Voiced labiodental affricate
| Voiced labiodental affricate | |
|---|---|
| b̪v | |
| Audio sample | |
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The voiced labiodental affricate ([b̪͡v] in IPA) is a rare affricate consonant that is initiated as a voiced labiodental stop [b̪] and released as a voiced labiodental fricative [v].
Features
Features of the voiced labiodental affricate:
- Its manner of articulation is affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- There are two variants of the stop component:
- bilabial, which means it is articulated with both lips. The affricate with this stop component is called bilabial-labiodental.
- labiodental, which means it is articulated with the lower lip and the upper teeth.
- The fricative component of this affricate is labiodental, articulated with the lower lip and the upper teeth.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese | Teochew | 未來 bhuê7 lai5 | [b̪͡vue꜔꜔ lai˥˥] | 'future' | Allophone of /b/ before /u/ in Chaoyang dialect[1] |
| Some Central Plains Mandarin dialects | 脊椎 jǐ zhuī | [tɕi⁵⁵b̪͡ve²⁴] | 'backbone' | The labialized retroflex fricatives and affricates [ʂʷ][tʂʷ][tʂʰʷ](sometimes including [ʐʷ~ɻʷ]) in Old Mandarin (respectively represented by sh, zh, ch in modern Standard Mandarin) become the labiodental [f][p̪͡f][p̪͡fʰ] (sometimes including [v]).[2] The unaspirated [p̪͡f] occasionally becomes voiced under intervocalic situations. | |
| English | Some speakers | invent | [ɪɱˈb̪͡vent] | 'invent' | Allophone of /v/ after nasal consonants for some speakers. Usually occurs in fast and/or casual speech. |
| obvious | [ˈɑˌb̪͡viˌəs] | 'obvious' | Occasional pronunciation of a /bv/ or /pv/ consonant cluster. | ||
| Italian | Some central-south dialects[3] | in vetta | [iɱˈb̪͡vet̪t̪ä] | 'at the top' | Labiodental; allophone of /v/ after nasals.[3] See Italian phonology |
| Luxembourgish[4] | Kampf am Ënnergrond | [ˈkʰɑmb͡v ɑm ˈənɐɡʀont] |
'underground battle' | Allophone of a word-final /pf/ before a word-initial vowel. Occurs only in German loanwords.[4] See Luxembourgish phonology | |
| Ngiti[5] | abvɔ | [āb̪͡vɔ̄] | 'thorny vine' | Less commonly [b͡β][6] | |
| Sopvoma (Mao)[7] | bvóthà | [b̪͡vótʰà] | 'kill by goring' | Distinct from the voiced labiodental fricative [v]. | |
| Tsonga | XiNkuna dialect | shilebvu | [ʃileb̪͡vu] | 'chin' | |
Notes
- ^ Zhang (2016), pp. 233.
- ^ Zhao, Yuanren; Kang, Woon-Hwa; Shim, So-Hee (2023-07-31). "Study on Roman Characters in Mandarin by Zhao Yuanren (1)". The Journal of Chinese Language, Literature and Translation. 53: 129–166. doi:10.35822/jcllt.2023.7.53.129. ISSN 1226-8100.
- ^ a b Canepari (1992), p. 71.
- ^ a b Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 72–73.
- ^ Kutsch Lojenga (1994), p. 31.
- ^ Kutsch Lojenga (1994), p. 45.
- ^ Giridhar, P P. "Mao Naga Grammar." 1994, p. 26. https://archive.org/details/dli.language.2262/page/n9/mode/2up
References
- Zhang, Guangyu (2016). 閩客方言史稿 [History of Min & Hakka Dialects] (增訂本 ed.). Wu-Nan Book Inc. ISBN 9789571187419.
- Canepari, Luciano (1992), Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana [Handbook of Italian Pronunciation] (in Italian), Bologna: Zanichelli, ISBN 88-08-24624-8
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
- Kutsch Lojenga, Constance (1994), Ngiti: a Central-Sudanic language of Zaire, Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, ISBN 978-3-927620-71-1