Brodnica

For the village of the same name, see Brodnica, Greater Poland Voivodeship.

Brodnica
Market Square
Flag
Coat of arms
Brodnica
Coordinates: 53°15′35″N 19°23′44″E / 53.25972°N 19.39556°E / 53.25972; 19.39556
Country Poland
Voivodeship Kuyavian-Pomeranian
CountyBrodnica
GminaBrodnica (urban gmina)
Established13th century
Town rights1298
Government
 • MayorJarosław Radacz
Area
 • Total
22.87 km2 (8.83 sq mi)
Population
 (31 December 2021[1])
 • Total
28,536
 • Density1,200/km2 (3,200/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
87–300 to 87–302
Area code+48 56
Car platesCBR
ClimateDfb
Websitehttp://www.brodnica.pl

Brodnica [brɔdˈɲit͡sa] ⓘ (German: Strasburg in Westpreußen or Strasburg an der Drewenz) is a town in northern Poland with 28,574 inhabitants as of 2014.[2] It is the seat of Brodnica County in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship. The nearby Brodnica Landscape Park, a protected area, gets its name from Brodnica.

Founded in the Middle Ages, Brodnica is a former royal town of Poland. It features heritage sites in a variety of styles, including Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque and Neoclassical. Landmarks include medieval towers, gates and churches, preserved market squares, and a regional museum. Brodnica is the home of the oldest continuously operating Polish bank, and was the place of a Polish victory over invadings Russians in 1920.

History

The first reference to the town of Brodnica dates from 1263. In 1285–1370 the construction of the Gothic Church of St. Catherine took place. Brodnica received town privileges in 1298. In 1414, a Polish–Teutonic truce was signed there, ending the Hunger War.[3] In 1440, the town was one of the founding members of the Prussian Confederation, which opposed Teutonic rule,[4] and upon the request of which King Casimir IV Jagiellon reincorporated the territory to the Kingdom of Poland in 1454. On 28 May 1454 the town pledged allegiance to the Polish King in Toruń.[5] After the end of the Thirteen Years' War, the Teutonic Knights renounced claims to the town, and recognized it as part of Poland.[6] It became a royal town of the Polish Crown,[7] administratively located in the Chełmno Voivodeship. In the Teutonic state Brodnica was the seat of the Commander, in the Polish Kingdom it was the capital of the district starosty, and the former Commander's lands were then royal property.

A favourable location on the intersection of important routes used for transportation of different goods (wood, fish, furs, animal skin, grain, wool) accelerated the development of the town, making it an important trading centre, the status still reflected in the number of well-preserved granaries along the Drwęca. Between 1486 and 1604 the town belonged to the Działyński family, then between 1604 and 1625 to Anna Vasa of Sweden who was the royal sister of Sigismund III Vasa, King of Poland, Lithuania, and Sweden. In later years it was the property Queen Cecily Renata, Chancellor Jerzy Ossoliński, Queen Maria Casimira, and Marshal Franciszek Bieliński.

Brodnica was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia in 1772, during the First Partition of Poland, but in 1807, during the Napoleonic Wars, Brodnica became part of the short-lived Duchy of Warsaw. In 1815, Brodnica, known as Strasburg in German, was again annexed by Prussia. In 1871, it also became part of the German Empire. After 1785, the Prussians dismantled the Brodnica Castle, preserving only the tower, which is currently the highest Gothic tower in Poland east of the Vistula, and serves as a museum and a watchtower. The town had a Protestant church, a Catholic church, a synagogue, a grammar school, a district court, a main customs office and several commercial operations.

The 19th century saw 20 thousand Polish soldiers interned after the failure of the November Uprising (1830–1831) and many townspeople and noblemen involved in the January Uprising (1863). It is in the Brodnica region too that Masovian insurgents sought refuge from Russian persecution after the failure of the January Uprising. Bank Spółdzielczy w Brodnicy, which is the oldest continuously operating Polish bank, was established in 1862.[7] In 1873 a Polish philomath organization was founded in the local gymnasium, whose activity ended in 1901 due to Germany's anti-Polish policies.[7]

Between 1886 and 1910, Brodnica received railway connections with Działdowo, Grudziądz, Iława, Sierpc and Jabłonowo Pomorskie, which made it an important railway junction and triggered industrial progress. In the 19th century, the Chełmno Land (and Brodnica in particular) was a refuge for Polish patriots who contributed greatly to social, cultural and economic life of the region, like Ignacy Łyskowski.

In January 1920, after the end of World War I and the Treaty of Versailles, Brodnica was reintegrated with Poland, which had recently regained independence.[7] On 18 August 1920, the town was the site of a Polish victory over the invading Soviets in the Battle of Brodnica during the Polish–Soviet War. In the 1920s the town was visited by highest Polish dignitaries: Prime Minister Wincenty Witos, Marshal Józef Piłsudski and President Stanisław Wojciechowski.[7]

During the occupation of Poland (World War II), in 1939, Germans carried out mass arrests of local Poles, who were later murdered in the area or deported to Nazi concentration camps.[7][8] Some of these Poles were murdered in Skrwilno between 15 October and 15 November 1939 and in Brzezinki in October 1939.[9] The interwar principal of the local high school, Klemens Malicki, was among the Polish principals and teachers murdered in the Oranienburg concentration camp as part of the Intelligenzaktion Pommern.[10] In 1940–1941, the Germans carried out expulsions of Poles, whose homes, shops and workshops were then handed over to German colonists as part of the Lebensraum policy.[11] An Einsatzgruppen penal camp was operated in the town during the occupation,[12] and in 1944, the Germans also established a subcamp of the Stutthof concentration camp, intended for female prisoners.[13] The German occupation ended in January 1945.

In 1975–1998, it was administratively located in the Toruń Voivodeship.

Climate

Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Cfb". (Marine West Coast Climate).[14]

Climate data for Brodnica
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 15.0
(59.0) 		16.6
(61.9) 		24.1
(75.4) 		30.0
(86.0) 		34.0
(93.2) 		36.2
(97.2) 		38.2
(100.8) 		37.7
(99.9) 		34.1
(93.4) 		27.3
(81.1) 		20.2
(68.4) 		16.8
(62.2) 		38.2
(100.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 2.3
(36.1) 		2.9
(37.2) 		8.3
(46.9) 		13.6
(56.5) 		19.4
(66.9) 		22.1
(71.8) 		24.6
(76.3) 		24.5
(76.1) 		19.3
(66.7) 		13.9
(57.0) 		6.7
(44.1) 		3.2
(37.8) 		13.4
(56.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) −1.2
(29.8) 		−0.7
(30.7) 		4.0
(39.2) 		9.8
(49.6) 		14.9
(58.8) 		18.2
(64.8) 		20.1
(68.2) 		19.8
(67.6) 		15.3
(59.5) 		9.9
(49.8) 		4.4
(39.9) 		0.2
(32.4) 		9.6
(49.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −4.6
(23.7) 		−4.3
(24.3) 		−0.3
(31.5) 		6.0
(42.8) 		10.3
(50.5) 		14.3
(57.7) 		15.5
(59.9) 		15.1
(59.2) 		11.3
(52.3) 		5.9
(42.6) 		2.1
(35.8) 		−2.8
(27.0) 		5.7
(42.3)
Record low °C (°F) −28.5
(−19.3) 		−27.6
(−17.7) 		−21.3
(−6.3) 		−6.8
(19.8) 		−3.0
(26.6) 		1.1
(34.0) 		4.7
(40.5) 		3.0
(37.4) 		−3.8
(25.2) 		−6.9
(19.6) 		−15.2
(4.6) 		−22.4
(−8.3) 		−28.5
(−19.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 25
(1.0) 		23
(0.9) 		30
(1.2) 		38
(1.5) 		45
(1.8) 		62
(2.4) 		70
(2.8) 		58
(2.3) 		35
(1.4) 		39
(1.5) 		37
(1.5) 		30
(1.2) 		492
(19.4)
Average precipitation days 14 12 11 9 11 12 13 13 9 12 14 12 142
Average relative humidity (%) 81 82 75 68 63 68 70 72 74 77 80 82 74
Mean monthly sunshine hours 56 67 118 179 230 237 236 229 171 122 55 40 1,740
Source: Polish Central Statistical Office (closest city on record

Location

Number of inhabitants by year
Year Number
1772 1,283 in 228 households (Feuerstellen)[15]
1783 1,853 with the garrison (315 persons belonging to two squadrons
of a hussar regiment founded in 1773), mostly Lutherans, 27 Jews[16]
1807 2,113 [15]
1816 1,994 [15]
1826 2,669 [15]
1831 2,585 mostly Germans[17]
1875 5,454 [18]
1880 5,801 [18]
1890 6,122 incl. 2,587 Protestants, 3,048 Catholics and 480 Jews (2,000 Poles)[18]
1905 7,217 incl. 2,702 Protestants and 318 Jews[19]
1931 8,521 approx. 800 Germans[20]
2006 32,588
2010 27,731
2014 28,574
2018 28,874 [1]
2021 28,536 [1]

Brodnica is located in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship on an important route transit over the small river Drwęca, about 48 kilometres (30 miles) south-east of Grudziądz.

Sports

The sports teams in the city include the football club Sparta Brodnica.[21]

Museum

The Museum of Brodnica (Muzeum w Brodnicy) consists of three branches, focusing on history, archeology and contemporary art. It is located in the Renaissance granary, the Brodnica Castle tower and the Gothic Chełmińska Gate.

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland

Twin towns – Sister cities

Brodnica is twinned with:

Notable people

  • Old Town
  • Market Square (Duży Rynek) filled with colourful historic townhouses
  • Our Lady Queen of Poland church and historic townhouses
  • Gothic Church of St. Catherine
  • Interior of the Church of St. Catherine
  • Franciscan Monastery
  • Medieval town walls
  • Chełmińska Gate, now a museum
  • Mazurska Tower
  • Granary
  • Town Hall
  • Memorial at the site of German executions of Poles in 1939
  • Monument of Anna Vasa
  • Medical helicopter landing pad
  • Drwęca river
  • Niskie Brodno lake

Notes

  1. ^ a b c "Local Data Bank". Statistics Poland. Retrieved 2 June 2022. Data for territorial unit 0402011.
  2. ^ "Główny Urząd Statystyczny" [Central Statistical Office] (in Polish). Select Miejscowości (SIMC) tab, select fragment (min. 3 znaki), enter town name in the field below, click WYSZUKAJ (Search)
  3. ^ "Kalendarz dat: 1414". Dzieje.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 4 September 2022.
  4. ^ Górski, Karol (1949). Związek Pruski i poddanie się Prus Polsce: zbiór tekstów źródłowych (in Polish). Poznań: Instytut Zachodni. p. 11.
  5. ^ Górski, p. 76
  6. ^ Górski, p. 88-90, 206-207
  7. ^ a b c d e f "Historia". Urząd Miejski w Brodnicy (in Polish). Archived from the original on 15 August 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  8. ^ Wardzyńska, Maria (2009). Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion (in Polish). Warszawa: IPN. p. 173.
  9. ^ Wardzyńska (2009), p. 174-175
  10. ^ Wardzyńska (2009), p. 180
  11. ^ Wardzyńska, Maria (2017). Wysiedlenia ludności polskiej z okupowanych ziem polskich włączonych do III Rzeszy w latach 1939-1945 (in Polish). Warszawa: IPN. pp. 77, 101, 104. ISBN 978-83-8098-174-4.
  12. ^ "Einsatzgruppen-Straflager Strasburg (Westpreußen)". Bundesarchiv.de (in German). Retrieved 8 November 2020.
  13. ^ "Strassburg (Brodnica)" (in German). Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  14. ^ Climate Summary for Poznan, Poland (nearest city on record)
  15. ^ a b c d Handbuch der historischen Stätten: Ost und Westpreußen, Kröner, Stuttgart 1981, ISBN 3-520-31701-X, pp. 215–216.
  16. ^ Johann Friedrich Goldbeck: Volständige Topographie des Königreichs Preussen. Part II: Topographie von West-Preussen, Marienwerder 1789, pp. 42–44.
  17. ^ August Eduard Preuß: Preußische Landes- und Volkskunde. Königsberg 1835, p. 437, no. 46.
  18. ^ a b c Michael Rademacher: Deutsche Verwaltungsgeschichte Provinz Westpreußen, Kreis Strasburg (2006).
  19. ^ Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon, 6th edition, Vol. 19, Leipzig and Vienna 1909, pp. 95–96.
  20. ^ Der Große Brockhaus, 15th edition, Vol. 18, Leipzig 1934, p. 234.
  21. ^ Sparta official website. Archived 29 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine
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