Tenri Kami no Kuchiake Basho

Tenri Kami no Kuchiake Basho (Japanese: 天理神之口明場所) was a Tenrikyo-based shinshūkyō (Japanese new religion) that became formally independent in 1937 under its founder, Yamada Umejirō (山田梅次郎). Tenri Kami no Kuchiake Basho is a Japanese phrase that means place of origin of the god of Tenri [principle of heaven] in English.[1] It is commonly treated as one of handful of sects that became separated from Tenri Sanrinkō, such as Kami Ichijokyo and Sekai Shindokyo, due to the very short duration of existence of the intermediatory sect, Tenri Kami no Uchiake Basho.[n 1][n 2]

History

Tenri Kami no Kuchiake Basho was established by the human kanrodai, Yamada Umejirō (山田梅次郎). He was born on 8 May 1878 in Kanie-chō Ama District, Aichi Prefecture.[4] Umejirō had a history of changing religious affiliations many times. Initially, he joined Tenrikyo in 1899 due to a health issue and eventually became a junior lecturer of the faith, although he joined Honmichi in 1925, the year when it was founded by Ōnishi Aijirō.[5] However, his religious affiliations kept changing. Afterwards, Umejirō also received a divine revelation (tenkei) in 1931 for the first time.[6] Umejirō eventually became a follower of Tenri Sanrinkō in 1933 and then Tenri Kami no Uchiake Basho in 1934.[7][8]

On 11 January 1936, Umejirō received another divine revelation that he was the reincarnation of Nakayama Zenbei, the husband of Nakayama Miki, the founder of Tenrikyo.[6] This became his source of motivation to found his own separate religious sect. Umejirō performed rituals[n 3] such as ōgi no sazuke (扇の伺い, prayer offering of the fan) and iki no sazuke (息の授け, healing offering of the breath) that are defunct in Tenrikyo in addition to an esoteric salvation ritual called kanromizu sazuke (甘露水授け, offering the waters of divine nectar) that was performed in Tokyo, Nara, and Nagano; eventually founded his own religious organization within his Nagoya residence, Tenri Kami no Kuchiake Basho, on 23 December 1937.[1][6] His title as the leader of Tenri Kami no Kuchiake Basho was Negabu Kanrodai (根株甘露台) or Umenoki Kanrodai (梅の木甘露台).[4][9]

However, Tenri Kami no Kuchiake Basho did not remain in peace. Umejirō was arrested under the Peace Preservation Law on 22 November 1938 and passed away on 8 November 1941.[n 4][11][4] Before his death, Tenri Kami no Kuchiake Basho was officially dissolved in 1939.[1]

Legacy

Followers and children of Umejirō later founded their own independent religious sects based on his religious traditions before and after the Pacific War.[12][9]

  • Hi No Moto Shinseikō (日の本神誠講), founded by Okamoto Tsue (1897-?), a follower
  • Ōkanmichi (おうかんみち), founded by Egami Toshitane (1904-1971), a follower
  • Tsukihi Sansei no Michi Machitake Honbu (月日三世の道真知岳本部), founded by Yamada Some, the second daughter
  • Shinwa Kyōkai (神和教会), founded by Yamada Kinji, the second son

Ōkanmichi is largely treated as the successor religious group of Tenri Kami no Kuchiake Basho due to Egami Toshitane's close affiliation with Yamada Umejirō. A noticeable splinter religious group of Ōkanmichi is Kanrodai Reiri Shidōkai (甘露台霊理斯道会).

Notes

  1. ^ See the difference between Tenri Kami no Kuchiake Basho and Tenri Kami no Uchiake Basho. Tenri Kami no Kuchiake Basho in Japanese can also be spelled as 天理神之口開場所 with 開 instead of 明. However, it is usually spelled with 明.[2]
  2. ^ Religious studies scholars who research the history of Tenrikyo have a tendency to understate the existence of Tenri Kami no Uchiake Basho by directly treating Tenri Kami no Kuchiake Basho as a direct descendant of Tenri Sanrinkō. Yumiyama Tatsuya is an example of a scholar who expresses this view.[3]
  3. ^ Different from sazuke in Tenrikyo.
  4. ^ The Aichi Gakuin University School of Law covered the research on the persecution of Tenri Kami no Kuchiake Basho.[10]

Further reading

  • Yumiyama, Tatsuya [in Japanese]. "Ōkanmichi". Kokugakuin Digital Museum. Tokyo.
  • Matsui (松井), Keisuke (圭介) (March 2000). "カリスマの継承からみた天理教系教団の分派形成 : 場所の宗教と天啓者の宗教" [Formation of New Sects from Tenri-kyo Focusing on the Succession to Charismas: Religion of Place and Religion of Revelator] (PDF). Tsukuba Studies in Human Geography (筑波大学人文地理学研究) (in Japanese). 25. Tsukuba: 55–76.
  • Inoue, Nobutaka, ed. (1996). 新宗教教団・人物亊典 [Dictionary Of Organizations And Figures In New Religions] (in Japanese). Tokyo: KOUBUNDOU Publishers Inc. ISBN 978-4335160288.

References

  1. ^ a b c Yumiyama "At the same time he also revived salvific practices known as ōgi no sazuke ("prayer offering of the fan") and the iki no sazuke ("healing offering of the breath") that were no longer permitted within the Tenrikyō of that time. The following year (1937) he performed these rituals of "offering the waters of divine nectar" in Tokyo, Nara and Nagano, and on December 23, 1937, after just one year of activities, he had founded an organization together with a religious center, the Tenri Kami no Kuchiake Basho (lit., "place of origin of the god of Tenri [principle of heaven]") within his home in Nagoya. The next year, however, associates of his were arrested under the Maintenance of Public Order Act (Chian ijihō) and in 1939 the organization was forcibly dissolved. After Yamada Umejirō's death in 1941, …"
  2. ^ Forbes, Roy Tetsuo (2005). Schism, orthodoxy and heresy in the history of Tenrikyō : three case studies (Thesis). University of Hawai'i Department of Religion. p. 137. Yamada Umejirō (Tenri-kami no Kuchi-ake Basho/Ōkanmichi 天理神之口明場所・おうかんみち)
  3. ^ Okao (岡尾), Masahide (将秀) (June 2006). "書評とリプライ: 弓山達也著, 『天啓のゆくえ-宗教が分派するとき-』" [Book Review & Reply: the Whereabouts of Tenkei – when Religions Divide by Tatsuya Yumiyama]. Religion and Society (in Japanese). 12. Tokyo: The Japanese Association for the Study of Religion and Society: 132–137. ほんみち—天理三輪講系教団群にも含まれる「天理神之口明場所」を経て分派分立した「天理神之口明場所系教団群」である。 [It is the group of Tenri-Kami no Kuchiake Basho-based sects that was created from Tenri-Kami no Kuchiake Basho, which is also a part of the group of Honmichi-Tenri Sanrinkō-based sects.]
  4. ^ a b c Inoue (page 604) "山田梅次郎　明治八年(一八七五)五月八日~昭和一六年(一九四一)一一月八日【出生】山田林吉・ふみの四男。愛知県海部郡蟹江町生。【教団での呼称】教祖・根株甘露台" [Yamada Umejirō (8 May 1878 – 8 November 1941); Birth – Fourth son of the Yamadas (father's name was unsure, mother's name was Fumi). Born in Kanie-chō, Ama District, Aichi Prefecture; Title(s) within His Organization – Kyōso & Nekabu Kanrodai]
  5. ^ Inoue (page 604-605) "【略歴】明治三二年、臀部に腫れ物ができ天理教に入信。下駄、鍋蓋製造業を営むかたわら、天理教校別科を修了し、のちに権少講義になる。大正元年(一九一二)に初めて神意を感得する。一四年に天理研究会に入会し、昭和三年(一九二八)、『研究資料』を配布し検挙、起訴猶予処分をとなる。…" [Brief Biography – Joining Tenrikyo in 1899 due to his swellings around his buttocks. In addition to it, he pursued in the business of manufacturing geta footwear and pot lids, he received special lectures on Tenrikyo and later became gonshōkōgi (権少講義), vice junior lecturer. He transmitted his will of faith to the divine realm for the first time in 1912. He joined Tenri Kenkyūkai (today's Honmichi) in 1925, but was prosecuted for distributing Research Materials (研究資料, Kenkyū Shiryō) and later received his prosecution being suspended in 1928. …]
  6. ^ a b c Inoue (page 604-605) "昭和六年には天啓を受け、石の甘露台を造っている。一一年一月一一日、天啓により梅次郎は、天理教教祖中山みきの夫、善兵衛の生まれ替わりとして、天啓者・人間甘露台であるとの自覚に至り、「甘露水授け」という救済の秘儀を始める。同時に当時の天理教内部では少なくとも公式的には廃止されていた「扇の授け(伺い)」「息の授け」を復活させている。特にこの「扇の伺い」による天啓のなかには、国体の変革や理想世界実現に触れたもの、また敗戦や天変地異の予言ともとれるものも含まれている。こうして翌年には東京・奈良・長野でも「甘露水授け」を行い、一二月二三日、一年余りの活動で組織が整い、名古屋市内の自宅で天理神之口明場所を結成する。" [He received divine revelation (tenkai) and created a kanrodai pillar with stone in 1931. On 11 January 1936, Umejirō, under the will of the divine revelation that he received, declared that he was the reincarnation of Tenrikyo's founder, Nakayama Miki's spouse, Zenbei, and even started to perform the ceremony of kanromizu sazuke (offering the waters of divine nectar). Especially some the divine revelations through "ōgi no sazuke" (prayer offering of the fan) include a huge change of the country (Japan) or the materalization of an ideal world, also prophecies pertaining to the defeating of a war or an occurance of natural disasters as well. Then next year (1937), the kanromizu sazuke ceremony was performed in Tokyo, Nara, and Nagano, and after approximately a year of activities on 23 December, he (Umejirō) established Tenri Kami no Kuchiake Basho in his residence in downtown Nagoya.]
  7. ^ Matsui (page 74) "17)1933(昭和8)年に天理三輪講に入信し，その翌年には天理三輪講からその年に独立した天理神之打開場所に入信している。" [17) (Yamada Umejirō) joined Tenri Sanrinkō in 1933, then Tenri-Kami no Uchiake Basho was organized as a separate sect from Tenri Sanrinkō in 1934 and he joined it during that same year.]
  8. ^ Inoue (page 604-605) "【略歴】…その後、天理三輪講、天理神の打開場所に入信。…" [Brief Biography – … Afterwards, he joined Tenri Sanrinkō and eventually Tenri-Kami no Uchiake Basho. …]
  9. ^ a b Matsui (page 69) "ほんみちの「人の甘露台」による天啓の継承は、教祖在世中からの天理教信者の心を捉え、天理教内の最大の分派活動になったが、このことは同時に、他の「人の甘露台」=「新たな天啓者」の出現を唱えることによる分派活動の誘因にもなった。大西以降の主な「自称甘露台」を挙げてみると、天理三輪講を開いた勝ひさのによる安子甘露台、天理神之打開場所を開いた渡辺そよによる政子甘露台、天理神之口開場所を開いた山田梅次郎の根株甘露台（梅の木甘露台）、おうかんみちを開いた江上寿胤のひょうたんの木甘露台、大西の娘である大西玉を真正甘露台とする天理みろく会（現ほんぶしん）等、幾多の人間が自らが天啓者であるとして新しい教団を開いているのである。" [The succession of tenkei (revelation) through Honmichi's 'human kanrodai' captured the hearts of Tenrikyo believers even while the founder was alive; became the largest sectarian activity within Tenrikyo. However, this also gave rise to sectarian activities with claims of the emergence of other instances of 'human kanrodai' = 'new tenkeisha (divine revelators)' at the same time. Looking at the instances of self-styling of being a kanrodai after Ōnishi Aijirō, there are: Yasuko Kanrodai by Katsu Hisano, foundress of Tenri Sanrinkō; Masako Kanrodai by Watanabe Yoso, foundress of Tenri Kami no Uchiake Basho; Negabu Kanrodai (or Plum Blosssom Kanrodai) by Yamada Umejirō, founder of Tenri Kami no Kuchiake Basho; Hyōtan no Ki Kanrodai by Egami Toshitane, founder of Ōkanmichi; Shinsei Kanrodai by Ōnishi Tama, daughter of Ōnishi Aijirō and foundress of Tenri Miroku-kai (today's Honbushin), etc.; thus, many human beings claim themselves as divine revelators (tenkeisha) and make new religious groups.]
  10. ^ "愛知学院大学法学部 > 宗教法制研究所 > 宗教法制研究所紀要 > 14号／天皇制と宗教（下）1972年（昭和47年）3月10日" [Aichi Gakuin University School of Law > Religious Legislation Institute > Religious Legislation Institute Bulletin > No.14 The Imperial System & Religions (Latter Part) / 10 March 1972]. Aichi Gakuin University (in Japanese). Nagoya.
  11. ^ Inoue (page 604-605) "しかし昭和一三年一一月二二日、治安維持法違反で検挙される。一四年に一時釈放となるが、翌年、懲役五年の実刑判決を受け控訴。昭和一六年、控訴審で懲役二年執行猶予四年の判決となるが、同年死去。" [However, he was arrested on 22 November 1938 for violating the Peace Preservation Law. He was released in 1939, but he was sentenced for 5 years and appealed in 1940. Although in 1941 his appeal resulted in 2 years of imprisonment and 4 years of probation, he passed away in that same year.]
  12. ^ Yumiyama, Tatsuya [in Japanese] (March 1989). "ほんみち以降の天理教系教団について" [About Tenrikyo-based Religious Organization After Honmichi] (PDF). Shūkyō Kenkyū (in Japanese). 62 (4 (279)). Japanese Association for Religious Studies: 314–380. さて天理三輪講から独立した天理神之口明場所も十数もの天理教系教団の母体となった教団であり、ここからは創始者・山田梅次郎の子供や弟子たちがそれぞれ教団を興している。おうかんみち、月日三世の道真知岳本部、神和教会、日本神誠講といった教団などがそうで、「天理神之口明場所系教団群」ともいうべきものを形成している。 [However, Tenri Kami no Kuchiake Basho, which was split off from Tenri Sanrinkō, was the mother organization of around ten Tenrikyo-based organizations as well, Yamada Umejirō's children and disciples created new religious organizations such as Ōkanmichi, Tsukihi Sansei no Michimachitake Honbu, Shinwa Kyōkai, and Hinomoto Shinseikō, enough to be grouped as Tenri Kami no Kuchiake Basho-based religious organization groups.]
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