Iranian diaspora

The Iranian diaspora (collectively known as Iranian expats or expatriates) is the global population of Iranian citizens or people of Iranian descent living outside Iran.^[3]

In 2021, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Iran published statistics which showed that 4,037,258 Iranians are living abroad, an increase from previous years. However, this number includes people of Iranian ancestry living in the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Israel, Turkey and Bahrain whose families left Iran many years, if not many decades, prior to the 1979 revolution. This number also includes people with only partial Iranian ancestry.^[1][2] Over one million of these people and their extended families live in the United States, with anywhere between 100,000 and 500,000 living in countries such as Australia, Canada, Germany, Israel, Sweden, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. Additional communities exist in numerous other countries, including many European nations, China, India, and the United Arab Emirates, along with several other Middle Eastern and Levantine nations.^[4][5] Many of these individuals relocated to other countries following the Iranian Revolution.^[6][7]

Iran has experienced waves of emigration since 1979. The creation of a ministry of immigration has been proposed, after reports indicated critical statistics, largely due to political instability.^[8][9][10]

Nearly 60 percent of Iranians abroad have earned at least an undergraduate degree. They have some of the highest rates of self-employment among immigrant groups. Many have founded their own companies, including Isaac Larian, the founder of MGA Entertainment, and Pierre Omidyar, who founded eBay in 1995 in San Jose, California. Iranian households in the United States earned on average $87,288 annually as of 2018, and are ranked ninth by income.^[24]

According to the Iranian government, 55,686 Iranian students were studying abroad in 2013:^[25] 8,883 studied in Malaysia, 7,341 in the United States, 5,638 in Canada, 3,504 in Germany, 3,364 in Turkey, 3,228 in Britain, and the rest in other countries.^[26][27] The Iranian Ministry of Education estimated that between 350,000 and 500,000 Iranians were studying outside Iran as of 2014.^[28]

• Armenia Hrant Markarian, Chairman of Armenian Revolutionary Federation
• Australia Sam Dastyari, Senator
• United Kingdom Seema Kennedy, Member of the House of Commons
• United Kingdom Haleh Afshar, Member of the House of Lords
• United Kingdom David Alliance, Member of the House of Lords
• Canada Quebec Amir Khadir, Member of the National Assembly of Quebec
• Canada Ontario Reza Moridi, Member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario
• Canada Majid Jowhari, Member of the Parliament of Canada
• Canada Ali Ehsassi, Member of the Parliament of Canada
• France Pouria Amirshahi, Former Member of the French National Assembly
• France Mahmoud Khayami, founder of Iran Khodro
• France Pierre Omidyar, investigative journalist for Honolulu Civil Beat and First Look Media, also founder of eBay
• France Patrick Ali Pahlavi, member of the Pahlavi dynasty
• Germany Yasmin Fahimi, general secretary of the Social Democratic Party
• Germany Sahra Wagenknecht, Member of the Bundestag and deputy chairperson of the Left Party
• Germany Omid Nouripour, Member of the Bundestag, (Alliance '90/The Greens)
• Israel Moshe Katsav, President of Israel
• Israel Dan Halutz, Chief of General Staff
• Israel Shaul Mofaz, Minister of Defense
• New Zealand Golriz Ghahraman, Member of New Zealand Parliament from the 52nd New Zealand Parliament part of the Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand
• NED Farah Karimi, Member of the House of Representatives
• Norway Mazyar Keshvari, Member of the Storting
• Sweden Ardalan Shekarabi, Minister for Public Administration
• Sweden Maryam Yazdanfar, Member of the Riksdag
• Sweden Reza Khelili Dylami, Member of the Riksdag
• Sweden Alireza Akhondi, Member of the Riksdag
• United States Goli Ameri, Assistant Secretary of State for Educational and Cultural Affairs
• United States Cyrus Amir-Mokri, Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Financial Institutions
• United States Washington Cyrus Habib, Member of the Washington House of Representatives
• United States Azita Raji, United States Ambassador to Sweden
• United States Bob Yousefian, Mayor of Glendale
• United States Jimmy Delshad, Mayor of Beverly Hills, California
• Kuwait Ahmed Lari, Member of National Assembly of Kuwait
• Kuwait Hassan Jawhar, Member of National Assembly of Kuwait
• Kuwait Jenan Boushehri, Member of National Assembly of Kuwait

In 2000, the Iran Press Service reported that Iranian expatriates had invested between $200 and $400 billion in the United States, Europe, and China, but almost nothing in Iran.^[5] In Dubai, Iranian expatriates have invested an estimated $200 billion (2006).^[29] Migrant Iranian workers abroad remitted less than two billion dollars home in 2006.^[30]

The fund's stated goal is to attract investment from Iranian expatriates and to use their experience in stimulating foreign investments.^[44]

Members of the Iranian diaspora are considered to be mostly secular. The majority of them do not take fundamental Islamic rituals, such as daily prayers or fasting, and have largely embraced Western secularism.^[45] According to a 2008 survey by the Public Affairs Alliance of Iranian Americans (PAAIA), 42% of Iranian Americans identified as Muslim, 9% as Christian, 6% as Jewish, 5% as Zoroastrian, 7% as Baháʼí, and 31% as other or non-religious.^[46][47][48] A 2012 national telephone survey of a sample of 400 Iranian-Americans, commissioned by the PAAIA and conducted by Zogby Research Services, asked the respondents what their religions were. The responses broke down as follows: Muslim 31%, atheist/realist/humanist 11%, agnostic 8%, Baháʼí 7%, Jewish 5%, Protestant 5%, Roman Catholic 2%, Zoroastrian 2%, "Other" 15%, and "No response" 15%.^[49] The survey had a cooperation rate of 31.2%.^[49] The margin of error for the results was +/- 5 percentage points, with higher margins of error for sub-groups.^[49] Notably, the number of Muslims decreased from 42% in 2008 to 31% in 2012.^[49][50]

In the period between 1961 and 2005, the United States became the main destination of Iranian emigrants. An estimated 378,995 Iranians immigrated to the United States in that period, with California being the most common destination (158,613 Iran-born in 2000),^[51] New York (17,323),^[51] Texas (15,581),^[51] Virginia (10,889),^[51] and Maryland (9,733).^[51] The Los Angeles Metropolitan Area was estimated to be home to approximately 114,712 Iranian immigrants,^[51] earning the Westwood area of Los Angeles the nickname Tehrangeles.

The U.S. Census Bureau's decennial census form does not offer a designation for individuals of Iranian descent, and therefore it is estimated that only a fraction of the total number of Iranians are writing in their ancestry. The 2000 census estimated that the Iranian American community (including the US-born children of the Iranian foreign-born) numbers around 330,000. Studies using alternative statistical methods have estimated the actual number of Iranian Americans in the range of 691,000 to 1.2 million.^[5][52]

• Demographics of Iran
• Foreign relations of Iran
• Industrial Development and Renovation Organization of Iran
• Human capital flight from Iran
• Iranian nationality law
• Tourism in Iran
• Visa requirements for Iranian citizens

• Sakurai, Keiko (July 2003), Nihon no Musurimu shakai 日本のムスリム社会 [Japan's Muslim Societies], Chikuma Shobō, ISBN 4-480-06120-7

• History of Iranian diaspora - Encyclopædia Iranica
• Country Profile - Iran Migration Policy Institute (including modern history of Iranian migration)
• Iranian Diaspora in pre-Islamic times
• High Council of Iranians Abroad- "Strengthening the national identity of Iranians outside Iran and to defend their rights, helping the propagation of Persian calligraphy and language, and easing the participation in national security."
• Iranians Abroad - resources and links parstimes.com
• Iranian Alliances Across Borders (IAAB) (non-profit, non-partisan, and non-religious)
• Iranian diaspora - press article (2009)
• Seminar for Iranians Abroad Held in Tehran in August 2010