfflyingsquirrel-142] Cassola, F. (2016). "Pteromys momonga". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T18701A22270866. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T18701A22270866.en.

[IUCNSiberianflyingsquirrel-143] Shar, S.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Pteromys volans". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T18702A115144995. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T18702A22270935.en.

[IUCNSmokyflyingsquirrel-144] Clayton, E. (2016). "Pteromyscus pulverulentus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T18703A22245307. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T18703A22245307.en.

[IUCNTuftedgroundsquirrel-145] Meijaard, E. (2016). "Rheithrosciurus macrotis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T19474A22248783. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T19474A22248783.en.

[AllMam382383-146] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 382–383

[IUCNAbertssquirrel-147] Cassola, F. (2017). "Sciurus aberti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T42461A22245623. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T42461A22245623.en.

[MamWorld1266-148] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac Nowak, p. 1266

[IUCNAllenssquirrel-149] Grammont, P. C.; et al. (2016). "Sciurus alleni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T20004A22248517. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T20004A22248517.en.

[IUCNAndeansquirrel-150] Amori, G.; et al. (2019). "Sciurus pucheranii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T20018A22246662. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T20018A22246662.en.

[IUCNArizonagraysquirrel-151] Linzey, A. V.; et al. (2019). "Sciurus arizonensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T20005A22247935. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T20005A22247935.en.

[IUCNBoliviansquirrel-152] Koprowski, J.; et al. (2019). "Sciurus ignitus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T20012A22247828. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T20012A22247828.en.

[IUCNBraziliansquirrel-153] Amori, G. (2016). "Sciurus aestuans". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T20003A22248406. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T20003A22248406.en.

[IUCNCalabrianblacksquirrel-154] Amori, G. (2024). "Sciurus meridionalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024: e.T221730662A221730818. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T221730662A221730818.en.

[IUCNCaucasiansquirrel-155] Yigit, N.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Sciurus anomalus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T20000A115154256. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20000A22245460.en.

[IUCNColliessquirrel-156] Grammont, P. C.; et al. (2016). "Sciurus colliaei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T20007A22248115. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T20007A22248115.en.

[IUCNDeppessquirrel-157] Koprowski, J.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Sciurus deppei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T20001A115154440. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20001A22248303.en.

[IUCNEasterngraysquirrel-158] Cassola, F. (2018) "'Sciurus carolinensis. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T42462A12599743.

[IUCNFierysquirrel-159] Amori, G.; et al. (2019). "Sciurus flammifer". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T20008A22248223. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T20008A22248223.en.

[IUCNFoxsquirrel-160] Linzey, A. V.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Sciurus niger". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T20016A115155257. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20016A22247226.en.

[IUCNGuayaquilsquirrel-161] Duckworth, J. W.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Sciurus stramineus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T20023A115155756. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20023A22246548.en.

[IUCNJapanesesquirrel-162] Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Sciurus lis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T20014A115155004. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20014A22247065.en.

[IUCNJunínredsquirrel-163] Amori, G.; et al. (2019). "Sciurus pyrrhinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T20019A22246915. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T20019A22246915.en.

[IUCNMexicanfoxsquirrel-164] Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Sciurus nayaritensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T20015A115155124. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20015A22247142.en.

[IUCNMexicangraysquirrel-165] Koprowski, J.; et al. (2017). "Sciurus aureogaster". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T20006A22248035. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T20006A22248035.en.

[IUCNNorthernAmazonredsquirrel-166] Amori, G.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Sciurus igniventris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T20013A115154863. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20013A22246972.en.

[IUCNPetersssquirrel-167] Álvarez-Castañeda, S. T.; et al. (2016). "Sciurus oculatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T20017A22246721. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T20017A22246721.en.

[IUCNRedsquirrel-168] Gazzard, A. (2023). "Sciurus vulgaris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023: e.T221730864A221731049. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T221730864A221731049.en.

[IUCNRed-tailedsquirrel-169] Koprowski, J.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Sciurus granatensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T20010A115154583. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20010A22247615.en.

[IUCNRichmondssquirrel-170] Koprowski, J.; et al. (2018). "Sciurus richmondi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T20020A22246819. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T20020A22246819.en.

[IUCNSanbornssquirrel-171] Amori, G.; et al. (2019). "Sciurus sanborni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T20021A22246363. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T20021A22246363.en.

[IUCNSouthernAmazonredsquirrel-172] Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Sciurus spadiceus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T20022A115155594. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20022A22246240.en.

[IUCNVariegatedsquirrel-173] Reid, F. (2016). "Sciurus variegatoides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T20024A22246448. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T20024A22246448.en.

[IUCNWesterngraysquirrel-174] Lacher, T.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Sciurus griseus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T20011A115154716. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20011A22247710.en.

[IUCNYellow-throatedsquirrel-175] Amori, G.; et al. (2019). "Sciurus gilvigularis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T20009A22247528. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T20009A22247528.en.

[IUCNYucatansquirrel-176] Vázquez, E.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Sciurus yucatanensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T20026A115156290. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20026A22245813.en.

[IUCNBangssmountainsquirrel-177] Koprowski, J.; et al. (2019). "Syntheosciurus brochus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T21260A22259417. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T21260A22259417.en.

[IUCNAmericanredsquirrel-178] Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Tamiasciurus hudsonicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42587A115192299. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42587A22250817.en.

[MamWorld1272-179] Nowak, p. 1272

[IUCNDouglassquirrel-180] Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Tamiasciurus douglasii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42586A115192165. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42586A22250640.en.

[IUCNMearnsssquirrel-181] Grammont, P. C.; et al. (2018). "Tamiasciurus mearnsi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T21378A22250725. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T21378A22250725.en.

[IUCNComplex-toothedflyingsquirrel-182] Johnston, C.; et al. (2016). "Trogopterus xanthipes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22297A22271122. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T22297A22271122.en.

[AllMam398399-183] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 398–399

[IUCNHarrissantelopesquirrel-184] Timm, R.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Ammospermophilus harrisii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42399A115189204. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42399A22251385.en.

[MamWorld1253-185] Nowak, p. 1253

[IUCNSanJoaquinantelopesquirrel-186] Koprowski, J. (2017). "Ammospermophilus nelsoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T1149A22251492. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T1149A22251492.en.

[IUCNTexasantelopesquirrel-187] Timm, R.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Ammospermophilus interpres". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42451A115189324. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42451A22251620.en.

[IUCNWhite-tailedantelopesquirrel-188] Linzey, A. V.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Ammospermophilus leucurus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42452A115189458. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42452A22251719.en.

[IUCNBarbarygroundsquirrel-189] Aulagnier, S. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Atlantoxerus getulus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T2358A115518165. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T2358A22251981.en.

[MamWorld1261-190] Nowak, p. 1261

[AllMam394395-191] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 394–395

[IUCNCascadegolden-mantledgroundsquirrel-192] Cassola, F. (2016). "Callospermophilus saturatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42562A22262657. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T42562A22262657.en.

[MamWorld1256-193] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao Nowak, p. 1256

[IUCNGolden-mantledgroundsquirrel-194] Cassola, F. (2016). "Callospermophilus lateralis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42468A22265474. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42468A22265474.en.

[IUCNSierraMadregroundsquirrel-195] Álvarez-Castañeda, S. T.; et al. (2016). "Callospermophilus madrensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T20485A22263330. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20485A22263330.en.

[AllMam396397-196] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 396–397

[IUCNBlack-tailedprairiedog-197] Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Cynomys ludovicianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T6091A115080297. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T6091A22261137.en.

[MamWorld1258-198] Nowak, p. 1258

[IUCNGunnisonsprairiedog-199] Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Cynomys gunnisoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42453A115189620. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42453A22261232.en.

[IUCNMexicanprairiedog-200] Álvarez-Castañeda, S. T.; et al. (2019). "Cynomys mexicanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T6089A139607891. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T6089A139607891.en.

[IUCNUtahprairiedog-201] Roach, N. (2018). "Cynomys parvidens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T6090A22260975. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T6090A22260975.en.

[IUCNWhite-tailedprairiedog-202] Cassola, F. (2016). "Cynomys leucurus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42454A22261371. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T42454A22261371.en.

[IUCNEbianspalmsquirrel-203] Cassola, F. (2016). "Epixerus ebii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T7899A22245089. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T7899A22245089.en.

[MamWorld12761277-204] Nowak, pp. 1276–1277

[IUCNSiberianchipmunk-205] Tsytsulina, K.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Eutamias sibiricus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T21360A115161465. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T21360A22268598.en.

[MamWorld12481250-206] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y Nowak, pp. 1248–1250

[AllMam392393-207] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 392–393

[IUCNCarruthersmountainsquirrel-208] Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Funisciurus carruthersi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T8755A115088287. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T8755A22269967.en.

[MamWorld1279-209] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u Nowak, p. 1279

[IUCNCongoropesquirrel-210] Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Funisciurus congicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T8758A115088669. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T8758A22270249.en.

[IUCNDuChaillusropesquirrel-211] Gerrie, R.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Funisciurus duchaillui". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T136461A115207982. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T136461A22270411.en.

[IUCNFire-footedropesquirrel-212] Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Funisciurus pyrropus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T8762A115089084. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T8762A22270593.en.

[IUCNKintamporopesquirrel-213] Gerrie, R.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Funisciurus substriatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T8763A115089293. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T8763A22270490.en.

[IUCNLadyBurtonsropesquirrel-214] Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Funisciurus isabella". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T8759A115088799. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T8759A22270134.en.

[IUCNLundaropesquirrel-215] Gerrie, R.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Funisciurus bayonii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T8757A115088563. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T8757A22270331.en.

[IUCNRed-cheekedropesquirrel-216] Cassola, F. (2016). "Funisciurus leucogenys". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T8761A22270752. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T8761A22270752.en.

[IUCNRibbonedropesquirrel-217] Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Funisciurus lemniscatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T8760A115088948. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T8760A22270044.en.

[IUCNThomassropesquirrel-218] Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Funisciurus anerythrus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T8756A115088410. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T8756A22269868.en.

[IUCNGambiansunsquirrel-219] Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Heliosciurus gambianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T9830A115094544. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T9830A22260303.en.

[IUCNMutablesunsquirrel-220] Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Heliosciurus mutabilis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T9831A115094804. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T9831A22260214.en.

[IUCNRed-leggedsunsquirrel-221] Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Heliosciurus rufobrachium". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T9833A115095080. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T9833A22260685.en.

[IUCNRuwenzorisunsquirrel-222] Cassola, F. (2016). "Heliosciurus ruwenzorii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T9834A22260596. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T9834A22260596.en.

[IUCNSmallsunsquirrel-223] Gerrie, R.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Heliosciurus punctatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T9832A115094941. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T9832A22260126.en.

[IUCNZanjsunsquirrel-224] Gerrie, R.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Heliosciurus undulatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T9835A115095319. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T9835A22260513.en.

[IUCNMexicangroundsquirrel-225] Linzey, A. V.; et al. (2016). "Ictidomys mexicanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T20487A22262744. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20487A22262744.en.

[IUCNThirteen-linedgroundsquirrel-226] Cassola, F. (2016). "Ictidomys tridecemlineatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42564A22263122. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42564A22263122.en.

[IUCNAlaskamarmot-227] Cassola, F. (2016). "Marmota broweri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42455A22258026. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T42455A22258026.en.

[MamWorld1252-228] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Nowak, p. 1252

[IUCNAlpinemarmot-229] Gazzard, A.; et al. (2024). "Marmota marmota". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024: e.T12835A227283057. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T12835A227283057.en.

[IUCNBlack-cappedmarmot-230] Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Marmota camtschatica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T12831A115106935. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T12831A22258500.en.

[IUCNBobakmarmot-231] Tsytsulina, K.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Marmota bobak". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T12830A115106780. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T12830A22258375.en.

[IUCNGraymarmot-232] Batbold, J.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Marmota baibacina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T12829A115106596. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T12829A22258206.en.

[IUCNGroundhog-233] Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Marmota monax". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42458A115189992. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42458A22257685.en.

[IUCNHimalayanmarmot-234] Shrestha, T. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Marmota himalayana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T12826A115106426. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T12826A22258911.en.

[IUCNHoarymarmot-235] Cassola, F. (2018). "Marmota caligata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T42456A122560084. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T42456A122560084.en.

[IUCNLong-tailedmarmot-236] Cassola, F. (2017). "Marmota caudata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T12825A111931601. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T12825A111931601.en.

[IUCNMenzbiersmarmot-237] Sultangaziev, О.E.; et al. (2023). "Marmota menzbieri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023: e.T12827A229617076. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T12827A229617076.en.

[IUCNOlympicmarmot-238] Cassola, F. (2016). "Marmota olympus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42459A22257452. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T42459A22257452.en.

[IUCNTarbaganmarmot-239] Clayton, E. (2016). "Marmota sibirica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T12832A22258643. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T12832A22258643.en.

[IUCNVancouverIslandmarmot-240] Roach, N. (2017). "Marmota vancouverensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T12828A22259184. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T12828A22259184.en.

[IUCNYellow-belliedmarmot-241] Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Marmota flaviventris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42457A115189809. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42457A22257543.en.

[IUCNAfricanpygmysquirrel-242] Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Myosciurus pumilio". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T14105A115119983. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T14105A22259328.en.

[AllMam400401-243] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v Chernasky; Motis; Burgin, pp. 400–401

[IUCNAllenschipmunk-244] Cassola, F. (2016). "Neotamias senex". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42579A22268269. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T42579A22268269.en.

[IUCNAlpinechipmunk-245] Cassola, F. (2016). "Neotamias alpinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42568A22266784. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T42568A22266784.en.

[IUCNBullerschipmunk-246] Álvarez-Castañeda, S. T.; et al. (2016). "Neotamias bulleri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T21356A103309807. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T21356A103309807.en.

[IUCNCaliforniachipmunk-247] Álvarez-Castañeda, S. T.; et al. (2016). "Neotamias obscurus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T21359A22268421. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T21359A22268421.en.

[IUCNCliffchipmunk-248] Lacher, T.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Neotamias dorsalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42571A115190634. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42571A22267136.en.

[IUCNColoradochipmunk-249] Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Neotamias quadrivittatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42576A115191051. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42576A22267688.en.

[IUCNDurangochipmunk-250] Álvarez-Castañeda, S. T.; et al. (2016). "Neotamias durangae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T21357A22268753. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T21357A22268753.en.

[IUCNGray-collaredchipmunk-251] Cassola, F. (2016). "Neotamias cinereicollis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42570A22267056. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T42570A22267056.en.

[IUCNGray-footedchipmunk-252] Cassola, F. (2016). "Neotamias canipes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T21364A22266973. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T21364A22266973.en.

[IUCNHopichipmunk-253] Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Neotamias rufus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42578A115191185. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42578A22267793.en.

[IUCNLeastchipmunk-254] Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Neotamias minimus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42572A115190804. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42572A22267269.en.

[IUCNLodgepolechipmunk-255] Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Neotamias speciosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42582A115191427. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42582A22268352.en.

[IUCNLong-earedchipmunk-256] Cassola, F. (2016). "Neotamias quadrimaculatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42575A22267619. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T42575A22267619.en.

[IUCNMerriamschipmunk-257] Álvarez-Castañeda, S. T.; et al. (2016). "Neotamias merriami". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T21358A22269203. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T21358A22269203.en.

[IUCNPalmerschipmunk-258] Lowrey, C. (2016). "Neotamias palmeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T21355A22267875. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T21355A22267875.en.

[IUCNPanamintchipmunk-259] Cassola, F. (2016). "Neotamias panamintinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42574A22267550. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T42574A22267550.en.

[IUCNRed-tailedchipmunk-260] Cassola, F. (2016). "Neotamias ruficaudus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42577A22268024. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T42577A22268024.en.

[IUCNSiskiyouchipmunk-261] Cassola, F. (2016). "Neotamias siskiyou". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42580A22268201. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T42580A22268201.en.

[IUCNSonomachipmunk-262] Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Neotamias sonomae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42581A115191316. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42581A22268516.en.

[IUCNTownsendschipmunk-263] Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Neotamias townsendii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42584A115191888. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42584A22268822.en.

[IUCNUintachipmunk-264] Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Neotamias umbrinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42585A115192014. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42585A22269271.en.

[IUCNYellow-cheekedchipmunk-265] Cassola, F. (2016). "Neotamias ochrogenys". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42573A22267475. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T42573A22267475.en.

[IUCNYellow-pinechipmunk-266] Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Neotamias amoenus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42569A115190467. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42569A22266847.en.

[IUCNRing-tailedgroundsquirrel-267] Álvarez-Castañeda, S. T.; et al. (2016). "Notocitellus annulatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T20479A22265951. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20479A22265951.en.

[IUCNTropicalgroundsquirrel-268] Grammont, P. C.; et al. (2016). "Notocitellus adocetus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T20477A22265744. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T20477A22265744.en.

[IUCNCaliforniagroundsquirrel-269] Timm, R.; et al. (2016). "Otospermophilus beecheyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T20481A22263743. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20481A22263743.en.

[IUCNRocksquirrel-270] Lacher, T.; et al. (2016). "Otospermophilus variegatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T20495A22263993. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20495A22263993.en.

[IUCNAlexandersbushsquirrel-271] Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Paraxerus alexandri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T16203A115131561. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T16203A22242688.en.

[IUCNBlackandredbushsquirrel-272] Gerrie, R.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Paraxerus lucifer". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T16208A115132120. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T16208A22242852.en.

[IUCNBoehmsbushsquirrel-273] Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Paraxerus boehmi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T16204A115131686. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T16204A22242582.en.

[IUCNCoopersmountainsquirrel-274] Gerrie, R.; et al. (2017). "Paraxerus cooperi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T16206A22243007. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T16206A22243007.en.

[IUCNGreenbushsquirrel-275] Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Paraxerus poensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T16211A115132527. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T16211A22243185.en.

[IUCNOchrebushsquirrel-276] Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Paraxerus ochraceus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T16209A115132234. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T16209A22243451.en.

[IUCNRedbushsquirrel-277] Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Paraxerus palliatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T16210A115132374. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T16210A22243543.en.

[IUCNSmithsbushsquirrel-278] Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Paraxerus cepapi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T16205A115131842. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T16205A22243078.en.

[IUCNStripedbushsquirrel-279] Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Paraxerus flavovittis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T16207A115131995. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T16207A22242928.en.

[IUCNSwynnertonsbushsquirrel-280] Dando, T.; et al. (2019). "Paraxerus vexillarius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T16202A22242766. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T16202A22242766.en.

[IUCNVincentsbushsquirrel-281] Kennerley, R.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Paraxerus vincenti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T16212A115132722. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T16212A22243323.en.

[IUCNFranklinsgroundsquirrel-282] Cassola, F. (2016). "Poliocitellus franklinii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41787A22265037. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41787A22265037.en.

[IUCNForestgiantsquirrel-283] Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Protoxerus stangeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T18386A115143054. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T18386A22252711.en.

[IUCNSlender-tailedsquirrel-284] Decher, J.; et al. (2020) [amended version of 2019 assessment]. "Protoxerus aubinnii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T18385A166611974. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T18385A166611974.en.

[IUCNForrestsrocksquirrel-285] Smith, A. T. (2016). "Sciurotamias forresti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T19999A22251146. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T19999A22251146.en.

[IUCNPèreDavidsrocksquirrel-286] Smith, A. T.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Sciurotamias davidianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T19998A115154075. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T19998A22251238.en.

[IUCNLong-clawedgroundsquirrel-287] Molur, S. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Spermophilopsis leptodactylus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T20471A115158585. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20471A22249018.en.

[MamWorld1264-288] Nowak, p. 1264

[IUCNAlashangroundsquirrel-289] Shar, S.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Spermophilus alashanicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T20478A115158734. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20478A22265832.en.

[IUCNAsiaMinorgroundsquirrel-290] Yigit, N.; et al. (2020). "Spermophilus xanthoprymnus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T20496A22263838. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T20496A22263838.en.

[IUCNSpermophilusbrevicauda-291] Smith, A. T.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Spermophilus brevicauda". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T136490A115208902. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T136490A22264670.en.

[IUCNCaucasianMountaingroundsquirrel-292] Kotenev, E.; et al. (2024). "Spermophilus musicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024: e.T42470A22265269. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-1.RLTS.T42470A22265269.en.

[IUCNDauriangroundsquirrel-293] Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Spermophilus dauricus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T20482A115158889. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20482A22263657.en.

[IUCNEuropeangroundsquirrel-294] Ćosić, N.; et al. (2024). "Spermophilus citellus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024: e.T20472A221789466. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T20472A221789466.en.

[IUCNLittlegroundsquirrel-295] Cassola, F. (2017). "Spermophilus pygmaeus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T20490A22264478. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T20490A22264478.en.

[IUCNPallidgroundsquirrel-296] Smith, A. T.; et al. (2017). "Spermophilus pallidicauda". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T136231A22263915. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T136231A22263915.en.

[IUCNRed-cheekedgroundsquirrel-297] Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Spermophilus erythrogenys". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T20483A115159023. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20483A22263531.en.

[IUCNRelictgroundsquirrel-298] Cassola, F. (2016). "Spermophilus relictus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T20491A22264410. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T20491A22264410.en.

[IUCNRussetgroundsquirrel-299] Titov, S.; et al. (2024). "Spermophilus major". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024: e.T20486A261998204. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T20486A261998204.en.

[IUCNSpeckledgroundsquirrel-300] Rusin, M. (2024). "Spermophilus suslicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024: e.T20492A221789753. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T20492A221789753.en.

[IUCNTaurusgroundsquirrel-301] Yigit, N. (2017). "Spermophilus taurensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T136590A22266677. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T136590A22266677.en.

[IUCNTianShangroundsquirrel-302] Smith, A. T.; et al. (2016) "Spermophilus ralli". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T136455A22266455. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T136455A22266455.en.

[IUCNYellowgroundsquirrel-303] Cassola, F. (2017). "Spermophilus fulvus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T20484A22263403. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T20484A22263403.en.

[IUCNEasternchipmunk-304] Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Tamias striatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42583A115191543. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42583A22268905.en.

[IUCNArcticgroundsquirrel-305] Cassola, F. (2016). "Urocitellus parryii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T20488A22262403. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20488A22262403.en.

[IUCNBeldingsgroundsquirrel-306] Cassola, F. (2016). "Urocitellus beldingi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42464A22264836. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42464A22264836.en.

[IUCNColumbiangroundsquirrel-307] Cassola, F. (2016). "Urocitellus columbianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42466A22265632. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42466A22265632.en.

[IUCNLong-tailedgroundsquirrel-308] Cassola, F. (2016). "Urocitellus undulatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T20494A22264197. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20494A22264197.en.

[IUCNMerriamsgroundsquirrel-309] Yensen, E.; et al. (2017). "Urocitellus canus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T42465A22265551. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T42465A22265551.en.

[IUCNNorthernIdahogroundsquirrel-310] Yensen, E. (2019). "Urocitellus brunneus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T20497A111881863. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T20497A111881863.en.

[IUCNPiutegroundsquirrel-311] Yensen, E. (2019). "Urocitellus mollis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T116989381A116989399. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T116989381A116989399.en.

[IUCNRichardsonsgroundsquirrel-312] Cassola, F. (2016). "Urocitellus richardsonii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42561A22262546. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42561A22262546.en.

[IUCNTownsendsgroundsquirrel-313] Nature, Serve (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Urocitellus townsendii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T20476A112212554. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20476A22266682.en.

[IUCNUintagroundsquirrel-314] Cassola, F. (2016). "Urocitellus armatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42463A22264746. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T42463A22264746.en.

[IUCNWashingtongroundsquirrel-315] Nature, Serve (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Urocitellus washingtoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T20475A112211642. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20475A22266550.en.

[IUCNWyominggroundsquirrel-316] Yensen, E.; et al. (2017). "Urocitellus elegans". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T42467A22265347. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T42467A22265347.en.

[IUCNMohavegroundsquirrel-317] Roach, N.; et al. (2016). "Xerospermophilus mohavensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T20474A22266305. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20474A22266305.en.

[IUCNPerotegroundsquirrel-318] Álvarez-Castañeda, S. T.; et al. (2016). "Xerospermophilus perotensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T20489A22264586. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20489A22264586.en.

[IUCNRound-tailedgroundsquirrel-319] Lacher, T.; et al. (2016). "Xerospermophilus tereticaudus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T20493A22264318. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20493A22264318.en.

[IUCNSpottedgroundsquirrel-320] Lacher, T.; et al. (2016). "Xerospermophilus spilosoma". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42563A22262899. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42563A22262899.en.

[IUCNXeruserythropus-321] Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Xerus erythropus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T23144A115167168. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T23144A22253140.en.

[MamWorld1262-322] Nowak, p. 1262

[IUCNXerusinauris-323] Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Xerus inauris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T23145A115167437. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T23145A22252885.en.

[IUCNMountaingroundsquirrel-324] Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Xerus princeps". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T23146A115167567. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T23146A22252968.en.

[IUCNUnstripedgroundsquirrel-325] Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Xerus rutilus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T23147A115167688. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T23147A22253040.en.

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