Section 123 Agreement
Section 123 of the United States Atomic Energy Act of 1954, titled "Cooperation With Other Nations", establishes an agreement for cooperation as a prerequisite for nuclear deals between the US and any other nation.[1][2] Such an agreement is called a 123 Agreement.[3] To date, the U.S. has entered into roughly twenty-six 123 Agreements with 52 countries.[4]
Agreement Countries
Countries with which the U.S. has a Section 123 Agreement as of 2025 include:
Current
- Argentina[5]
- Australia[5]
- Brazil[5]
- Canada[5]
- China (with re-processing rights, requiring approval per each request)[6]
- Euratom (with automatic re-processing rights)[6]
- International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)[5]
- India (With advance consent to reprocessing),[7] exempt from certain safeguards by Indo-U.S. civilian nuclear agreement.
- Indonesia[5]
- Japan (with automatic re-processing rights)[6]
- Kazakhstan[5]
- Republic of Korea[5]
- Mexico[8]
- Morocco[9]
- Norway[8]
- Philippines[8][10]
- Russia[8][11]
- Singapore[8][12]
- Switzerland[8]
- Taiwan[5] via the American Institute in Taiwan[8]
- Thailand (1974-2014, 2025-2065)[5][13]
- Turkey[5]
- Ukraine[14][5]
- UAE[15]
- UK[8]
- Vietnam[8]
Former
- Bangladesh:[5] September 17, 1981 - June 24, 2012
- Colombia[5][16]
- Egypt[17][16]
- South Africa:[5] December 4, 1997 - December 4, 2022
Proposed
References
- ^ "NUREG0980 Vol.1, No.6 - Nuclear Regulatory Legislation" (PDF). Retrieved July 25, 2007.
- ^ Kerr, Paul K.; Nikitin, Mary Beth D. (December 27, 2016). Nuclear Cooperation with Other Countries: A Primer (PDF). Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
- ^ Nuclear Nonproliferation Issue, Issue Brief for Congress, May 10, 2002.
- ^ "123 Agreements for Peaceful Cooperation". National Nuclear Security Administration.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o 123 Agreements for Peaceful Cooperation, NNSA
- ^ a b c "Long haul ahead". Archived from the original on October 22, 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-29.
- ^ "NDTV.com: House of Reps passes N-deal, next test US Senate". Archived from the original on 2008-10-01. Retrieved 2008-09-28.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "123 Agreements for Peaceful Cooperation". U.S. Department of Energy. 2024-12-12. Retrieved 2025-01-16.
- ^ "NRC: SECY-01-0033 - Proposed Renewal of the Section 123 Agreement for Peaceful Nuclear Cooperation with Morocco". Retrieved 2001-03-02.
- ^ House, The White (2022-11-20). "FACT SHEET: Vice President Harris Launches New Initiatives to Strengthen U.S.-Philippines Alliance". The White House. Retrieved 2022-11-21.
- ^ "Statement on U.S.-Russia 123 Agreement". 8 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-09.
- ^ "Joint Statement on the Signing of the United States - Singapore 123 Agreement 31 July 2024".
- ^ "United States and Thailand Sign Civil Nuclear Cooperation Agreement". U.S. Department of State. 2025-01-14. Retrieved 2025-02-12.
- ^ "NRC: SECY-98-62 - Proposed Section 123 Agreement for Peaceful Nuclear Cooperation with Ukraine". 1998-04-01.
- ^ UAE Embassy, Press Release, December 17, 2009
- ^ a b "Assistance to Foreign Atomic Energy Activities; Secretarial Determination". U.S. Department of Energy. 2023-01-31. Retrieved 2025-02-12.
- ^ State Department, November 10, 2008
- ^ "NRC: SECY-98-006 - Proposed Agreement for Cooperation Between the U.S. and Romania". 1998-01-12. Archived from the original on November 18, 2004.
External links
123 Agreement With India
123 Agreement With UAE
- U.S. to Sign Nuclear Pact With U.A.E. Wall Street Journal, January 14, 2009
- U.S.-United Arab Emirates Memorandum of Understanding on Nuclear Energy Cooperation, State Department
- Resources on the United Arab Emirates Nuclear Energy Program Archived 2015-12-08 at the Wayback Machine
- Voice of America News, December 12, 2008