Tiki Formation
| Tiki Formation | |
|---|---|
| Stratigraphic range: | |
| Type | Geological formation |
| Unit of | Gondwana Group |
| Sub-units | Lower & Upper members |
| Lithology | |
| Primary | Mudstone |
| Other | Claystone, sandstone |
| Location | |
| Coordinates | 23°54′N 81°24′E / 23.9°N 81.4°E |
| Approximate paleocoordinates | 42°36′S 51°06′E / 42.6°S 51.1°E |
| Region | Madhya Pradesh |
| Country | India |
| Type section | |
| Named for | Tiki village |
Tiki Formation (India) Tiki Formation (Madhya Pradesh) | |
The Tiki Formation is a Late Triassic (Carnian to Norian) geologic formation in Madhya Pradesh, northern India. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation, although none have yet been referred to a specific genus.[1] Phytosaur remains attributable to the genus Volcanosuchus have also been found in the Tiki Formation.[2]
The genera Tikiodon, Tikitherium and Tikisuchus and species Rewaconodon tikiensis, Hyperodapedon tikiensis and Parvodus tikiensis have been named after the Tiki Formation.
Paleobiota
Color key
|
Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; |
Cynodonts
| Cynodonts of the Tiki Formation | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Material | Notes |
| Gondwanadon[3][4] | G. tapani | A single molar | A morganucodont |
| Inditherium[5] | I. floris[5] | Three postcanine teeth | A dromatheriid |
| Rewaconodon[3] | R. indicus[5] | A partial jaw and three postcanine teeth | A dromatheriid |
| R. tikiensis[6] | |||
| Ruberodon[3][7] | R. roychowdhurii | Five partial jaws | A traversodontid |
| Tikiodon[3] | T. cromptoni | A single postcanine tooth | A mammaliamorph |
| Tikitherium[3][8] | T. copei | A single postcanine tooth | A mammaliaform. Initially described as a basal mammaliaform related to Docodonta, but later redescribed as a Neogene shrew fossil that was reworked into the older deposit.[9] |
| Cynodontia indet. | |||
Reptiles
Teeth similar to Galtonia, Protecovasaurus,[10] and Azendohsaurus[11] are known from the formation. Claws similar to shuvosaurids and dinosaurs[12] have also been reported, though their exact identification is questionable. Saurischian dinosaurs may have been present based on vertebrae and limb fragments.[13]
| Reptiles of the Tiki Formation | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Genus / Taxon | Species | Material | Notes |
| Clevosaurus[14] | C. nicholsi | Jaw fragments | A clevosaurid sphenodont |
| Colossosuchus[15] | C. techniensis[15] | Known from multiple skeletons, all likely died together | A very large mystriosuchine phytosaur |
| Desmatosuchnae Indet.[16] | osteoderms | A stagonolepidid aetosaur | |
| Hyperodapedon[6] | H. huxleyi | Rare maxillary tooth plates[6] | A hyperodapedontine rhynchosaur, also known as Paradapedon.[17] This species is far more common in the coeval Lower Maleri Formation of central India. |
| H.tikiensis[18] | Various cranial and postcranial elements | A hyperodapedontine rhynchosaur | |
| Parasuchus[19][6] | P. hislopi | Skulls | A basal (non-mystriosuchine) phytosaur |
| Tikisuchus[19] | T. romeri | The skull and some postcranial elements of a young individual | A putative rauisuchid |
| Volcanosuchus[20] | V. statisticae[20] | A skull | A mystriosuchine phytosaur |
| Ornithischia indet.[21][6] | |||
| Phytosauria indet.[21][22] | |||
| Pseudosuchia indet.[23] | |||
| Sphenodontia indet.[11][21][6] | |||
| Theropoda indet.[19] | |||
Amphibians
| Amphibians of the Tiki Formation | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Material | Notes |
| Eodiscoglossus[6] | E. sp | An incomplete jaw | A discoglossid frog |
| Compsocerops[24] | C. tikiensis | A chigutisaurid temnospondyl | |
| Metoposaurus[19] | M. sp. | A metoposaurid temnospondyl | |
| Panthasaurus | P. maleriensis | A metoposaurid temnospondyl | |
Fish
| Fishes of the Tiki Formation | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Material | Notes |
| Cladodus[6] | C. sp. | Teeth | A ctenacanth |
| Gnathorhiza | G. sp.[25] | Teeth | A gnathorhizid lungfish |
| Lonchidion | L. estesi | A hybodont | |
| L. encumbens | A hybodont | ||
| Mooreodontus[11] | M. indicus[26] | Teeth | A xenacanthid |
| M. jaini[26] | Teeth | ||
| Pristrisodus[27] | P. tikiensis[27] | Teeth | A hybodont, formerly known as Parvodus tikiensis and Lissodus duffini.[6] |
| Ptychoceratodus | P. oldhami[25] | Teeth | A ptychoceratodontid lungfish |
| Tikiodontus[26] | T. asymmetricus[26] | Teeth | A xenacanthid |
| Actinopterygii indet.[6] | |||
| Coelacanthidae indet.[6] | |||
Flora
- Baiera sp.[28]
- Dicroidium sp.[28]
- Elatocladus sp.[28]
- Lepidopteris sp.[28]
- Pagiophyllum sp.[28]
- Sphenobaiera sp.[28]
- Xylopteris sp.[28]
- Yabeiella sp.[28]
Correlations
The Tiki Formation is considered a temporal equivalent of the Lower Maleri Formation. The majority of the Tiki Formation correlates with the Ischigualasto Formation of Argentina, the upper part of the Santa Maria Formation, and the overlying lower Caturrita Formation of Brazil, the Isalo II Beds of Madagascar, Lossiemouth Sandstone of Scotland, and the lower Tecovas Formation of the Chinle Group of North America.
See also
References
- ^ Weishampel et al., 2004, "Dinosaur distribution", pp. 517-607
- ^ Chatterjee, 1978
- ^ a b c d e Bhat, M. S.; Ray, S.; Datta, P. M. (2020). "New cynodonts (Therapsida, Eucynodontia) from the Late Triassic of India and their significances". Journal of Paleontology. 95 (2): 376–393. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.95. S2CID 228836405.
- ^ Datta & Das, 1996
- ^ a b c Bhat, M. S.; Ray, S.; Datta, P. M. (2020). "New cynodonts (Therapsida, Eucynodontia) from the Late Triassic of India and their significances". Journal of Paleontology. 95 (2): 376–393. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.95.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Kumar & Sharma, 2019
- ^ Ray, S. (2015). "A new Late Triassic traversodontid cynodont (Therapsida, Eucynodontia) from India". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 35 (3): e930472. Bibcode:2015JVPal..35E0472R. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.930472. S2CID 86368800.
- ^ Datta, P. M. (2005). "Earliest mammal with transversely expanded upper molar from the Late Triassic (Carnian) Tiki Formation, South Rewa Gondwana Basin, India". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 25 (1): 200–207. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0200:EMWTEU]2.0.CO;2.
- ^ Averianov, Alexander O.; Voyta, Leonid L. (March 2024). "Putative Triassic stem mammal Tikitherium copei is a Neogene shrew". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 31 (1). doi:10.1007/s10914-024-09703-w. ISSN 1064-7554.
- ^ Ray, Sanghamitra; Bhat, Mohd Shafi; Datta, P. M. (2021-02-01). "First record of varied archosauriforms from the Upper Triassic of India based on isolated teeth, and their biostratigraphic implications". Historical Biology. 33 (2): 237–253. Bibcode:2021HBio...33..237R. doi:10.1080/08912963.2019.1609957. ISSN 0891-2963.
- ^ a b c Singh, Y. Priyananda; Sharma, K. Milankumar; Tiwari, Raghavendra Prasad; Patnaik, Rajeev; Singh, Nongmaithem Amardas; Singh, Ningthoujam Premjit (27 March 2023). "Lepidosauromorphs and associated vertebrate fauna from the Late Triassic Tiki Formation, South Rewa, Gondwana basin, India: implication for paleoenvironment and paleobiogeography". Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy. 89 (2): 325–346. Bibcode:2023INSAP..89..325S. doi:10.1007/s43538-023-00162-0. ISSN 0370-0046. Retrieved 27 December 2024 – via Springer Nature Link.
- ^ Rakshit, Nibedita; Bhat, Mohd Shafi; Ray, Sanghamitra; Datta, P.M. (2018). "First report of dinosaurian claws from the Late Triassic of India". Palaeoworld. 27 (2): 179–187. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2018.01.001.
- ^ Ray, Sanghamitra; Bhat, Mohd Safi; Mukherjee, Debarati; Datta, P. M. (2016-12-31). "Vertebrate fauna from the Late Triassic Tiki Formation of India: new finds and their biostratigraphic implications". Journal of Palaeosciences. 65 ((1-2)): 47–59. doi:10.54991/jop.2016.298. ISSN 2583-4266.
- ^ Bhat, Mohd Shafi; Datta, Debajit; Ray, Sanghamitra; Datta, P. M. (2023-01-02). "A new clevosaurid (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia) from the Upper Triassic of India". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 43 (1). doi:10.1080/02724634.2023.2232833. ISSN 0272-4634.
- ^ a b Datta, D.; Ray, S. (2023). "A giant phytosaur (Diapsida, Archosauria) from the Upper Triassic of India with new insights on phytosaur migration, endemism and extinction". Papers in Palaeontology. 9 (1). e1476. Bibcode:2023PPal....9E1476D. doi:10.1002/spp2.1476. S2CID 257103850.
- ^ Haldar, A.; Ray, S. (2025). "First report of desmatosuchine aetosaur (Pseudosuchia, Aetosauriformes) osteoderms from the Upper Triassic Tiki Formation of India: Their complex internal vascular system, functional significance and biostratigraphy". Journal of Anatomy. doi:10.1111/joa.14255. PMID 40205778.
- ^ Lydekker, 1885
- ^ Mukherjee, Debarati; Ray, Sanghamitra (2014). Benson, Roger (ed.). "A new Hyperodapedon (Archosauromorpha, Rhynchosauria) from the Upper Triassic of India: implications for rhynchosaur phylogeny". Palaeontology. 57 (6): 1241–1276. Bibcode:2014Palgy..57.1241M. doi:10.1111/pala.12113. ISSN 0031-0239.
- ^ a b c d Chatterjee & Majumdar, 1987
- ^ a b Datta, Debajit; Ray, Sanghamitra; Bandyopadhyay, Saswati (2021). "Cranial morphology of a new phytosaur (Diapsida, Archosauria) from the Upper Triassic of India: implications for phytosaur phylogeny and biostratigraphy". Papers in Palaeontology. 7 (2): 675–708. Bibcode:2021PPal....7..675D. doi:10.1002/spp2.1292. ISSN 2056-2802. S2CID 213698017.
- ^ a b c Datta et al., 2005
- ^ Mukherjee & Ray, 2012
- ^ Huene, 1940
- ^ Chakravorti, Sanjukta; Sengupta, Dhurjati Prasad (2023-03-06). "The first record of chigutisaurid amphibian from the Late Triassic Tiki Formation and the probable Carnian pluvial episode in central India". PeerJ. 11: e14865. doi:10.7717/peerj.14865. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 9997194.
- ^ a b Bhat, Mohd Shafi; Ray, Sanghamitra (2020-03-15). "A record of new lungfishes (Osteichthyes: Dipnoi) from the Carnian (Upper Triassic) of India". Historical Biology. 32 (3): 428–437. Bibcode:2020HBio...32..428B. doi:10.1080/08912963.2018.1499020. ISSN 0891-2963.
- ^ a b c d Bhat, Mohd Shafi; Ray, Sanghamitra; Datta, P.M. (2018). "A new assemblage of freshwater sharks (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii) from the Upper Triassic of India". Geobios. 51 (4): 269–283. Bibcode:2018Geobi..51..269B. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2018.06.004.
- ^ a b Bhat, Mohd Shafi; Ray, Sanghamitra; Datta, P. M. (2018). "A new hybodont shark (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii) from the Upper Triassic Tiki Formation of India with remarks on its dental histology and biostratigraphy". Journal of Paleontology. 92 (2): 221–239. Bibcode:2018JPal...92..221B. doi:10.1017/jpa.2017.63. ISSN 0022-3360.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Pal, 1984
Bibliography
- Kumar, J.; Sharma, K. M. (2019). "Micro and mega-vertebrate fossils from the Late Triassic Tiki Formation, South Rewa Gondwana Basin, India: palaeoenvironmental and palaeobiogeographic implications". Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India. 64 (2): 151–168. Bibcode:2019JPalS..64..151K. doi:10.1177/0971102320190201.
- Mukherjee, D.; Ray, S. (2012). "Taphonomy of an Upper Triassic vertebrate bonebed: A new rhynchosaur (Reptilia; Archosauromorpha) accumulation from India". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 333–334: 75–91. Bibcode:2012PPP...333...75M. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.03.010.
- Datta, P. M.; Das, D. P.; Luo, Z.-X. (2004). "A late Triassic dromatheriid (Synapsida: Cynodontia) from India". Annals of Carnegie Museum. 73 (2): 72–84. Bibcode:2004AnCM...73...72D. doi:10.5962/p.215151.
- Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; Osmólska, Halszka, eds. (2004). The Dinosauria (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 1–880. ISBN 0-520-24209-2. Retrieved 2019-02-21.
- Datta, P. M.; Das, D. P. (1996). "Discovery of the oldest fossil mammal from India". Indian Minerals. 50: 217–222.
- Chatterjee, S.; Majumdar, P. K. (1987). "Tikisuchus romeri, a new rauisuchid reptile from the Late Triassic of India". Journal of Paleontology. 61 (4): 787–793. Bibcode:1987JPal...61..787C. doi:10.1017/S0022336000029139.
- Pal, P.K (1984). "Triassic plant megafossils from the Tiki Formation, South Rewa Gondwana Basin, India". The Palaeobotanist. 32: 253–309.
- Chatterjee, S (1978). "A primitive parasuchid (Phytosaur) reptile from the Upper Triassic Maleri Formation of India". Palaeontology. 21: 83–127.
- Huene, F. von (1940). "The tetrapod fauna of the Upper Triassic Maleri Beds". Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India Palaeontologia Indica. New Series. 32: 1–42.
- Lydekker, R (1885). "The Reptilia & Amphibia of the Maleria & Denwa Groups". Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India. Palaeontologia Indica, Series IV. Indian Pretertiary Vertebrata. 1: 1–38.