Thonmi Sambhota

Thönmi Sambhota
Thönmi Sambhota ཐོན་མི་སམ་བྷོ་ཊ།
Personal life
Born619 CE
Tu, Yorwo, Tibet[1]
Education
Religious life
ReligionBuddhism
Part of a series on
Tibetan Buddhism
Schools
Key personalities
First dissemination
Second dissemination
Nyingma
Kagyu
Jonang
Sakya
Bodongpa

Samding Dorje Phagmo

Gelugpa
Teachings
General Buddhist
Tibetan
Nyingma
Practices and attainment
Major monasteries
Institutional roles
Festivals
Texts
Art
History and overview

Thonmi Sambhota (Thönmi Sambhoṭa, (Tib. ཐོན་མི་སམ་བྷོ་ཊ།, Wylie thon mi sam+b+ho Ta; c.619-7th C.) is a figure credited by Tibetan traditions with creating the first Tibetan script, based on the Gupta alphabet, after being sent by king Songsten Gampo to study in India.[2] He is also credited with serving the king as his minister and escorting two princesses from Nepal and China into Tibet to become Songtsen Gampo's queens.[1] The authenticity of this legend has been questioned.

Traditional account

Thonmi is his clan name, while Sambhota means 'scholar' (sam) from Tibet (bhota).[1] He was sent to India with 16 other Tibetan students to study Buddhism, Sanskrit, and the Art of Writing.[2] Among his many accomplishments, he is also the author six important treatises on Tibetan grammar, two which are included in the Tengyur and are entitled (Wylie) lung ston pa la rtsa ba sum cu pa, and rtags kyi 'jug pa.[1][3] Possibly re-edited by others at later dates,[1] the two treatises attributed to him might postdate the 13th century.[4] Some sources state that he was sent specifically to the monastery of Nalanda.[5]

Scholar R. A. Stein states,

"According to Tibetan tradition, Songtsen Gampo sent a young man of the Thönmi or Thumi clan, Sambhoṭa son of Anu (or Drithorek Anu) to India in 632 with other youths, to learn the alphabet. The pattern chosen was the script of Kashmir. At all events, the ancient annals of Tun-huang record against the year 655 that 'the text of the laws was written'. It is staggering to realize that, in a couple of decades, not only was the Tibetan alphabet invented, but the script had been adapted to the Tibetan language by a highly complicated orthography, and used for the writing of documents. Thönmi is also said to have composed, no doubt later on, a very learned grammar on the Indian pattern."[6]

Thonmi Sambhota became the fourth of seven wise ministers of King Songtsen Gampo. He is said to be the only one of the original 16 students to return to Tibet. The Tibetan script he devised in retreat, after his return to Tibet, was prepared at Kukarmaru Palace in Lhasa,[1] and based on the Brahmi and Gupta scripts which have been in use in India since c.350.[7][8]

King Songtsen Gampo is said to have retired for four years to master the new script and grammar. He then made translations of Buddhist texts, including the twenty-one Avalokitesvara texts.[1] Other translators quickly added to the corpus of Buddhist translations.

The Six Codices of the Tibetan constitution were drawn up, and state documents included treaties with Tang China, and court records. Newly written domestic records included genealogies, histories, and poetry which were preserved in writing.[9] The Chronicle of Ba, the keeping by the Ba clan members of royal records of important events during the Tibetan Empire era, also began c.650.

The first Tibetan dictionary followed in the 8th century, and was called the Drajor Bampo Nyipa (Madhyavyutpatti) that had 600 to 700 words, used by the panditas that were translating the Buddha Shakyamuni's recorded teachings into Tibetan for the Kangyur, and the commentaries by great masters into Tibetan for the Tengyur, which together created the Tibetan Buddhist Canon.[10]

Historical authenticity

Little is known about the exact origins of Tibetan script,[11] which appears to have developed over a long period of time.[12] It is difficult, if not impossible, to verify the existence of Thönmi Sambhoṭa, let alone his invention of any writing system.[13] Earliest sources on Tibet, such as the Old Tibetan Chronicle, do not mention any Thönmi Sambhoṭa. The treatises credited to him by later Buddhist traditions were likely compiled over the decades following the reign of Songtsen Gampo.[12]

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Samten Chhospel, "Tonmi Sambhota", Treasury of Lives, 2010.
  2. ^ a b Claude Arpi, Glimpses on the History of Tibet. Dharamsala: Tibet Museum, 2013, p.1-23
  3. ^ "Tonmi Sambhota". The Treasury of Lives: Biographies of Himalayan Religious Masters. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  4. ^ Hill, Nathan W. (2004) 'Compte rendu (Review of Paul G. Hackett, 'A Tibetan Verb Lexicon' Ithaca: Snow Lion, 2003.)'. Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines, (6), p. 86, and references cited therein.
  5. ^ K, Abhay (2025). Nalanda: How it Changed the World. Penguin. p. 54. ISBN 9789367904343.
  6. ^ R. A. Stein. Tibetan Civilization. (1972), pp. 51, 58. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-0806-1 (cloth); ISBN 0-8047-0901-7 (paper).
  7. ^ Tibet: A Political History, p. 12. 1967. Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa. Yale University Press, New Haven and London.
  8. ^ The White Annals, pp. 70-73. Gedun Choephel, translated by Samten Norboo. 1978. Tibetan Library and Archives, Dharamsala, H.P., India.
  9. ^ Ancient Tibet: Research Materials from the Yeshe De Project, pp. 192-193. 1986. Dharma Publishing, Berkeley, California. ISBN 0-89800-146-3.
  10. ^ Geshe Monlam : The Man Behind the Dictionary, Buddhist Digital Resource Center, 27 April 2023
  11. ^ "The evolution of Tibetan typefaces: anatomy and historical development of Tibetan fonts". Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales. Archived from the original on 29 November 2024. Retrieved 27 March 2025.
  12. ^ a b Miller, Roy Andrew (1963). "Thon-mi Sambhoṭa and His Grammatical Treatises". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 83 (4): 485–502. doi:10.2307/597167. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 597167.
  13. ^ Schaik, Sam van (1 January 2011). "A New Look at the Tibetan Invention of Writing". Old Tibetan Documents Monograph Series, Vol.III. It is difficult, if not impossible, to determine whether such a person existed – let alone whether he really did invent a script ... the legend of Tönmi Sambhota ...

Further reading

  • The Clear Mirror: A Traditional Account of Tibet's Golden Age. Sakyapa Sonam Gyaltsen, translated by McComas Taylor and Lama Choedak Yuthok. 1996. Snow Lion Publications, Ithaca, New York. ISBN 1-55939-048-4. "Chapter 10: Minister Tonmi brings the alphabet from India, and King Songsten Gampo creates the Laws of the Ten Virtues", pp. 99–110.
  • Sacred Scripts: A Meditative Journey Through Tibetan Calligraphy. Authors - Tashi Mannox & Robin Kyte-coles, endorsed by H.H Dalai Lama. 2016. Mandala Publications, San Rafael, CA. ISBN 978-1608878796. "A brief history of the Tibetan Writing Systems: King Songsten Gampo turned to Minister Thönmi Sambhoṭa to renovate the Tibetan writing systems and grammar", pp. 3–12.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is available under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.