Timeline of national independence

This list includes currently extant sovereign states (list) and states with limited recognition that have declared independence from a predecessor state or an occupying power. Various states have never declared independence throughout their formations and hence are not included in the main list on this page, including states that were formed by the unification of multiple independent states, such as the United Kingdom, United States, and Tanzania, including states that did declare independence, but whose most recent establishment was through other means, such as Haiti, which declared independence from France in 1804, but split into two states in 1806 and was reunified in 1820. These countries are given on a separate list below. The list does not include duplicated entries for states that have declared independence multiple times, only using the most recent one. Subnational entities are usually not included in the list. Some of these dates of independence might be disputed. Entries in the "events" table are written in the present tense.

Before 19th century

date Previous entity Newly independent entity Event
September 3, 301 Roman Empire San Marino Traditionally given date.
749 Abbasid Caliphate Oman Subject to vassalage to other powers for short periods throughout its history.
August 10, 843 Carolingian Empire France Treaty of Verdun, splitting the Frankish Empire into three states, one of which became France.[1]
July 27, 1139 Leon Portugal In personal union with, and effective satellite state of, Spain between 1580 and 1640.
1616 Tibet Bhutan Subject to British sphere of influence from 1910 to 1947, and the Indian sphere of influence from 1947 to 1971.
February 8, 1649 Holy Roman Empire  Switzerland Separated from Imperial sovereignty by the Peace of Westphalia.
July 1747 Persia Afghanistan Independent as the Durrani Empire, subject to British protectorate from 1880 to 1919.

19th century to World War I

Year Previous entity Newly independent entity Event
May 23, 1810 Spain Argentina Initially named United Provinces of the Río de la Plata until the signing of the Federal Pact in 1831.
May 14, 1811 Spain  Paraguay Independence not formally declared until 1842.
November 4, 1813 Confederation of the Rhine  Liechtenstein Confederation of the Rhine dissolved. Initial establishment in 1719 within the Holy Roman Empire.
November 20, 1813  France United Kingdom of the Netherlands Independence restored after French rule. Initial independence from Spain in 1579 as the  Dutch Republic during the Eighty Years' War.
May 30, 1814  France  Andorra Independence restored after French rule. Initial independence from Urgell in 1278.
May 30, 1814  France  Monaco Independence restored after French rule. Initial independence from Genoa in 1297, interrupted by multiple Genoese occupations.
February 12, 1818 Spain  Chile Independence restored after Spanish reconquest, initial independence in 1810.
September 28, 1821 Spain  Mexico Unrecognized by Spain until 1836 with the signing of the Santa María–Calatrava Treaty.
January 4, 1822  Ottoman Empire  Greece International recognition achieved in 1830.
September 7, 1822  Portugal  Brazil Unrecognized by Portugal until 1825.
October 4, 1828  Brazil  Uruguay Independence established by treaty as a buffer between  Brazil and  Argentina, which both previously claimed the region.
October 4, 1830  Netherlands  Belgium Unrecognized by Netherlands until 1839.
November 19, 1832  Gran Colombia Colombia Dissolution of Gran Colombia. Initially named Republic of New Granada until the signing of the Constitution of Rionegro in 1863.
November 19, 1832  Gran Colombia  Ecuador Dissolution of Gran Colombia.
November 19, 1832  Gran Colombia  Venezuela Dissolution of Gran Colombia. Restoration of Independence, first established in 1811.
November 15, 1838  Central America  Costa Rica Initially the Free State of Costa Rica, it would become the Republic of Costa Rica in 1847.
June 19, 1839  Belgium  Luxembourg Grand Duchy re-established by the Treaty of London in personal union with the  Netherlands (until 1890).
August 25, 1839 Peru-Bolivia Confederation  Bolivia Restoration of Independence, first proclaimed in 1825.
August 25, 1839 Peru-Bolivia Confederation  Peru Restoration of Independence, first proclaimed in 1821.
July 26, 1847  United States  Liberia Unrecognized by United States until 1862.
May 1, 1865 Spain  Dominican Republic Independence restored after period of Spanish rule. Independence initially declared from Spain in 1821 as the Republic of Spanish Haiti, and from Haiti in 1844 with the current name.
July 1, 1867  United Kingdom  Canada Britain continued to exercise some level of control until the Statute of Westminster. In personal union with the UK and many other countries.
March 17, 1878  Ottoman Empire  Bulgaria Under Ottoman vassalage until 1908. Restoration of independence after Ottoman rule, initial establishment in 681.
November 29, 1898  Central America  Nicaragua Independence restored after the dissolution of the Greater Republic of Central America, initial independence in 1838.
January 1, 1901  United Kingdom  Australia Britain continued to exercise some level of control until the Statute of Westminster. In personal union with the UK and many other countries.
May 20, 1902  United States  Cuba United States retained Isla de Pinos until 1925. Guantanamo Bay was leased to the United States in 1903 and has remained under American control into the present.
November 4, 1903  Colombia  Panama Unrecognized by Colombia until 1922.
June 7, 1905  Sweden  Norway Independence restored after Danish and Swedish rule. Initial establishment around 872.
September 26, 1907  United Kingdom  New Zealand Britain continued to exercise some level of control until the Statute of Westminster. In personal union with the UK and many other countries.
May 31 1910  United Kingdom  South Africa Britain continued to exercise some level of control until the Statute of Westminster. In personal union with the UK and many other countries until 1961.

Interwar period

Year Previous entity Newly independent entity Event
December 6, 1917  Russia Finland Independence declared following initial establishment in 1809 as a largely autonomous monarchy within the Russian imperial framework with its own senate, stamps, currency, and army. Sovereignty secured in 1918 with the defeat of communist insurgents.
October 17, 1918 Austria-Hungary  Hungary Independence restored with the dissolution of Austria-Hungary following significantly increased autonomy granted by the Ausgleich in 1867, which effectively put the Hungarian state on equal terms with the Austrian state, albeit at the cost of heightened power for the Austrian emperor. Initial establishment in 895. Stayed in personal union with Austria until November 16.
December 1, 1918  Denmark  Iceland In personal union with Denmark until 1944. First human habitation of the island in 874, and initial establishment in 930.
February 15, 1921  China Mongolia Independence restored after Chinese occupation. Initial independence declared in 1911, first Mongolian state founded in 1203.
January 14, 1922 Central American Federation  El Salvador Independence restored after brief attempt at reunifying Central America, initial independence in 1841.
January 14, 1922 Central American Federation  Guatemala Independence restored after brief attempt at reunifying Central America, initial independence in 1839.
January 14, 1922 Central American Federation  Honduras Independence restored after brief attempt at reunifying Central America, initial independence in 1838.
March 15, 1922  United Kingdom Egypt Independence restored after a period of British rule. Initial establishment around 3150 BC. Egypt would remain under strong British influence until 1952, when the monarchy was abolished and replaced by a republic.
December 6, 1922  United Kingdom Ireland Independence restored after direct British rule. In personal union with Britain until 1937. Initial establishment of first state called Ireland in 1177.
June 7, 1929  Italy  Vatican City[a] Established by the Lateran Treaty.
October 3, 1932  United Kingdom  Iraq Formerly a League of Nations mandate.
May 5, 1941  Italy  Ethiopia Independence restored after Italian occupation. Initial establishment in 1270.
December 22, 1943  France  Lebanon Formerly a League of Nations mandate.
December 22, 1943  France  Syria Formerly a League of Nations mandate. Unrecognized by France until 1946.
July 22, 1944  Germany  Poland Independence restored after German occupation. Initial establishment c. 960.
October 22, 1944  Germany  Albania Independence restored after German occupation. Initial establishment in 1190.
April 27, 1945  Germany  Austria Independence restored after German occupation. Initial establishment in 970 within the Holy Roman Empire.
August 15, 1945  Japan  North Korea Independence restored after Japanese occupation as the Democratic People's Republic of Korea/Chosŏn. Initial establishment in 2333 BC, but the country was partitioned along the 38th parallel by the Allied powers. Created in 1948 from the Soviet occupation zone in the north of the peninsula.
August 15, 1945  Japan  South Korea Independence restored after Japanese occupation as the Republic of Korea/Hanguk. Initial establishment in 2333 BC, but the country was partitioned along the 38th parallel by the Allied powers. Created in 1948 from the American occupation zone in the south of the peninsula.
August 17, 1945  Netherlands  Indonesia Unrecognized by Netherlands until 1949. In personal union with the Netherlands until 1956.

Cold War

Year Previous entity Newly independent entity Event
March 2, 1946  United Kingdom and  Soviet Union  Iran Withdrawal of British troops from Iran following invasion and occupation in 1941, although Soviet troops wouldn’t withdraw until May 1946. Initial establishment in 678 BC.[2][3][4][b] Previously invaded and occupied by the Macedonian Greeks, Arabs, and Mongols. The monarchy would be overthrown in 1979 and replaced by the Islamic Republic of Iran.
June 17, 1946  United Kingdom  Jordan Previously a League of Nations Mandate.
July 4, 1946  United States  Philippines Restoration of Independence after American rule. Initial declaration of independence in 1897.
August 15, 1947  United Kingdom  India In personal union with the UK and many other countries until 1950.
August 15, 1947  United Kingdom  Pakistan In personal union with the UK and many other countries until 1956.
January 4, 1948  United Kingdom  Burma Independence restored after British rule. Initial establishment in 849. Name changed to  Myanmar in 1989.
February 4, 1948  United Kingdom  Ceylon Renamed  Sri Lanka in 1972. In personal union with the UK and many other countries until 1972.
May 14, 1948  United Kingdom  Israel Previously a League of Nations mandate. Partially unrecognized. Initial establishment in 930 BC.
December 24, 1951  United Kingdom and  France  Libya Created by merging French and British-occupied areas in Libya with the independent Emirate of Cyrenaica. Initial establishment in 1551.
October 22, 1953  France  Laos On December 2, 1975, The Pathet Lao, (Left-wing Revolutionary Force in Kingdom of Laos), control the country and takeover the power and abolished the Kingdom of Laos. Then it has become a Communist State as the Lao People's Democratic Republic. Initial establishment in 1353.
November 9, 1953  France  Cambodia Independence restored after French protectorate status. Initial establishment in 802.
January 1, 1956  United Kingdom and Republic of Egypt  Sudan Independence granted during the First Sudanese Civil War. Initial establishment in 1885.
March 20, 1956  France  Tunisia Independence restored after period as a French protectorate. Initial establishment in 1705.
March 6, 1957  United Kingdom  Ghana In personal union with the UK and many other countries until 1960.
August 14, 1957  France  Morocco Independence restored after French protectorate. Initial establishment in 788.
August 31, 1957  United Kingdom Malaya Name changed to  Malaysia in 1963 after merging with Sarawak and Sabah.
October 2, 1958  France  Guinea
January 1, 1960  France  Cameroon
April 27, 1960  France  Togo
June 20, 1960  France  Mali
June 26, 1960  France  Madagascar Independence restored after French rule, initial establishment as Kingdom of Madagascar in 1817, a successor to the earlier Merina Kingdom.
June 30, 1960  Belgium  DR Congo Named Zaire from 1971-1997. Now known as Democratic Republic of the Congo or Congo-Kinshasa.
July 1, 1960  Italy  Somalia
July 31, 1960  France Dahomey Renamed to  Benin in 1975.
August 5, 1960  France Upper Volta Renamed to  Burkina Faso in 1984.
August 7, 1960  France  Ivory Coast
August 8, 1960  France  Niger
August 11, 1960  France  Chad
August 13, 1960  France  Central African Republic Central African Empire from 1976-1979.
August 15, 1960 France  Congo
August 16, 1960  United Kingdom  Cyprus
August 17, 1960  France  Gabon
August 20, 1960  Mali  Senegal
October 1, 1960  United Kingdom  Nigeria In personal union with the UK and many other countries until 1963.
November 28, 1960  France  Mauritania
April 27, 1961  United Kingdom  Sierra Leone In personal union with the UK and many other countries until 1971.
June 19, 1961  United Kingdom  Kuwait Independence restored after period of British protectorate. Initial independence in 1752.
January 1, 1962  New Zealand  Samoa Independence restored after German and New Zealand rule. Initial establishment c. 1300.
July 1, 1962  Belgium  Burundi Independence restored after German and Belgian protectorate. Initial establishment c. 1680.
July 1, 1962  Belgium  Rwanda Independence restored after German and Belgian protectorate. Initial establishment around the 12th century.
July 5, 1962  France  Algeria Independence restored after French colonial rule. Initial establishment in 1516.
August 6, 1962  United Kingdom  Jamaica In personal union with the UK and many other countries.
August 31, 1962  United Kingdom  Trinidad and Tobago In personal union with the UK and many other countries until 1976.
October 9, 1962  United Kingdom  Uganda In personal union with the UK and many other countries until 1963.
November 12, 1963  United Kingdom  Kenya In personal union with the UK and many other countries until 1964.
July 6, 1964  United Kingdom  Malawi In personal union with the UK and many other countries until 1966.
September 21, 1964  United Kingdom  Malta Independence restored after French and British rule. Initial independence in 1520. In personal union with the UK and many other countries until 1974.
October 24, 1964  United Kingdom  Zambia
February 18, 1965  United Kingdom  Gambia In personal union with the UK and many other countries until 1970.
July 26, 1965  United Kingdom  Maldives Independence restored after British protectorate. Previously subject to Portuguese protectorate from 1558 to 1573. Initial establishment before 1117.
August 4, 1965  New Zealand  Cook Islands[c] Partially unrecognized. In personal union with the UK and many other countries. In free association with New Zealand
August 9, 1965  Malaysia  Singapore Forcibly expelled from Malaysia. Initial establishment in 1299.
May 26, 1966  United Kingdom  Guyana In personal union with the UK and many other countries until 1970.
September 30, 1966  United Kingdom  Botswana
October 4, 1966  United Kingdom  Lesotho Independence restored after period of British protectorate. Initial establishment around 1822.
November 30, 1966  United Kingdom  Barbados In personal union with the UK and many other countries until 2021.
January 31, 1968  Australia  Nauru
March 12, 1968  United Kingdom  Mauritius In personal union with the UK and many other countries until 1992.
September 6, 1968  United Kingdom  Swaziland Restoration of independence after British protectorate, initial establishment around 1745. Name changed to Eswatini in 2018.
October 12, 1968  Spain  Equatorial Guinea
June 4, 1970  United Kingdom  Tonga Independence restored after British protectorate. Initial independence declared from Tui Manu'a as Tuʻi Tonga in 950.
October 10, 1970  United Kingdom  Fiji Restoration of independence after British colonial rule. Initial establishment in 1871. In personal union with the UK and many other countries until 1987.
August 15, 1971  United Kingdom  Bahrain Independence restored after British protectorate. Initial independence in 1783.
September 3, 1971  United Kingdom  Qatar Independence restored after British protectorate. Initial independence in 1868.
December 2, 1971  United Kingdom  United Arab Emirates Ras Al Khaimah initially not part of the union, joined in 1972.
December 16, 1971  Pakistan  Bangladesh Unrecognized by Pakistan until 1974.
July 10, 1973  United Kingdom  Bahamas In personal union with the UK and many other countries.
September 24, 1973  Portugal  Guinea-Bissau
February 7, 1974  United Kingdom  Grenada In personal union with the UK and many other countries.
October 19, 1974  New Zealand  Niue[c] Independence restored after British and New Zealand rule. Initial establishment before 1887. Partially unrecognized. In personal union with the UK and many other countries. In free association with New Zealand.
June 25, 1975  Portugal  Mozambique
July 5, 1975  Portugal  Cape Verde
July 6, 1975  France  Comoros
July 12, 1975  Portugal  São Tomé and Príncipe
September 16, 1975  Australia  Papua New Guinea In personal union with the UK and many other countries.
November 11, 1975  Portugal  Angola
November 25, 1975  Netherlands  Suriname
February 27, 1976  Spain  Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic[d] Partially unrecognized.
June 29, 1976  United Kingdom  Seychelles
June 27, 1977  France  Djibouti
July 7, 1978  United Kingdom  Solomon Islands In personal union with the UK and many other countries.
October 1, 1978  United Kingdom  Tuvalu In personal union with the UK and many other countries.
November 3, 1978  United Kingdom  Dominica
February 22, 1979  United Kingdom  Saint Lucia In personal union with the UK and many other countries.
July 12, 1979  United Kingdom  Kiribati
October 27, 1979  United Kingdom  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines In personal union with the UK and many other countries.
April 18, 1980  United Kingdom  Zimbabwe Restoration of independence after a brief return to British rule after the Rhodesian Bush War, which abolished the predecessor state of Rhodesia that was established in 1965. Initial establishment in the 13th century.
July 7, 1980  United Kingdom and  France  Vanuatu
September 21, 1981  United Kingdom  Belize In personal union with the UK and many other countries.
November 1, 1981  United Kingdom  Antigua and Barbuda In personal union with the UK and many other countries.
September 19, 1983  United Kingdom  Saint Kitts and Nevis In personal union with the UK and many other countries.
November 15, 1983  Cyprus  Northern Cyprus[d] Largely unrecognized.
January 1, 1984  United Kingdom  Brunei Independence restored after British protectorate. Initial establishment in 1368.
March 11, 1990  Soviet Union  Lithuania Independence restored after Russian and Soviet rule. Initial establishment in 1236. Not official until the formal disestablishment of the Soviet Union.
March 21, 1990  South Africa  Namibia
May 4, 1990  Soviet Union  Latvia Independence restored after Soviet rule. Initial establishment in 1918. Not official until the formal disestablishment of the Soviet Union.
December 22, 1990  United States  Marshall Islands In free association with the United States
December 22, 1990  United States  Micronesia In free association with the United States
April 9, 1991  Soviet Union  Georgia Independence restored after Russian and Soviet rule. Initial establishment in 1008. Not official until the formal disestablishment of the Soviet Union.
May 18, 1991  Somalia  Somaliland[d] Largely unrecognized. Independence restored after unification with Somalia. Initial independence from the United Kingdom in 1960.
May 29, 1991  Ethiopia  Eritrea Unrecognized by Ethiopia until 1993.
June 25, 1991  Yugoslavia  Croatia Independence restored after Habsburg and Yugoslav rule. Initial establishment in the 6th century.
June 25, 1991  Yugoslavia  Slovenia Independence secured on July 7, 1991 after victory in Ten-Day War.
August 20, 1991  Soviet Union  Estonia Independence restored after Soviet rule. Initial establishment in 1918. Not official until the formal disestablishment of the Soviet Union.
August 24, 1991  Soviet Union  Ukraine Independence restored after Soviet rule. Initial establishment in 1917 as the Ukrainian People’s Republic. Not official until the formal disestablishment of the Soviet Union.
August 27, 1991  Soviet Union  Moldova Independence restored after Soviet rule. Initial establishment in 1917 as the Moldavian Democratic Republic. Not official until the formal disestablishment of the Soviet Union.
August 30, 1991  Soviet Union  Azerbaijan Independence restored after Soviet rule. Initial establishment in 1918 as the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. Not official until the formal disestablishment of the Soviet Union.
August 31, 1991  Soviet Union  Kyrgyzstan Not official until the formal disestablishment of the Soviet Union.
August 31, 1991  Soviet Union  Uzbekistan Not official until the formal disestablishment of the Soviet Union.
September 9, 1991  Soviet Union  Tajikistan Not official until the formal disestablishment of the Soviet Union.
September 17, 1991  Yugoslavia  North Macedonia Name changed to North Macedonia in 2019.
October 27, 1991  Soviet Union  Turkmenistan Not official until the formal disestablishment of the Soviet Union.
November 5, 1991  Soviet Union Transnistria[d] Not official until the formal disestablishment of the Soviet Union. Largely unrecognized.
November 23, 1991  Soviet Union  Armenia Independence restored after Russian and Soviet rule. Initial establishment in 331 BC. Not official until the formal disestablishment of the Soviet Union. Partially unrecognized.
December 10, 1991  Soviet Union  Belarus Independence restored after Soviet rule. Initial establishment in 1918 as the Belarusian Democratic Republic. Not official until the formal disestablishment of the Soviet Union.
December 16, 1991  Soviet Union  Kazakhstan Not official until the formal disestablishment of the Soviet Union. Initial establishment in 1465.
December 21, 1991  Soviet Union  South Ossetia[d] Not official until the formal disestablishment of the Soviet Union. Initial establishment in the late 9th century.[e][5][6][7][8][9] [10] Largely unrecognized.
December 26, 1991  Soviet Union  Russia Independence restored after Soviet rule. Initial establishment in 1547.

Post–Cold War era

Year Previous entity Newly independent entity Event
March 6, 1992  Yugoslavia  Bosnia and Herzegovina Restoration of independence after Ottoman, Austro-Hungarian, Yugoslav, and Croatian rule. Initial establishment in 1154.
May 19, 1992  Iraq  Kurdistan Region[f] Largely unrecognized.
July 23, 1992  Georgia  Abkhazia[d] Restoration of independence after Georgian, Russian, and Soviet rule. Initial establishment in 778. Largely unrecognized.
January 1, 1993  Czechoslovakia  Czech Republic Dissolution of Czechoslovakia. Initial establishment in 870.
January 1, 1993  Czechoslovakia  Slovakia Dissolution of Czechoslovakia. Initial establishment in 1939.
July 5, 1994  Israel  Palestine[a] Created by the Oslo Accords, limited control over claimed territory. Partially unrecognized
October 1, 1994  United States  Palau In free association with the United States
May 20, 2002  Indonesia  Timor-Leste Independence restored after Indonesian occupation. Initial declaration of independence in 1975.
June 3, 2006  Serbia and Montenegro  Montenegro Independence restored after Yugoslav union. Initial establishment in 1516.
June 3, 2006  Serbia and Montenegro  Serbia Independence restored after Yugoslav union. Initial establishment in 780.
June 14, 2007  Israel and  Palestine  Gaza Strip[f] Effectively operating as a separate state since Hamas takeover of government. Largely unrecognized.
February 17, 2008  Serbia  Kosovo[d] Previously existed from 1991-2000 as a proto-state,  Kosova. Partially unrecognized.
August 20, 2010  Myanmar Wa State[f] Largely unrecognized.
July 9, 2011  Sudan  South Sudan Most recently recognized sovereign nation and 193rd UN member.
March 17, 2016  Syria  Rojava[d] Largely unrecognized.
October 1, 2017  Cameroon  Ambazonia[d] Largely unrecognized.
December 6, 2023  Myanmar  Chinland[f] Largely unrecognized.
April 1, 2024  Somalia  Puntland[f] Largely unrecognized.

Timeline of states established by means other than declaring independence

Year Previous entity Newly established entity Event
Possibly before 97 BC Yamatai and Other small Japanese states.  Japan Origins of the Japanese state are largely unknown. Traditional foundation date by Emperor Jimmu in 660 BC. Emperor Sujin is considered to be the earliest possible non-legendary emperor of Japan, began his reign c. 97 BC.
c. 936 Petty Kingdoms in Denmark  Denmark Likely date of Gorm the Old's accession as Denmark's first historically-confirmed king.
c. 970 Petty Kingdoms in Sweden  Sweden Likely date of Eric the Victorious's accession as Sweden's first historically-confirmed king.
January 19, 1479 Crown of Castile and Crown of Aragon  Spain Exactly when Spain was united is debated, the date given here is when Ferdinand II of Aragon, husband to Isabella I of Castile, ascended to the Aragonese throne and the Catholic Monarchs began to govern Spain as a de facto single realm. Legally, Castile and Aragon maintained separate institutions until the Nueva Planta Decrees issued between 1707 and 1716, and Navarre maintained separate institutions until 1841.
September 29, 1768 Gorkha Kingdom and 29 small Nepalese kingdoms.    Nepal Prithvi Narayan Shah declares the establishment of the Kingdom of Nepal. Unification campaign continues to 1795 with the annexation of the Kingdom of Mustan.
March 15, 1776 Kingdoms of Phimai, Phitsanulok, and Swangburi Thailand Completion of the reunification of Siam by Taksin the Great. Initial establishment in 1238.
March 3, 1781 States of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York (state), Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia United States Articles of Confederation come into effect, establishing a federal government and uniting the previously sovereign states into a confederation.
January 1, 1801 Kingdom of Great Britain and Kingdom of Ireland United Kingdom Acts of Union 1800 come into effect. Southern Ireland secedes in 1922.
October 26, 1820 North Haiti and South Haiti Haiti Haiti reunified after division following the death of Jean-Jacques Dessalines. Initial independence from France declared in 1804.
January 24, 1859 Moldavia and Principality of Wallachia Romania Ottoman vassal until 1877.
March 17, 1861 Kingdom of Sardinia, United Provinces of Central Italy and Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Italy Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy by Law No. 4761 of 1861. Venetia would be annexed in 1866, and Rome would be captured in 1870.
October 29, 1923 Ottoman Empire Turkey Declaration of the Republic of Turkey, superseding the previous Ottoman state.
December 22, 1932 Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd and Idrisid Emirate of Asir Saudi Arabia Abolition of the dual monarchy of Nejd and Hejaz, which is superseded by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
April 26, 1964 Tanganyika (1961–1964) and People's Republic of Zanzibar Tanzania Creation of Tanzania, whose name is a portmanteau of "Tan" from Tanganyika and "Zan" from Zanzibar, which was mutually accepted by both the Nyerere government and the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar.
July 2, 1976  North Vietnam and  Republic of South Vietnam  Vietnam Reunified following the Vietnam War. Initial establishment in 2879 BC.
May 22, 1990  North Yemen and  South Yemen  Yemen Yemeni unification following colonial-era division between  Kingdom of Yemen and Aden Protectorate. Initial establishment in 110 BC.
October 3, 1990  East Germany and  West Germany  Germany Germany reunified after Cold War-era division. Unification of the German Empire in 1871.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b UN observer state.
  2. ^ Although the Median dynasty was actually founded by its inaugural king Deioces in 700 BC, his son Phraortes would be the one who freed the Medes from Assyrian domination.
  3. ^ a b Eligible for UN membership.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i Not a UN member state.
  5. ^ South Ossetia is also known as the "State of Alania", and the modern Ossetians are descended from the medieval Alans.
  6. ^ a b c d e De facto independent, but without formal foreign relations.

References

  1. ^ "Treaty of Verdun | Carolingian Empire, Charlemagne, Louis the German | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2025-02-13.
  2. ^ Dandamayev 2021, p. 1630.
  3. ^ Katouzian 2013, p. xii.
  4. ^ Gaube 2008, p. 161.
  5. ^ "Constitution". The official website of the Government of South Ossetia. Archived from the original on 2 October 2022. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
  6. ^ Fuller, Liz (9 February 2017). "South Ossetia Referendum on Name Change Steers Clear of Thornier Unification Issue". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 14 September 2017. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
  7. ^ "Referendum to rename South Ossetia 'Alania' set for April". OC Media. 7 February 2017. Archived from the original on 24 July 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
  8. ^ "Alani". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2015. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  9. ^ Shnirelman, Victor (2006). "The Politics of a Name: Between Consolidation and Separation in the Northern Caucasus" (PDF). Acta Slavica Iaponica. 23: 37–49.
  10. ^ Lang, David Marshall (1966). The Georgians. New York: Praeger. p. 239.

Sources

  • Dandamayev, Muhammad (2021). "Eastern Europe". A Companion to the Achaemenid Persian Empire: Volume II. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-119-07165-5.
  • Gaube, Heinz (2008). "Iranian Cities". The City in the Islamic World: Volume 2. Brill. ISBN 978-90-47-44265-3.
  • Katouzian, Homa (2013). Iran: Politics, History and Literature. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-63689-6.
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