Echinacea (animal)

The Echinacea are a superorder of sea urchins. They are distinguished by the presence of a rigid test, with ten buccal plates around the mouth, and solid spines. Unlike some other sea urchins, they also possess gills. The group is a large one, with species found worldwide.

According to World Register of Marine Species:^[1]

• Order Arbacioida (Gregory, 1900) -- 1 extant family and 2 fossils
• Order Camarodonta (Jackson, 1912)
  • Infraorder Echinidea (Kroh & Smith, 2010) -- 5 extant families
  • Infraorder Temnopleuridea (Kroh & Smith, 2010) -- 2 extant families and 2 fossils
• Order Stomopneustoida (Kroh & Smith, 2010) -- 2 extant families and 1 fossil
• Family Glyphopneustidae Smith & Wright, 1993 †

• Arbacia lixula,
  an Arbacioida
• Paracentrotus lividus,
  an Echinidea
• Temnopleurus toreumaticus,
  a Temnopleuridea
• Stomopneustes variolaris,
  a Stomopneustoida

• Barnes, Robert D. (1982). Invertebrate Zoology. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. p. 980. ISBN 0-03-056747-5.
• Kroh, A.; Smith, A.B. (2010). "The phylogeny and classification of post-Palaeozoic echinoids". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 8 (2): 147–212. doi:10.1080/14772011003603556.