Streptococcus vestibularis
| Streptococcus vestibularis | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Kingdom: | Bacillati |
| Phylum: | Bacillota |
| Class: | Bacilli |
| Order: | Lactobacillales |
| Family: | Streptococcaceae |
| Genus: | Streptococcus |
| Species: | S. vestibularis
|
| Binomial name | |
| Streptococcus vestibularis Whiley and Hardie 1988
| |
Streptococcus vestibularis (S. vestibularis) is a species of Streptococcus.[1] It is a commensal bacterium that can occasionally cause opportunistic infections within its human host.[2] It is part of the viridans streptococci, and has been identified as a member of the salivarius group of streptococci through sequence homology of the 16S rRNA (ribosomal ribonucleic acid) gene.[3][4] This group includes Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus thermophilus and Streptococcus vestibularis, which are genetically similar species of Streptococcus.[5]
Biology and ecology
Streptococcus vestibularis was first isolated from the vestibular mucosa of human oral cavities, and was identified as a new species in 1988.[6] It is noted that “Streptococcus vestibularis is a normal inhabitant of vestibules of the human oral cavity”,[7] therefore forming part of the oral microbiome. Streptococcus vestibularis cells are gram-positive and cocci in shape. They are catalase-negative[6] as they do not have the enzyme catalase, which protects catalase-positive bacteria from hydrogen peroxide by converting it into hydrogen and oxygen. They grow in chains and have a diameter of approximately 1 μm.[6] They are non-motile and non-spore forming.
Streptococcus vestibularis produces acid from N-acetyl glucosamine, arbutin, fructose, galactose, glucose, lactose, maltose, mannose, salicin, and sucrose, although it does not produce extracellular glucan or fructan from sucrose. It also produces urease (an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of urea) and hydrogen peroxide. It is unable to grow in conditions of 10 °C or 45 °C, whilst colonies can grow anaerobically at 37 °C. Also, this bacterium is unable to grow when in the presence of 4% (wt/vol) sodium chloride (NaCl) or 0.0004% (wt/vol) crystal violet.[6]
References
- ^ Doyuk E, Ormerod OJ, Bowler IC (July 2002). "Native valve endocarditis due to Streptococcus vestibularis and Streptococcus oralis". J. Infect. 45 (1): 39–41. doi:10.1053/jinf.2002.1004. PMID 12217730.
- ^ Delorme, Christine; Abraham, Anne-Laure; Renault, Pierre; Guédon, Eric (2015-07-01). "Genomics of Streptococcus salivarius, a major human commensal". Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 33: 381–392. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2014.10.001. ISSN 1567-1348.
- ^ Bentley, Robert W.; Leigh, James A.; Collins, Matthew D. (1991). "Intrageneric Structure of Streptococcus Based on Comparative Analysis of Small-Subunit rRNA Sequences". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 41 (4): 487–494. doi:10.1099/00207713-41-4-487. ISSN 1466-5034.
- ^ KAWAMURA, YOSHIAKI; HOU, XIAO-GANG; SULTANA, FERDOUSI; MIURA, HIROAKI; EZAKI, TAKAYUKI (1995). "Determination of 16S rRNA Sequences of Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus gordonii and Phylogenetic Relationships among Members of the Genus Streptococcus". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 45 (2): 406–408. doi:10.1099/00207713-45-2-406. ISSN 1466-5034.
- ^ Delorme, Christine; Abraham, Anne-Laure; Renault, Pierre; Guédon, Eric (2015-07-01). "Genomics of Streptococcus salivarius, a major human commensal". Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 33: 381–392. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2014.10.001. ISSN 1567-1348.
- ^ a b c d WHILEY, R. A.; HARDIE, J. M. (1988). "Streptococcus vestibularis sp. nov. from the Human Oral Cavity". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 38 (4): 335–339. doi:10.1099/00207713-38-4-335. ISSN 1466-5034.
- ^ Simsek, A. D.; Sezer, S.; Ozdemir, N. F.; Mehmet, H. (2008-08-01). "Streptococcus vestibularis bacteremia following dental extraction in a patient on long-term hemodialysis: a case report". Clinical Kidney Journal. 1 (4): 276–277. doi:10.1093/ndtplus/sfn071. ISSN 2048-8505. PMC 4421209.
External links