Ustʹ Pinega Formation

Ustʹ Pinega Formation
Stratigraphic range: Ediacaran
TypeGeological Formation
Sub-unitsZimnie Gory Formation (Zimnie Gory and Vaizitsa beds)

Verkhovka Formation (Vaizitsa, Syuzma and Verkhovka beds)

Lyamtsa Formation (Arkhangelsk and Lyamtsa beds)[2]
UnderliesLyubim Formation
OverliesPletenev Formation
Thickness487.3 m (1,598 ft)[1]
Lithology
PrimaryArgillite
OtherSandstone, Siltstone, Clay
Location
RegionArkhangelsk Oblast
CountryRussia
Extent300+ km [1]

64°9′0.000″N 41°55′59.988″E / 64.15000000°N 41.93333000°E / 64.15000000; 41.93333000 The Ustʹ Pinega Formation is an Upper Ediacaran geological formation exposed along the banks of the Syuzma and Onega Rivers in Arkhangelsk Oblast, northwestern Russia,[3] and spans from around 580 Ma to 550 Ma, with fossilferous stones restricted to between 565 and 555 Ma.

It also preserves a wealth of rare Ediacaran fossils, like Zolotytsia, Ventogyrus and Bomakellia.

Dating

The Ustʹ Pinega Formation is relatively large, and using zircon U-Pb dating, a date of 550±2 Ma had been recovered for the top of the formtion,[4] whilst the known base of the formation is restricted to 580±0 Ma.[4][1]

As for the lower and upper dates of the fossiliferous units within the formtaion, using the Rb–Sr dating method, the lowest fossiliferous unit of the Ustʹ Pinega Formation has been dated to 565±9 Ma,[1] whilst the upper-most fossiliferous unit was dated using zircon U-Pb dating, which had recovered a date of 555±3 Ma.[5]

Paleobiota

The Ustʹ Pinega Formation is home to many rare and common Ediacaran fauna, from the well known motile forms such as Dickinsonia and Kimberella,[6] to the rarer, more elusive forms like Ventogyrus and Zolotytsia. All forms within this formation are preserved in layers of ash beds, which are not only good at preserving the fine exterior details of organisms, but also their internals, like Burykhia.[7]

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Proarticulata

Genus Species Notes Images
Andiva[8]
  • A. ivantsovi
 Elongated oval motile organism.
Archaeaspinus[9]
  • A. fedonkini
 Oval motile organism.
Armillifera[3]
  • A. parva
 Elongated oval motile organism.
Cephalonega[3]
  • C. stepanovi
 Oval motile organism.
Cyanorus[9]
  • C. singularis
 Elongated motile organism.
Dickinsonia[3][5]
  • Dickinsonia sp.
 Oval to elongated motile organism.
Ivovicia[10]
  • I. rugulosa
 Elongated oval motile organism.
Karakhtia[11]
  • K. nessovi
 Oval motile organism.
Keretsa[12]
  • K. brutoni
 Elongated motile organism.
Lossinia[10]
  • L. lissetskii
 Elongated motile organism.
Ovatoscutum[3][5]
  • O. concentricum
 Rounded motile organism.
Palaeoplatoda[3][13]
  • P. segmentata
 Elongated motile organism.
Paravendia[9]
  • P. janae
 Elongated motile organism.
Vendia[3][5]
  • V. sokolovi
  • V. rachiata
 Elongated motile organism.
Yorgia[5]
  • Y. waggoneri
 Oval motile organism.

Petalonamae

Genus Species Notes Images
Bomakellia[14]
  • B. kelleri
 Sessile frondose organism.
Charnia[3][5]
  • Charnia sp.
 Sessile frondose organism.
Charniodiscus[3]
  • Charniodiscus sp.
 Sessile frondose organism.
Pteridinium[3]
  • Pteridinium sp.
 Sessile frondose organism.

Trilobozoan

Genus Species Notes Images
Albumares[3]
  • A. brunsae
 Tri-radial organism.
Anfesta[3][5]
  • A. stankovskii
 Tri-radial organism.
Tribrachidium[3][5]
  • T. heraldicum
 Tri-radial organism.

Cnidarian

Genus Species Notes Images
Bonata[3]
  • B. septata
 Discoid organism.
Brachina[3]
  • Brachina sp.
 Discoid organism.
Ediacaria[3][5]
  • Ediacaria sp.
 Discoid organism.
Eoporpita[3][5]
  • E. medusa.
 Discoid organism.
Inaria[5]
  • I. karli
 Sac-like organism.
Medusinites[3]
  • Medusinites sp.
 Discoid organism.
Staurinidia[3][5]
  • S. crucicula
 Discoid organism.
Tirasiana[3]
  • Tirasiana sp.
 Discoid organism.
Vendoconularia[15]
  • V. triradiata
 Hexagonal tubular organism.
Zolotytsia
  • Z. biserialis
 Deformed mass of ovals along a mid-line groove.

Chordata

Genus Species Notes Images
Burykhia[7]
  • B. hunti
 Sac-like organism, possible tunicate.
Yarnemia[16]
  • Y. ascidiformis
 Sac-like organism, possible tunicate.

Annelida

Genus Species Notes Images
Calyptrina[3]
  • C. striata
 Tubular organism.

incertae sedis

Genus Species Notes Images
Catellichnus
  • Catellichnus sp.
 Palaeopascichnid organism.
Cyclomedusa[3][5]
  • Cyclomedusa sp.
 Discoid organism.
Hiemalora[3][5]
  • Hiemalora sp.
 Discoid organism, possibly holdfasts of petalonamids.
Kimberella[6][5]
  • Kimberella sp.
 Egg-shaped organism, possible mollusc.
Mawsonites[5]
  • M. spriggi
 Discoid organism.
Nimbia[3][5]
  • N. occlusa
 Discoid organism.
Orbisiana[3]
  • Orbisiana sp.
 Palaeopascichnid organism.
Palaeopascichnus[3][5]
  • Palaeopascichnus sp.
 Palaeopascichnid organism.
Parvancorina[3][5]
  • P. sagitta
 Anchor-shaped organism, possible mollusc or arthropod.
Redkinia[3]
  • Redkinia sp.
 Rod-like fossil, possibly mouth parts of a arthropod.
Solza[11]
  • S. margarita
 Egg-shaped organism.
Vendotaenid[3]
  • Vendotaenid
 Ribbon-like organisms.
Ventogyrus
  • V. chistyakovi
 Tri-radial egg-shaped organism, tethered to the seafloor.

Flora

Genus Species Notes Images
Archyfasma[17]
  • A. dimera
  • A. lamellata
 Branching macroalgae.
Beltanelliformis[3][5]
  • Beltaneillformis sp.
 Cyanobacterial colony.
Eoholynia[17]
  • E. fruticulosa
 Branching macroalgae.
Favosiphycus[17]
  • F. wukii
 Flattened thallus crust-like, consisting of densely packed cells.
Gandvikia[17]
  • G. caudata
 Ribbon-shaped macroalgae.
Chuaria[3]
  • Chuaria sp.
 Elongated organism.
Mezenia[3]
  • M. kossovoyi
 Sausage shaped macroalgae.
Serebrina[18]
  • S. crustacea
 Encrusting macroalgae.

Ichnogenera

Genus Species Notes Images
Epibaion
  • Epibaion isp.
 Feeding traces of proarticulates.
Kimberichnus[19][5]
  • Kimberichnus isp.
 Feeding traces of Kimberella.
Nenoxites[3]
  • Nenoxites isp.
 Movement traces.
Neonereites[3]
  • Neonereites isp.
 Burrows.
Planolites[3]
  • Planolites isp.
 Burrows.

See also

References

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  2. ^ D. V., Grazhdankin (2003). "Structure and Depositional Environment of the Vendian Complex in the Southeastern White Sea Area". Geology Science. Retrieved 2 May 2025.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai Sokolov, Boris S.; Fedonkin, Mikhail A. (1 March 1984). "The Vendian as the Terminal System of the Precambrian". Episodes. 7 (1): 12–19. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1984/v7i1/004.
  4. ^ a b Llanos, M; Tait, J; Popov, V; Abalmassova, A (15 December 2005). "Palaeomagnetic data from Ediacaran (Vendian) sediments of the Arkhangelsk region, NW Russia: An alternative apparent polar wander path of Baltica for the Late Proterozoic–Early Palaeozoic". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 240 (3–4): 732–747. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.09.063. hdl:11336/92776.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Martin, M. W.; Grazhdankin, D. V.; Bowring, S. A.; Evans, D. A. D.; Fedonkin, M. A.; Kirschvink, J. L. (5 May 2000). "Age of Neoproterozoic Bilatarian Body and Trace Fossils, White Sea, Russia: Implications for Metazoan Evolution". Science. 288 (5467): 841–845. doi:10.1126/science.288.5467.841.
  6. ^ a b Fedonkin, M.A.; Simonetta, A; Ivantsov, A.Y. (2007), "New data on Kimberella, the Vendian mollusc-like organism (White sea region, Russia): palaeoecological and evolutionary implications", in Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Komarower, Patricia (eds.), The Rise and Fall of the Ediacaran Biota, Special publications, vol. 286, London: Geological Society, pp. 157–179, doi:10.1144/SP286.12, ISBN 978-1-86239-233-5, OCLC 156823511
  7. ^ a b Fedonkin, M. A.; Vickers-Rich, P.; Swalla, B. J.; Trusler, P.; Hall, M. (2012). "A new metazoan from the Vendian of the White Sea, Russia, with possible affinities to the ascidians". Paleontological Journal. 46: 1. doi:10.1134/S0031030112010042.
  8. ^ Fedonkin, Mikhail A. (January 2002). "Andiva ivantsovi gen. et sp. n. and related carapace‐bearing Ediacaran fossils from the Vendian of the Winter Coast, White Sea, Russia". Italian Journal of Zoology. 69 (2): 175–181. doi:10.1080/11250000209356456.
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  12. ^ A.Yu. Ivantsov (2017). "The most probable Eumetazoa among late Precambrian macrofossils". Invertebrate Zoology. 14 (2): 127–133. doi:10.15298/invertzool.14.2.05.
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