Tornado outbreak of April 21–23, 1883

Tornado outbreak of April 21–23, 1883
Tornado outbreak
Tornadoes≥ 29
Maximum ratingF4 tornado
DurationApril 21–23, 1883
Overall effects
Fatalities≥ 122
Injuries> 771
Damage> $1,478,000 ($49,880,000 in 2025 USD)[note 1]
Areas affectedCentral and Southern United States
Part of the tornadoes and tornado outbreaks of 1883

On April 21–23, 1883, a tornado outbreak affected portions of the south-central United States, killing at least 122 people and injuring over 771. It produced at least 29 tornadoes, including long-lived events, the deadliest of which, retroactively rated F4, killed at least 56 people in and near Georgetown, Mississippi. A similarly intense tornado, likely at least F3, killed 11 people in the same area, and a pair of F4s in Georgia collectively claimed 18 lives as well. Another F3 killed seven people near Starkville, Mississippi, and an F3 also killed four or more people along the Louisiana–Mississippi border. An F2 near French Camp, Mississippi, killed five more as well. Many more tornadoes than listed likely occurred but, lacking sufficient documentation, could not be verified.[note 2]

Confirmed tornadoes

Confirmed tornadoes by Fujita rating
FU F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 Total
9 ? ? 11 5 4 0 ≥ 29

The following events were reported as well:[2]

  • Up to 10 unconfirmed tornadoes may have hit Mississippi.
  • A tornado may have hit Ashville, Alabama, wrecking homes there.
  • A pair of tornadoes may have hit the Mobile area.
  • A tornado may have injured many people and destroyed five homes in Barbour County.

Prior to 1990, there is a likely undercount of tornadoes, particularly E/F0–1, with reports of weaker tornadoes becoming more common as population increased. A sharp increase in the annual average E/F0–1 count by approximately 200 tornadoes was noted upon the implementation of NEXRAD Doppler weather radar in 1990–1991.[3][note 3] 1974 marked the first year where significant tornado (E/F2+) counts became homogenous with contemporary values, attributed to the consistent implementation of Fujita scale assessments.[7][note 4] Numerous discrepancies on the details of tornadoes in this outbreak exist between sources. The total count of tornadoes and ratings differs from various agencies accordingly. The list below documents information from the most contemporary official sources alongside assessments from tornado historian Thomas P. Grazulis.

April 21 event

List of confirmed tornadoes – Saturday, April 21, 1883
F#[note 4] Location County / Parish State Time (UTC)[note 5] Path length Width[note 6] Damage[note 7]
FU Northeastern Belmont Township to Waterloo Kingman KS 06:00–? Un­known Un­known $3,000
A tornado crossed Kingman County, "demolishing everything in its path", according to the Monthly Weather Review. It destroyed homes and scattered household items, leaving only a few houses intact at Waterloo. In all it damaged or destroyed 16 buildings.[17]
F3 Sun City to Turkey Creek Barber KS 08:00–? 5 mi (8.0 km) Un­known $5,000
3 deaths – Related to the previous event, a tornado destroyed five homes, causing deaths in one of them. It also unroofed a few stores and half a dozen homes, injuring five people. Bodies were moved 300 yd (270 m).[18][17]
F2 E of Mapleton to near Correctionville to Danbury Monona, Woodbury IA 00:30–? 7 mi (11 km) Un­known Un­known
A strong, swift tornado injured half a dozen people at suppertime, while wrecking small buildings, a church, and three houses. It also severely damaged and tossed a building 8 rd (130 ft; 40 m).[18][17]
F4 N of Woodbine to W of Dunlap Harrison, Crawford IA 02:00–? 10 mi (16 km) 150 yd (140 m) Un­known
2 deaths – A violent tornado leveled a farmhouse and tore apart many others. It also uprooted trees, killed livestock, and "completely carried away" small buildings, the Monthly Weather Review stated. 10 injuries occurred.[19][18][17]

April 22 event

List of confirmed tornadoes – Sunday, April 21, 1883
F#[note 4] Location County / Parish State Time (UTC)[note 5] Path length Width[note 6] Damage[note 7]
F3 Near Deer Park (LA) to E of Red Lick (MS) to Tillman (MS) Concordia (LA), Adams (MS), Jefferson (MS), Claiborne (MS) LA, MS 15:40–? 55 mi (89 km) 200 yd (180 m) Un­known
4+ deaths – An intense tornado family wrecked at least 15 homes in Mississippi, unroofed others in Louisiana, and injured 30 people, passing southeast of Natchez, Mississippi.[18][17]
FU E of Monticello Lawrence MS 17:00–? Un­known 200 yd (180 m) Un­known
1+ death – A tornado caused severe damage.[20]
F3 N of Midland to near Christiana to S of Dillton Rutherford TN 18:00–? 10 mi (16 km) 200 yd (180 m) Un­known
1 death – A tornado tracked across southern Rutherford County, where it obliterated a home, unroofed others, downed fences, and "mowed down" trees "as if by an immense scythe", according to reports Grazulis excerpted. A few injuries occurred.[18][21]
FU Un­known Clay MS 18:00–? Un­known Un­known Un­known
1+ death – A "very violent" tornado affected the western half of Clay County, downing fences, buildings, and trees, the Monthly Weather Review reported.[17]
F3+ N of Georgetown to Harrisville to NW of Forest Copiah, Simpson, Rankin, Scott MS 19:00–? 55 mi (89 km) 400 yd (370 m) Un­known
11+ deaths – This tornado was the first of two intense, long-lived, deadly events to hit near Georgetown on April 22 and may have ended 29 or more lives. Grazulis noted that the tornado "was probably as intense" as its successor, an F4, but was unable to locate detailed information. 100 injuries occurred.[18][17]
F3 NW of Starkville to W of West Point to E of Aberdeen Oktibbeha, Clay, Monroe MS 19:00–? 30 mi (48 km) 500 yd (460 m) Un­known
7 deaths – A tornado tore apart 13 homes near Starkville, one of which it swept away. The tornado ravaged an African-American settlement, Freedmanstown, in southern Aberdeen, claiming five lives and destroying 12 or more homes there. In all 70 injuries occurred.[18][17]
F2 S of French Camp to Dido Attala, Choctaw MS 20:30–? 25 mi (40 km) 200 yd (180 m) Un­known
5 deaths – A tornado caused fatalities in a few families, while destroying homes and a store. 30 injuries occurred, several of which were critical.[18]
F4 Near Parrott to S of Bottsford to N of Americus Terrell, Webster, Sumter GA 20:30–? 25 mi (40 km) 1,320 yd (1,210 m)♯ Un­known
10 deaths – A large, violent tornado flattened spacious homes, killed hundreds of livestock, and destroyed fences. It also wrecked various other buildings and injured 80 people.[2][17]
F4 SW of McCall Creek to western Wesson to Beauregard to southern Georgetown Franklin, Lincoln, Copiah, Simpson MS 21:00–? 45 mi (72 km) 800 yd (730 m) >$470,000
56+ deaths – A violent tornado hit plantations northwest of Brookhaven, destroying buildings there. Striking Wesson, it destroyed 27 homes—many of which it leveled—killed 13 people, and injured 60 others. According to Grazulis the tornado "virtually leveled" Beauregard; the Monthly Weather Review claimed it wrecked "every dwelling and store" there, including a few entire rows of buildings. It tossed an 675-pound (306 kg) iron screw 300 yd (270 m) from a cotton press and drove a 10-foot-long (3.0 m), 3-by-4-inch (76 by 102 mm) scantling through a red oak sapling. In Beauregard it claimed 29 lives and injured over 100 people. It then killed 14 more people on the outskirts of Georgetown, impacting many rural churches during worship, and flattened extensive timberland; its total death toll is uncertain. It and the previous Georgetown event collectively afflicted 50 sq mi (130 km2), with up to $1 million in losses and potentially more than 100 fatalities. 300 injuries occurred.[19][22][17]
F2 Tubble Station to Caledonia Lowndes MS 22:00–? 13 mi (21 km) 300 yd (270 m) Un­known
2+ deaths – Passing north of Columbus, a tornado destroyed many plantations and downed numerous trees. Near Caledonia it blew away "every fence for miles around", the Monthly Weather Review declared. As many as eight additional deaths may have occurred. 40 people were injured.[2][17]
F2 Near Springville to Whitney St. Clair AL 04:30–? 11 mi (18 km) 200 yd (180 m) Un­known
1+ death – A tornado wrecked eight homes and injured 10 people, possibly causing as many as seven fatalities.[2]
FU Holts Corner–College Grove area Williamson TN Un­known 5 mi (8.0 km) Un­known Un­known
A tornado unroofed outhouses, barns, and dwellings, while pushing a spacious two-story home off its foundation. It swept away a smokehouse, strewed about its 1,500 lb (680 kg) of bacon, felled trees—both wild and cultivated—and mutilated and killed livestock.[21]

April 23 event

List of confirmed tornadoes – Monday, April 22, 1883
F#[note 4] Location County / Parish State Time (UTC)[note 5] Path length Width[note 6] Damage[note 7]
F2 Chattanooga (1st tornado) Hamilton TN 05:00–? 1 mi (1.6 km) 100 yd (91 m) Un­known
A pair of tornadoes swept through town, collectively doing $10,000 in damage. The strongest of the two unroofed a rail depot, three houses, and three businesses. It also wrecked a blacksmith shop.[2][23]
FU Chattanooga (2nd tornado) Hamilton TN ~05:00–? Un­known <100 yd (91 m) Un­known
A smaller tornado accompanied and eventually merged with the main event.[23]
F2 W of Roanoke Randolph AL 05:30–? Un­known Un­known Un­known
1 death – A tornado destroyed two or more homes, injuring five people, some severely.[2]
F2 N of Crawford to near Sandy Cross Oglethorpe GA 05:30–? 8 mi (13 km) 100 yd (91 m) Un­known
1+ death – A tornado wrecked tenant homes and unroofed a few larger houses. More fatalities than listed may have occurred. 10 people were injured.[2]
FU Eastman Dodge GA ~05:30–? Un­known Un­known Un­known
3 deaths – A tornado was reported.[2][17]
F2 Darlington Darlington SC 10:00–? Un­known Un­known Un­known
A tornado tore apart many homes and killed animals.[2]
F4 S of Albany to E of Isabella Baker, Dougherty, Worth GA 10:30–? 25 mi (40 km) 500 yd (460 m) Un­known
8 deaths – A violent tornado leveled two plantations, killing three people in a newly-built manor. All other deaths occurred elsewhere on the plantations. 50 injuries occurred.[19][2][17]
FU Swainsboro Emanuel GA 11:00–12:00 Un­known Un­known Un­known
2 deaths – A tornado did significant damage, injuring a number of people and leaving others homeless.[17]
F2 S of Woodville Greene GA 11:15–? Un­known Un­known Un­known
3 deaths – A tornado hit tenant homes, killing their occupants. It also unroofed and destroyed a few larger houses. 10 injuries occurred.[2][17]
F2 Near Boykins Sampson NC 12:00–? 4 mi (6.4 km) 150 yd (140 m) Un­known
A tornado littered roads with fallen trees and other objects, obstructing access. It also destroyed small houses and other buildings. Eight injuries occurred.[2][20]
F2 SE of Barnwell to SE of Blackville Barnwell SC 16:00–? 9 mi (14 km) 100 yd (91 m) Un­known
A tornado, described as "balloon-shaped" in an account quoted by Grazulis, felled large pine trees near the Salkehatchie swamp, striking 11 farms and destroying 12 tenant homes. It also wrecked many outbuildings and cabins, strewing many of the "best fields" with debris that hindered cultivation, while severely damaging "nearly everything" in its way, the Monthly Weather Review asserted. A 3⁄4-mile-wide (1.2 km) swath of downburst damage attended the tornado. In all five injuries occurred.[2][23]
FU Stateburg Sumter SC Un­known 5 mi (8.0 km) 300 yd (270 m) Un­known
A tornado virtually leveled a swath of trees.[23]
FU St. Stephen Berkeley SC Un­known Un­known Un­known Un­known
A tornado felled trees and damaged buildings.[23]

Other effects

On April 21, hail 9 in (23 cm) in circumference fell in Harper County, Kansas. At Rome, Sumner County, hail did crop and other damage. Strong winds blew down a trio of homes at New Bedford, killing a person, and unroofed a sprawling, three-story building at Wellington. Winds also destroyed five buildings at South Haven. On April 22, storms heavily damaged Lawrence, Mississippi, and on April 23 blew down a pair of dwellings at Lexington, Georgia, along with gin houses and cabins in Taliaferro and Lincoln counties. Significant damage also afflicted Crawford and Clarke counties.[17]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ All losses are in 1883 United States dollars unless otherwise noted.
  2. ^ An outbreak is generally defined as a group of at least six tornadoes (the number sometimes varies slightly according to local climatology) with no more than a six-hour gap between individual tornadoes. An outbreak sequence, prior to (after) the start of modern records in 1950, is defined as a period of no more than two (one) consecutive days without at least one significant (F2 or stronger) tornado.[1]
  3. ^ Historically, the number of tornadoes globally and in the United States was and is likely underrepresented: research by Grazulis on annual tornado activity suggests that, as of 2001, only 53% of yearly U.S. tornadoes were officially recorded. Documentation of tornadoes outside the United States was historically less exhaustive, owing to the lack of monitors in many nations and, in some cases, to internal political controls on public information.[4] Most countries only recorded tornadoes that produced severe damage or loss of life.[5] Significant low biases in U.S. tornado counts likely occurred through the early 1990s, when advanced NEXRAD was first installed and the National Weather Service began comprehensively verifying tornado occurrences.[6]
  4. ^ a b c d The Fujita scale was devised under the aegis of scientist T. Theodore Fujita in the early 1970s. Prior to the advent of the scale in 1971, tornadoes in the United States were officially unrated.[8][9] Tornado ratings were retroactively applied to events prior to the formal adoption of the F-scale by the National Weather Service.[10] While the Fujita scale has been superseded by the Enhanced Fujita scale in the U.S. since February 1, 2007,[11] Canada used the old scale until April 1, 2013;[12] nations elsewhere, like the United Kingdom, apply other classifications such as the TORRO scale.[13]
  5. ^ a b c All dates are based on the local time zone where the tornado touched down; however, all times are in Coordinated Universal Time and dates are split at midnight CST/CDT for consistency.
  6. ^ a b c The listed width values are primarily the average/mean width of the tornadoes, with those having known maximum widths denoted by ♯. From 1952 to 1994, reports largely list mean width whereas contemporary years list maximum width.[14] Values provided by Grazulis are the average width, with estimates being rounded down (i.e. 0.5 mi (0.80 km) is rounded down from 880 yards to 800 yards.[15][16]
  7. ^ a b c The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Storm Data publication does not list exact damage totals for every event, instead giving damage categories. As such, damage for individual tornadoes is not comprehensive.

References

  1. ^ Schneider, Russell S.; Brooks, Harold E.; Schaefer, Joseph T. (2004). Tornado Outbreak Day Sequences: Historic Events and Climatology (1875–2003) (PDF). 22nd Conf. Severe Local Storms. Hyannis, Massachusetts: American Meteorological Society. Retrieved September 17, 2019.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Grazulis 1993, p. 618.
  3. ^ Agee and Childs 2014, p. 1496.
  4. ^ Grazulis 2001a, pp. 251–4.
  5. ^ Edwards, Roger (March 5, 2015). "The Online Tornado FAQ (by Roger Edwards, SPC)". Storm Prediction Center: Frequently Asked Questions about Tornadoes. Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
  6. ^ Cook & Schaefer 2008, p. 3135.
  7. ^ Agee and Childs 2014, pp. 1497, 1503.
  8. ^ Grazulis 1993, p. 141.
  9. ^ Grazulis 2001a, p. 131.
  10. ^ Edwards et al. 2013, p. 641–642.
  11. ^ Edwards, Roger (March 5, 2015). "Enhanced F Scale for Tornado Damage". The Online Tornado FAQ (by Roger Edwards, SPC). Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
  12. ^ "Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF-Scale)". Environment and Climate Change Canada. Environment and Climate Change Canada. June 6, 2013. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
  13. ^ "The International Tornado Intensity Scale". Tornado and Storm Research Organisation. Tornado and Storm Research Organisation. 2016. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
  14. ^ Agee and Childs 2014, p. 1494.
  15. ^ Brooks 2004, p. 310.
  16. ^ Grazulis 1990, p. ix.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p MWR 1883, p. 89.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h Grazulis 1993, p. 617.
  19. ^ a b c Grazulis 1984, p. A-7.
  20. ^ a b MWR 1883, p. 90.
  21. ^ a b National Weather Service (2017). Written at Old Hickory, Tennessee. NWS Nashville Tornado Database (Report). Mississippi State, Mississippi. Archived from the original on January 21, 2023. Retrieved 26 May 2025 – via Mississippi State University.
  22. ^ Grazulis 1993, pp. 617–8.
  23. ^ a b c d e MWR 1883, p. 91.

Sources

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