Syllidae

Syllidae
	Syllis gracilis micrograph, showing the distinctive barrel-shaped proventricle
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Annelida
Clade:	Pleistoannelida
Subclass:	Errantia
Order:	Phyllodocida
Suborder:	Nereidiformia
Family:	; Grube 1850
Synonyms
	Levidoridae

Syllidae, commonly known as the necklace worms,^[2] is a family of small to medium-sized polychaete worms. Syllids are distinguished from other polychaetes by the presence of a muscular region of the anterior digestive tract known as the proventricle.^[3]^[4]

Syllid worms range in size from 2–3 mm (0.08–0.12 in) to 14 centimetres (5.5 in). Most syllids are benthic organisms that transition to a pelagic epitoke for reproduction. They are found in all regions of the ocean, from the intertidal zone to the deep sea, and are especially abundant in shallow water.^[3]^[5]

They are found in a range of habitats, moving actively on rock and sandy substrates, hiding in crevices and among seaweeds, and climbing on sponges, corals, hydrozoans, seagrasses and mangroves. They are generalist feeders.^[6] A young Syllid was one of the first worms to be found with pollen from seagrass in its stomach, making it a possible pollinator.^[7]

The proventricle, Syllid worm's most distinctive anatomical feature, allows the worm to feed by sucking due to its pumping action. It also plays a role in hormone production, and thus the worm's sexual development.^[4] The proventricle is composed of strirated muscle cells with the longest known sacromeres among animals.^[8] The proventricle is usually visible through the body wall.^[9]

Syllis ramosa was the first polychaete discovered to have a branching body plan.^[10] Later, two species of Ramisyllis were discovered to have a branching body plan.

Subfamilies

Anoplosyllinae
- Streptosyllis
  - Streptosyllis bidentata (Southern, 1914)
  - Streptosyllis websteri (Southern, 1914)
- Syllides
  - Syllides benedicti (Banse, 1971)
  - Syllides longocirrata (Ørsted, 1845)
Eusyllinae
- Eusyllis
  - Eusyllis assimilis (Marenzeller, 1875)
  - Eusyllis blomstrandi (Malmgren, 1867)
  - Eusyllis lamelligera (Marion & Bobretzky, 1875)
- Nudisyllis
  - Nudisyllis divaricata (Keferstein, 1862)
  - Nudisyllis pulligera (Krohn, 1852)
- Odontosyllis
  - Odontosyllis ctenostoma (Claparède, 1868)
  - Odontosyllis enopla (Verrill, 1900)
  - Odontosyllis fulgurans (Audouin & Milne-Edwards, 1833)
  - Odontosyllis gibba (Claparède, 1863)
  - Odontosyllis phosphorea (Moore, 1909)
- Opisthodonta
  - Opisthodonta longocirrata (Saint-Joseph, 1886)
- Pionosyllis
  - Pionosyllis compacta (Malmgren, 1867)
  - Pionosyllis serratisetosa (López, San Martín & Jiménez, 1997)
- Synmerosyllis
  - Synmerosyllis lamelligera (Saint-Joseph, 1886)
Autolytinae
- Epigamia
  - Epigamia alexandri (Malmgren, 1867)
- Myrianida
  - Myrianida brachycephala (Marenzeller, 1874)
  - Myrianida edwarsi (Saint-Joseph, 1886)
  - Myrianida inermis (Saint-Joseph, 1886)
  - Myrianida langerhansi (Gidholm, 1967)
  - Myrianida pinnigera (Montagu, 1808)
  - Myrianida prolifera (O.F. Müller, 1788)
  - Myrianida quinquedecimdentata (Langerhans, 1884)
  - Myrianida rubropunctata (Grube, 1860)
- Proceraea
  - Proceraea aurantiaca (Claparède, 1868)
  - Proceraea cornuta (Agassiz, 1862)
  - Proceraea picta (Ehlers, 1864)
  - Proceraea prismatica (O.F. Müller, 1776)
  - Procerastea halleziana (Malaquin, 1893)
  - Procerastea nematodes (Langerhans, 1884)
Exogoninae
- Brania
  - Brania pusilla (Dujardin, 1851)
- Erinaceusyllis
  - Erinaceusyllis cirripapillata (San Martín, 2005)
  - Erinaceusyllis erinaceus (Claparède, 1863)
  - Erinaceusyllis ettiennei (San Martín, 2005)
  - Erinaceusyllis hartmannschroederae (San Martín, 2005)
  - Erinaceusyllis kathrynae (San Martín, 2005)
- Exogone
  - Exogone dispar (Webster, 1879)
  - Exogone naidina (Ørsted, 1845)
  - Exogone verugera (Claparède, 1868)
- Exogonita Hartman & Fauchald, 1971
- Parapionosyllis Fauvel, 1923
- Parexogone
  - Parexogone longicirris (Webster & Benedict, 1887)
  - Parexogone hebes (Webster & Benedict, 1884)
- Prosphaerosyllis
  - Prosphaerosyllis tetralix (Eliason, 1920)
- Salvatoria McIntosh, 1885
  - Salvatoria clavata (Claparède, 1863)
  - Salvatoria limbata (Claparède, 1868)
  - Salvatoria swedmarki (Gidholm, 1962)
- Sphaerosyllis
  - Sphaerosyllis bardukaciculata (San Martín, 2005)
  - Sphaerosyllis bulbosa (Southern, 1914)
  - Sphaerosyllis goorabantennata (San Martín, 2005)
  - Sphaerosyllis georgeharrisoni (San Martín, 2005)
  - Sphaerosyllis hystrix (Claparède, 1863)
  - Sphaerosyllis levantina(Faulwetter et al., 2011)
  - Sphaerosyllis pirifera (Claparède, 1868)
  - Sphaerosyllis taylori (Perkins, 1980)
  - Sphaerosyllis voluntariorum (San Martín, 2005)
Syllinae
- Syllis
  - Syllis aciculigrossa (San Martín, 1990)
  - Syllis adamantea (Treadwell, 1914)
  - Syllis albae (Álvarez-Campos & Verdes, 2017)
  - Syllis albanyensis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1984)
  - Syllis alosae (San Martín, 1992)
  - Syllis alternata (Moore, 1908)
  - Syllis amica (Quatrefages, 1866)
  - Syllis amicarmillaris (Simon, San Martín & Robinson, 2014)
  - Syllis anoculata (Hartmann-Schröder, 1962)
  - Syllis antoniae (Salcedo Oropeza, San Martín & Solís-Weiss, 2012)
  - Syllis armillaris (O.F. Müller, 1776)
  - Syllis augeneri (Haswell, 1920)
  - Syllis barbata (San Martín, 1992)
  - Syllis bella (Chamberlin, 1919)
  - Syllis beneliahuae (Campoy & Alquézar, 1982)
  - Syllis benguellana (Day, 1963)
  - Syllis boggemanni (San Martín, Álvarez-Campos & Hutchings, 2017)
  - Syllis botosaneanui (Hartmann-Schröder, 1973)
  - Syllis brasiliensis (McIntosh, 1885)
  - Syllis breviarticulata (Grube, 1857)
  - Syllis brevicirrata (McIntosh, 1908)
  - Syllis brevicirris (Hansen, 1882)
  - Syllis broomensis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1979)
  - Syllis caeca (Monro, 1933)
  - Syllis castroviejoi (Capa, San Martín & López, 2001)
  - Syllis cerina (Grube, 1878)
  - Syllis cirrita (Lee & Rho, 1994)
  - Syllis columbretensis (Campoy, 1982)
  - Syllis compacta (Gravier, 1900)
  - Syllis corallicola (Verrill, 1900)
  - Syllis cornuta (Rathke, 1843)
  - Syllis crassicirrata (Treadwell, 1925)
  - Syllis cruzi (Núñez & San Martín, 1991)
  - Syllis curticirris (Monro, 1937)
  - Syllis danieli (San Martín, 1992)
  - Syllis deleoni (Salcedo Oropeza, San Martín & Solís-Weiss, 2012)
  - Syllis edensis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1989)
  - Syllis elongata (Johnson, 1901)
  - Syllis ergeni (Çinar, 2005)
  - Syllis erikae (Hartmann-Schröder, 1981)
  - Syllis fasciata (Malmgren, 1867)
  - Syllis ferrani (Alós & San Martín, 1987)
  - Syllis filidentata (Hartmann-Schröder, 1962)
  - Syllis garciai (Campoy, 1982)
  - Syllis gerlachi (Hartmann-Schröder, 1960)
  - Syllis gerundensis (Alós & Campoy, 1981)
  - Syllis glandulata (Nogueira & San Martín, 2002)
  - Syllis glarearia (Westheide, 1974)
  - Syllis golfonovensis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1962)
  - Syllis gracilis (Grube, 1840)
  - Syllis guidae (Nogueira & Yunda-Guarin, 2008)
  - Syllis heterochaeta (Moore, 1909)
  - Syllis hyalina (Grube, 1863)
  - Syllis hyllebergi (Licher, 1999)
  - Syllis joaoi (San Martín, Álvarez-Campos & Hutchings, 2017)
  - Syllis jorgei (San Martín & López, 2000)
  - Syllis kabilica (Ben-Eliahu, 1977)
  - Syllis karlae (San Martín, Álvarez-Campos & Hutchings, 2017)
  - Syllis kas (Lucas, Sikorski & San Martín, 2018)
  - Syllis komodoensis (Aguado, San Martín & ten Hove, 2008)
  - Syllis krohnii (Ehlers, 1864)
  - Syllis lagunae (Tovar-Hernández, Hernández-Alcántara & Solís-Weiss, 2008)
  - Syllis latifrons (Grube, 1857)
  - Syllis licheri (Ravara, San Martín & Moreira, 2004)
  - Syllis limbata (Grube, 1880)
  - Syllis longesegmentata (Grube, 1857)
  - Syllis lunaris (Imajima, 1966)
  - Syllis lutea (Hartmann-Schröder, 1960)
  - Syllis luteoides (Hartmann-Schröder, 1962)
  - Syllis macroceras (Grube, 1857)
  - Syllis macrodentata (Hartmann-Schröder, 1982)
  - Syllis magdalena (Wesenberg-Lund, 1962)
  - Syllis magnapalpa (Hartmann-Schröder, 1965)
  - Syllis marceloi (San Martín, Álvarez-Campos & Hutchings, 2017)
  - Syllis marugani (Aguado, San Martín & Nishi, 2006)
  - Syllis maryae (San Martín, 1992)
  - Syllis mauretanica (Licher, 1999)
  - Syllis mayeri (Musco & Giangrande, 2005)
  - Syllis mercedesae (Lucas, San Martín & Parapar, 2012)
  - Syllis mexicana (Rioja, 1960)
  - Syllis microoculata (Hartmann-Schröder, 1965)
  - Syllis monilaris (Savigny in Lamarck, 1818)
  - Syllis mytilorum (Studer, 1889)
  - Syllis nigra (Augener, 1925)
  - Syllis nigrescens (Grube, 1878)
  - Syllis nigricirris (Grube, 1863)
  - Syllis nigriscens (Grube, 1878)
  - Syllis nigropunctata (Haswell, 1886)
  - Syllis notocera (Ehlers, 1905)
  - Syllis nuchalis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1960)
  - Syllis obscura (Grube, 1857)
  - Syllis onkylochaeta (Hartmann-Schröder, 1991)
  - Syllis ortizi (San Martín, 1992)
  - Syllis parapari (San Martín & López, 2000)
  - Syllis parturiens (Haswell, 1920)
  - Syllis pectinans (Haswell, 1920)
  - Syllis picta (Kinberg, 1866)
  - Syllis pigmentata (Chamberlin, 1919)
  - Syllis pilosa (Aguado, San Martín & Nishi, 2008)
  - Syllis pontxioi (San Martín & López, 2000)
  - Syllis profunda (Cognetti, 1955)
  - Syllis prolifera (Krohn, 1852)
  - Syllis prolixa (Ehlers, 1901)
  - Syllis pseudoarmillaris (Nogueira & San Martín, 2002)
  - Syllis pulvinata (Langerhans, 1881)
  - Syllis quadrifasciata (Fischli, 1900)
  - Syllis quaternaria (Moore, 1906)
  - Syllis ramosa (McIntosh, 1879)
  - Syllis riojai (San Martín, 1990)
  - Syllis robertianae (McIntosh, 1885)
  - Syllis rosea (Langerhans, 1879)
  - Syllis rubicunda (Aguado, San Martín & Nishi, 2008)
  - Syllis rudolphi (Delle Chiaje, 1841)
  - Syllis schulzi (Hartmann-Schröder, 1960)
  - Syllis sclerolaema (Ehlers, 1901)
  - Syllis setoensis (Imajima, 1966)
  - Syllis sol (San Martín, 2004)
  - Syllis stenura (Blanchard in Gay, 1849)
  - Syllis tamarae (Álvarez-Campos & Verdes, 2017)
  - Syllis tiedemanni (Delle Chiaje, 1841)
  - Syllis torquata (Marion & Bobretzky, 1875)
  - Syllis tripantu (Álvarez-Campos & Verdes, 2017)
  - Syllis truncata (Haswell, 1920)
  - Syllis tyrrhena (Licher & Kuper, 1998)
  - Syllis umbricolor (Grube, 1878)
  - Syllis unzima (Simon, San Martín & Robinson, 2014)
  - Syllis valida (Grube, 1857)
  - Syllis variegata (Grube, 1860)
  - Syllis villenai (Aguado, San Martín & ten Hove, 2008)
  - Syllis violacea (Grube, 1870)
  - Syllis vittata (Grube, 1840)
  - Syllis vivipara (Krohn, 1869)
  - Syllis warrnamboolensis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1987)
  - Syllis westheidei (San Martín, 1984)
  - Syllis yallingupensis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1982)
  - Syllis ypsiloides (Aguado, San Martín & ten Hove, 2008)
- Ramisyllis
  - Ramisyllis multicaudata (Glasby, Schroeder & Aguado, 2012)
  - Ramisyllis kingghidorahi (M. Teresa Aguado, et al. 2022)

References

^ Gil, J., Musco, L. (2015). Read G, Fauchald K (eds.). "Syllidae Grube, 1850". World Polychaeta Database. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
^ "Necklace-worms -- KnowBC - the leading source of BC information". www.knowbc.com. Retrieved 2023-02-02.
^ ^a ^b Fukuda, Marcelo V. "Syllidae". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
^ ^a ^b Lamb, Andy; Hanby, Bernard P. (2005). Marine Life of the Pacific Northwest. Canada: Harbour Publishing. p. 133. ISBN 1-55017-361-8.
^ San Martín, Guillermo; Worsfold, Tim M. (2015). "Guide and keys for the identification of Syllidae (Annelida, Phyllodocida) from the British Isles (reported and expected species)". ZooKeys (488): 1–29. doi:10.3897/zookeys.488.9061. PMC 4389122. PMID 25878521.
^ Sigvaldadottir, Elin; Mackie, Andrew S.Y.; Helgason, Gudmundur V.; Reish, Donald J.; Svavarsson, Jorundur; Steingrimsson, Sigmar A.; Gudmundsson, Gudmundur (2013). Advances in Polychaete Research. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 288. ISBN 978-94-017-0655-1.
^ van Tussenbroek, Brigitta I.; Villamil, Nora; Márquez-Guzmán, Judith; Wong, Ricardo; Monroy-Velázquez, L. Verónica; Solis-Weiss, Vivianne (29 September 2016). "Experimental evidence of pollination in marine flowers by invertebrate fauna". Nature Communications. 7 (1): 12980. Bibcode:2016NatCo...712980V. doi:10.1038/ncomms12980. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5056424. PMID 27680661. S2CID 1903911.
^ Weidhase, Michael; Beckers, Patrick; Bleidorn, Christoph; Aguado, M. Teresa (2016-10-04). "On the role of the proventricle region in reproduction and regeneration in Typosyllis antoni (Annelida: Syllidae)". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 16 (1): 196. doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0770-5. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 5050598. PMID 27716025.
^ "Syllidae : Brief Summary". eol.org. Retrieved 2023-02-02.
^ Marshall, Michael (2 March 2012). "Zoologger: the worm that looks like a tree". New Scientist. Retrieved 28 September 2017.

[worms-1] Gil, J., Musco, L. (2015). Read G, Fauchald K (eds.). "Syllidae Grube, 1850". World Polychaeta Database. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 16 September 2017.

[2] "Necklace-worms -- KnowBC - the leading source of BC information". www.knowbc.com. Retrieved 2023-02-02.

[eol-3] Fukuda, Marcelo V. "Syllidae". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 16 September 2017.

[:0-4] Lamb, Andy; Hanby, Bernard P. (2005). Marine Life of the Pacific Northwest. Canada: Harbour Publishing. p. 133. ISBN 1-55017-361-8.

[5] San Martín, Guillermo; Worsfold, Tim M. (2015). "Guide and keys for the identification of Syllidae (Annelida, Phyllodocida) from the British Isles (reported and expected species)". ZooKeys (488): 1–29. doi:10.3897/zookeys.488.9061. PMC 4389122. PMID 25878521.

[Sigvaldadottir-6] Sigvaldadottir, Elin; Mackie, Andrew S.Y.; Helgason, Gudmundur V.; Reish, Donald J.; Svavarsson, Jorundur; Steingrimsson, Sigmar A.; Gudmundsson, Gudmundur (2013). Advances in Polychaete Research. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 288. ISBN 978-94-017-0655-1.

[7] van Tussenbroek, Brigitta I.; Villamil, Nora; Márquez-Guzmán, Judith; Wong, Ricardo; Monroy-Velázquez, L. Verónica; Solis-Weiss, Vivianne (29 September 2016). "Experimental evidence of pollination in marine flowers by invertebrate fauna". Nature Communications. 7 (1): 12980. Bibcode:2016NatCo...712980V. doi:10.1038/ncomms12980. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5056424. PMID 27680661. S2CID 1903911.

[8] Weidhase, Michael; Beckers, Patrick; Bleidorn, Christoph; Aguado, M. Teresa (2016-10-04). "On the role of the proventricle region in reproduction and regeneration in Typosyllis antoni (Annelida: Syllidae)". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 16 (1): 196. doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0770-5. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 5050598. PMID 27716025.

[9] "Syllidae : Brief Summary". eol.org. Retrieved 2023-02-02.

[Marshall-10] Marshall, Michael (2 March 2012). "Zoologger: the worm that looks like a tree". New Scientist. Retrieved 28 September 2017.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]