Zalman of St. Goar

Zalman of St. Goar (Eleazar ben Jacob) was a 15th-century Ashkenazi Jewish rabbi and historical chronicler from Sankt Goar in the Rhineland of Germany. A student and secretary of Yaqob ben Moses ha-Levi Molin, also known as Maharil, he was the author of the chronicle Gilgul bne Hushim (Course of the Events of the Sons of the Rushing), a Jewish perspective on the Hussite movement in Bohemia in the early 15th century, and Minhagei Maharil on the teachings of his mentor, which was published some time after his teacher's death.[1][2][3][4][5][6] He wrote that he was a descendant of Asher ha-Levi and Isaac ben Eliezer Halevi.[7] He was descended from a line of liturgical poets.[8] He was the synagogue beadle in Mainz.[9]

His Gilgul reflects the Jewish collective memory of the Crusades, and focuses on the events of 1421 when threats to Jewish life took place amidst the battle of Žatec during the Hussite Wars.[1] Zalman wrote that the Hussites attacked and burned churches, killing and torturing the clergy.[10] Zalman started writing before 1427 and finished in 1454. The chronicle portrays Avigdor Kara preceding Jan Hus at the court of king Wenzel and includes popular lore and stories about Hus. It also covers events such as the burning of Hus in 1415, military advances in 1430 and the council at Basel in 1434. [11]

The Sefer Maharil was the primary source consulted by Moses Isserles on the customs of Ashkenaz for his glosses on Shulchan Aruch.[12] It covers ritual and holiday practices in an annual cycle format.[13] It was printed in Sabbionetta in 1556, with many repeat printings due to its popularity, and a modern critical edition by Shlomo Spitzer in 1989.[12][14][15]

References

  1. ^ a b Haverkamp, Eva (2018), Chazan, Robert (ed.), "Historiography", The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 6: The Middle Ages: The Christian World, The Cambridge History of Judaism, vol. 6, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 836–859, ISBN 978-0-521-51724-9, retrieved 2025-05-05
  2. ^ Fishman, Talya (2012-01-31). Becoming the People of the Talmud: Oral Torah as Written Tradition in Medieval Jewish Cultures (in Italian). University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-0498-8.
  3. ^ "סיכומים באנגלית / Summaries". Zion / ציון. נד (ג): IX–XI. 1989. ISSN 0044-4758. JSTOR 23561106.
  4. ^ Yuval, Israel Jacob (1989). "Jews, Hussites and Germans According to the Chronicle 'Gilgul Bnei Hushim'". Zion (in Hebrew). 54 (3): 275–319.
  5. ^ Chazan, Robert, ed. (2018), "Spiritual and Intellectual History", The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 6: The Middle Ages: The Christian World, The Cambridge History of Judaism, vol. 6, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 463–881, ISBN 978-0-521-51724-9, retrieved 2025-05-05
  6. ^ Heller, Marvin J. (2022-12-05). The Sixteenth Century Hebrew Book: Volume One. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-53166-6.
  7. ^ Raspe, Lucia (2005). "Asher Halevi and the Founding of Jewish Worms: Genealogy, Liturgy, and Historiography in Medieval Ashkenaz". Iggud: Selected Essays in Jewish Studies. יד: 41*–55*. ISSN 2310-7685. JSTOR 23538314.
  8. ^ Yeshaya, Joachim; Hollender, Elisabeth; Katsumata, Naoya (2019-07-08). The Poet and the World: Festschrift for Wout van Bekkum on the Occasion of His Sixty-fifth Birthday. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-059442-3.
  9. ^ Feuchtwanger-Sarig, Naomi (2021-12-06). Thy Father's Instruction: Reading the Nuremberg Miscellany as Jewish Cultural History. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-041428-8.
  10. ^ Myers, Susan E.; MacMichael, Steven J. (2004). The friars and Jews in the Middle Ages and Renaissance. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-11398-5.
  11. ^ Haverkamp, Eva, "Salman of St. Goar", Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle Online, Brill, doi:10.1163/2213-2139_emc_SIM_000115, retrieved 2025-05-05
  12. ^ a b Berger, Kenneth E. (2019-03-15). Tradition, Interpretation, and Change: Developments in the Liturgy of Medieval and Early Modern Ashkenaz. Hebrew Union College Press. ISBN 978-0-87820-171-6.
  13. ^ Mincer, Rachel Zohn (2017). "The Increasing Reliance on Ritual Handbooks in Pre–Print Era Ashkenaz". Jewish History. 31 (1/2): 103–128. doi:10.1007/s10835-017-9282-0. ISSN 0334-701X. JSTOR 48698361.
  14. ^ Allen, Wayne (2019-05-10). The Cantor: From the Mishnah to Modernity. Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 978-1-5326-5830-3.
  15. ^ S. J. Spitzer, ed., The Book of Maharil: Customs by Rabbi Yaacov Mulin [Hebrew] (Jerusalem, 1989)
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