Tornado outbreak of June 1881

Tornado outbreak of June 1881
Tornado outbreak
Tornadoes7
Maximum ratingF4 tornado
DurationJune 12, 1881
Overall effects
Fatalities15
Injuries112
DamageUnknown[note 1]
Areas affectedCentral United States
Part of the tornadoes and tornado outbreaks of 1881

On June 12, 1881, a tornado outbreak affected the West North Central states of the Midwestern United States and produced numerous strong tornadoes, killing 15 people, primarily in parts of Kansas and Missouri. One of the strongest tornadoes in the outbreak was retroactively rated an F4—possibly an F5—on the Fujita scale, hitting near Hopkins, Missouri, in Nodaway County. Another F4 in Missouri claimed five lives, and a pair of F4s in Kansas collectively killed eight more. A fifth violent tornado also occurred in Iowa. In all, the outbreak injured at least 112.[1][note 2]

Confirmed tornadoes

Confirmed tornadoes by Fujita rating
FU F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 Total
0 ? ? 1 1 5 0 7

Prior to 1990, there is a likely undercount of tornadoes, particularly E/F0–1, with reports of weaker tornadoes becoming more common as population increased. A sharp increase in the annual average E/F0–1 count by approximately 200 tornadoes was noted upon the implementation of NEXRAD Doppler weather radar in 1990–1991.[3][note 3] 1974 marked the first year where significant tornado (E/F2+) counts became homogenous with contemporary values, attributed to the consistent implementation of Fujita scale assessments.[7][note 4] Numerous discrepancies on the details of tornadoes in this outbreak exist between sources. The total count of tornadoes and ratings differs from various agencies accordingly. The list below documents information from the most contemporary official sources alongside assessments from tornado historian Thomas P. Grazulis.

June 12 event

List of confirmed tornadoes – Sunday, June 12, 1881
F#[note 4] Location County / Parish State Time (UTC)[note 5] Path length Width[note 6] Damage
F3 NW of Mulvane to NE of Douglass Sedgwick, Butler KS 22:00–? 17 mi (27 km) 70 yd (64 m) Un­known
A tornado razed three homes, one of which it obliterated, injuring a few people. The snakelike funnel resembled "water being sprayed from a huge hose", according to an eyewitness quoted by Grazulis.[17]
F2 W of Belle Plaine to S of Mulvane Sumner, Cowley KS 22:00–? 13 mi (21 km) 50 yd (46 m) Un­known
A tornado leveled five barns and a farmhouse, injuring three people.[17]
F4 S of Seely to Floral to NE of Wilmot Cowley KS 22:30–? 17 mi (27 km) 400 yd (370 m) Un­known
3 deaths – A disastrous tornado destroyed the community of Floral, killing a few people there and leveling homes. However, residents sought shelter as the storm neared, reducing the death toll. One other person died on a farm outside Floral, and 28 other homes were razed along the path. In all 22 injuries occurred.[18][17]
F4+ W of Burlington Junction to W of Hopkins Nodaway MO 22:30–? 15 mi (24 km) 800 yd (730 m) Un­known
2 deaths – A large, very intense multiple-vortex tornado obliterated a pair of farms near Hopkins, possibly at F5 intensity, and injured 15 people. It may have caused F4 or greater damage to other farms as well. In 2001 Grazulis deemed it to be "probably F5".[18][17][19]
F4 NW of Olivet to N of Richter Osage, Franklin KS 22:45–? 25 mi (40 km) 200 yd (180 m) Un­known
5 deaths – A tornado narrowly missed 100 farms along the Marais des Cygnes River, but still leveled 50 barns and homes in its path. Passing north of the Melvern–Quenemo area, it obliterated farmhouses and cast their debris miles away. 40 injuries occurred.[18][17]
F4 S of Fillmore to near King City Andrew, Gentry MO 22:50–? 35 mi (56 km) 300 yd (270 m) Un­known
5 deaths – A powerful tornado peaked near Flag Springs, flattening 80 buildings, including many barns and homes; killing much livestock; and injuring 20 people.[18][17]
F4 N of Adair to N of Casey Guthrie IA 01:00–? 10 mi (16 km) 200 yd (180 m) Un­known
An intense tornado annihilated three farmsteads, sweeping away a farmhouse and strewing its debris 1⁄2 mi (0.80 km). Injuring 10 people, it ended near the Raccoon River. In 1993 Grazulis rated it a high-end F3 but noted that it was "probably" F4, having ranked it as such in a 1984 study. An F5 tornado hit near Adair on June 27, 1953.[18][17][20]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ All losses are in 1881 United States dollars unless otherwise noted.
  2. ^ An outbreak is generally defined as a group of at least six tornadoes (the number sometimes varies slightly according to local climatology) with no more than a six-hour gap between individual tornadoes. An outbreak sequence, prior to (after) the start of modern records in 1950, is defined as a period of no more than two (one) consecutive days without at least one significant (F2 or stronger) tornado.[2]
  3. ^ Historically, the number of tornadoes globally and in the United States was and is likely underrepresented: research by Grazulis on annual tornado activity suggests that, as of 2001, only 53% of yearly U.S. tornadoes were officially recorded. Documentation of tornadoes outside the United States was historically less exhaustive, owing to the lack of monitors in many nations and, in some cases, to internal political controls on public information.[4] Most countries only recorded tornadoes that produced severe damage or loss of life.[5] Significant low biases in U.S. tornado counts likely occurred through the early 1990s, when advanced NEXRAD was first installed and the National Weather Service began comprehensively verifying tornado occurrences.[6]
  4. ^ a b The Fujita scale was devised under the aegis of scientist T. Theodore Fujita in the early 1970s. Prior to the advent of the scale in 1971, tornadoes in the United States were officially unrated.[8][9] Tornado ratings were retroactively applied to events prior to the formal adoption of the F-scale by the National Weather Service.[10] While the Fujita scale has been superseded by the Enhanced Fujita scale in the U.S. since February 1, 2007,[11] Canada used the old scale until April 1, 2013;[12] nations elsewhere, like the United Kingdom, apply other classifications such as the TORRO scale.[13]
  5. ^ All dates are based on the local time zone where the tornado touched down; however, all times are in Coordinated Universal Time and dates are split at midnight CST/CDT for consistency.
  6. ^ The listed width values are primarily the average/mean width of the tornadoes, with those having known maximum widths denoted by ♯. From 1952 to 1994, reports largely list mean width whereas contemporary years list maximum width.[14] Values provided by Grazulis are the average width, with estimates being rounded down (i.e. 0.5 mi (0.80 km) is rounded down from 880 yards to 800 yards.[15][16]

References

  1. ^ Grazulis 1993, pp. 611–2.
  2. ^ Schneider, Russell S.; Brooks, Harold E.; Schaefer, Joseph T. (2004). Tornado Outbreak Day Sequences: Historic Events and Climatology (1875–2003) (PDF). 22nd Conf. Severe Local Storms. Hyannis, Massachusetts: American Meteorological Society. Retrieved September 17, 2019.
  3. ^ Agee and Childs 2014, p. 1496.
  4. ^ Grazulis 2001a, pp. 251–4.
  5. ^ Edwards, Roger (March 5, 2015). "The Online Tornado FAQ (by Roger Edwards, SPC)". Storm Prediction Center: Frequently Asked Questions about Tornadoes. Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
  6. ^ Cook & Schaefer 2008, p. 3135.
  7. ^ Agee and Childs 2014, pp. 1497, 1503.
  8. ^ Grazulis 1993, p. 141.
  9. ^ Grazulis 2001a, p. 131.
  10. ^ Edwards et al. 2013, p. 641–642.
  11. ^ Edwards, Roger (March 5, 2015). "Enhanced F Scale for Tornado Damage". The Online Tornado FAQ (by Roger Edwards, SPC). Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
  12. ^ "Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF-Scale)". Environment and Climate Change Canada. Environment and Climate Change Canada. June 6, 2013. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
  13. ^ "The International Tornado Intensity Scale". Tornado and Storm Research Organisation. Tornado and Storm Research Organisation. 2016. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
  14. ^ Agee and Childs 2014, p. 1494.
  15. ^ Brooks 2004, p. 310.
  16. ^ Grazulis 1990, p. ix.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g Grazulis 1993, p. 612.
  18. ^ a b c d e Grazulis 1984, p. A-6.
  19. ^ Grazulis 2001b, p. 10.
  20. ^ "Iowa F5/EF5 Tornadoes". crh.noaa.gov. La Crosse, Wisconsin: National Weather Service. May 13, 2009. Archived from the original on February 11, 2015. Retrieved June 22, 2025.

Sources

40°33′23″N 94°58′18″W / 40.5564°N 94.9716°W / 40.5564; -94.9716

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is available under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.