Tày language
| Tày | |
|---|---|
| Tiểng Tày, Thổ | |
| Native to | Vietnam |
| Ethnicity | Tày |
Native speakers | 1.63 million (2009)[1] |
| Latin (modified Vietnamese alphabet) Chữ Nôm Tày (archaic) | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | tyz |
| Glottolog | tayy1238 |
Tày or Thổ (a name shared with the unrelated Thổ and Cuoi languages) is the major Tai language of Vietnam, spoken by more than a million Tày people in Northeastern Vietnam.
Distribution
- Vietnam: northern provinces (including Cao Bang Province and Quang Ninh Province)
- Laos: northern region.
Tày is also spoken by emigrants in the Central highlands region of Vietnam (such as in Lam Dong Province).
There are also some Tày speakers in western countries. The region of Vietnam where Tày is spoken is bordered by China.
Varieties
Tày linguistic varieties include the following:[2][3]
- Tày Bảo Lạc – spoken in Bảo Lạc District, western Cao Bang province.
- Tày Trùng Khánh – spoken in Trùng Khánh District, northeastern Cao Bang province.
- Thu Lao or Dai Zhuang varieties are considered to be a different language.
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | pal. | ||||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | pʲ | t | c | k | |
| aspirated | pʰ | pʰʲ | tʰ | kʰ | |||
| voiced | b | bʲ | d | ||||
| implosive | ɓ | ɓʲ | ɗ | ||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | x | h | ||
| voiced | v | z | ɣ | ||||
| lateral | ɬ | ||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||
| Trill | r | ||||||
| Approximant | w | l | j | ||||
- The Cao Bẳng Tày dialect is the only variety to have the sounds /j w r ɣ b d bʲ/.
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | ɯ | u | |
| High-mid | e | o | ||
| Mid | ə əː | |||
| Low-mid | ɛ | ɐ | ɔ | |
| Low | a | |||
| Front | Back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | ie | ɯə | uo | |
- There are also three semivowels [u̯ i̯ ɯ̯] that mainly occur in syllable-coda position in combination with other vowel sounds. [u̯ i̯] are typically realized as consonant sounds [w j]. [u̯] follows front vowels /i e ɛ/ and central vowels /ə a ɐ/. [i̯] follows back vowels /u o ɔ/ as well as central vowels /ə a ɐ/. However, [ɯ̯] only follows /ə/.[4]
Tones
Six tones are present in Cao Bẳng Tày:
| a̋ | ˥ |
| a᷄ | ˦˥ |
| á | ˦ |
| ā | ˧ |
| à | ˨ |
| a᷆ | ˨˩ |
Writing systems
Chữ Nôm Tày
The Tày people used to write their ritual texts and then songs with the logographic script, known as chữ Nôm Tày. The script is similar to sawndip[5] and was created during 2nd century CE,[6] based on Chinese characters. Some of the characters, like Vietnamese Nôm, are borrowed directly from Han characters, while others are created locally from Chinese components.
Tày-Nùng orthography (1961)
The current Tày-Nùng orthography was created in 1961 on the basis of chữ Quốc ngữ, and then was approved by the government of Vietnam following the Decree 206-CP.[7][8]
Consonants
| Phoneme | IPA | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| B b | /ɓ/ | bươn ("month") |
| Bj bj | /ɓʲ/ | bjoóc ("flower") |
| C c/K k/Q q | /k/ | cần ("human") |
| Ch ch | /t͡ɕ/ | châư ("breath") |
| D d | /z ~ j/ | dú ("in, at") |
| Đ đ | /ɗ/ | đeng ("red") |
| F f | /f/ | fạ ("sky") |
| G g[a] | /ɣ/ | gương ("mirror") |
| H h | /h/ | hả ("five") |
| Kh kh | /kʰ ~ x/ | khao ("white") |
| L l | /l/ | lình ("monkey") |
| M m | /m/ | mường ("place") |
| Mj mj | /mʲ/ | mjề ("wife") |
| N n | /n/ | nặm ("water") |
| Ng ng | /ŋ/ | ngườm ("cave") |
| Nh nh | /ɲ/ | nhả ("grass") |
| P p | /p/ | pi ("year") |
| Pj pj | /pʲ/ | pja ("fish") |
| Ph ph | /pʰ/ | phân ("rain") |
| Phj phj | /pʰʲ/ | phja ("mountain") |
| R r | /r/ | rườn ("house") |
| Sl sl | /ɬ/ | slao ("girl") |
| T t | /t/ | ta̱ ("river") |
| Th th | /tʰ/ | tha ("eye") |
| V v | /v/ | vằn ("day") |
| X x | /s/ | xao ("spider") |
- ^ Only used in Vietnamese loanwords
Vowels
| Phoneme | IPA | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| A a | /a/ | xam ("to ask") |
| Ă ă | /ă/ | ăn ("the") |
| Â â | /ə̆/ | bân ("sky") |
| E e | /ɛ/ | te ("he/she/it") |
| Ê ê | /e/ | bên ("to fly") |
| I i | /i/ | mi ("bear") |
| O o | /ɔ/ | co ("tree") |
| Ô ô | /o/ | tối ("to change") |
| Ơ ơ | /ə/ | nớ ("okay?") |
| U u | /u/ | tu ("door") |
| Ư ư | /ɯ/ | mừ ("hand") |
Tones
| Tone name | Chao tone contour | Description | Diacritic | Example with "ma" |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| khoang | ˧ (33) | mid level | ◌ | ma ("dog") |
| pàn | ˧˨ (32) | falling | ◌̀ | mà ("to come") |
| thỏi | ˨˩˧ (213) | low rising | ◌̉ | mả ("tomb") |
| pắc | ˧˥ (35) | high rising | ◌́ | má ("to soak") |
| lộm/chặm | ˧˨ˀ (32ʔ) | falling, glottalized | ◌̣ | mạ ("horse") |
| lươ̲ng | ˩ (11) | low level | ◌̲ | ma̲ ("blur") |
Vocabulary
| English | Tày | Zhuang | Thai | Vietnamese | Middle Chinese | Proto Tai |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| one | nâng, đeo, êt | it | nueng หนึ่ง, -et -เอ็ด | nừng (obsolete word meaning few)[10] | ʔiɪt̚ | *nɯːŋᴮ |
| two | sloong, nhỉ | ngeih | song สอง | ȵiɪH | *soːŋᴬ, from Middle Chinese 雙 (MC ʃˠʌŋ, "two") | |
| three | slam | sam | sam สาม | sɑm | *saːm (“three”), from Middle Chinese 三 (MC sɑm, "three") | |
| four | slí | seiq | si สี่ | siɪH | *siːᴮ (“four”), from Middle Chinese 四 (MC siɪH, "four") | |
| five | hả | haj | ha ห้า | ŋuoX | *haːꟲ (“five”), from Old Chinese 五 (OC *ŋaːʔ, "five") | |
| six | hốc, hôc, xốc | loek | hok หก | lɨuk̚ | *krokᴰ (“six”), from Old Chinese 六 (OC *ruɡ, "six") | |
| seven | chêt | caet | chet เจ็ด | t͡sʰiɪt̚ | *cetᴰ (“seven”), from Middle Chinese 七 (MC t͡sʰiɪt̚, "seven") | |
| eight | pet | bed | paet แปด | pˠɛt̚ | *peːtᴰ (“eight”), from Middle Chinese 八 (MC pˠat̚, "eight") | |
| nine | cẩu | giuj | kao เก้า | kɨuX | *kɤwꟲ (“nine”), from Middle Chinese 九 (MC kɨuX, "nine") | |
| ten | slip | cib | sip สิบ | d͡ʑiɪp̚ | From Middle Chinese 十 (MC d͡ʑiɪp̚, "ten") | |
| hundred | pac | bak | roi ร้อย | pˠæk̚ | *roːjꟲ | |
| hundred and one | pac lình êt | bak lingz it | nueng roi et หนึ่งร้อยเอ็ด | |||
| thousand | xiên | cien | phan พัน | t͡sʰen | ||
| ten thousand | fản | fanh | muen หมื่น | mʉɐnH | From Middle Chinese 萬 (MC mʉɐnH) | |
| language | tiểng | siang เสียง (sound) | tiếng | ɕiᴇŋ |
References
- ^ Tày at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016)
- ^ Edmondson, Jerold A.; Solnit, David B., eds. (1997). Comparative Kadai: The Tai Branch. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.
- ^ "Map & Language Descriptions". Lesser Known Indigenous Languages of Northern Vietnam. Archived from the original on 2012-02-07. Retrieved 2012-03-03.
- ^ Văn Ma, Hoàng (1997). "The Sound System of The Tày Language of Cao Bắng Province, Vietnam". In Edmondson, Jerold A.; Solnit, David B. (eds.). Comparative Kadai: The Tai branch. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington. pp. 221–231.
- ^ Holm, David (2020). "The Tày and Zhuang vernacular scripts: Preliminary comparisons". Journal of Chinese Writing Systems. Department of Ethnology, National Chengchi University.
- ^ Hoàng Nhật Thanh; Dương Triều Ân; Hoàng Tuấn Nam (2003). Từ điển chữ Nôm Tày [Dictionary of Nom Tay]. Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Khoa học xã hội.
- ^ Đào Thị Lý (2015). Lương Bèn (ed.). Tiếng Tày cơ sở [Tày Basics]. Thái Nguyên: Nhà xuất bản Đại học Thái Nguyên.
- ^ Đào Thị Tấm; Nguyễn Hồng Cúc (2013). Phạm Thị Phương Thái (ed.). Học tiếng Tày [Learn Tày]. Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Khoa học xã hội.
- ^ Ayaka Hirano (2019). "The Differences between the Tay and Nung Languages in the Trang Dinh District of Lang Son Province". Topics in Middle Mekong Linguistics. Kobe: Kobe City University of Foreign Studies.
- ^ Nguyễn, Trãi. "Quốc âm thi tập".
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