Saint symbolism: Saints (Q–Z)

Saint symbolism has been used from the very beginnings of the religion.[1] Each saint is said to have led an exemplary life and symbols have been used to tell these stories throughout the history of the Church.[2] A number of Christian saints are traditionally represented by a symbol or iconic motif associated with their life, termed an attribute or emblem, to identify them. The study of these forms part of iconography in art history.[3] They were particularly used so that the illiterate could recognize a scene, and to give each of the Saints something of a personality in art.[2] They are often carried in the hand by the Saint.

Attributes often vary with either time or geography, especially between Eastern Christianity and the West. Orthodox images more often contained inscriptions with the names of saints, so the Eastern repertoire of attributes is generally smaller than the Western.[c] Many of the most prominent saints, like Saint Peter and Saint John the Evangelist can also be recognised by a distinctive facial type. Some attributes are general, such as the martyr's palm.[4] The use of a symbol in a work of art depicting a Saint reminds people who is being shown and of their story. The following is a list of some of these attributes.

Saints listed by name

Main article: Saint symbolism

Saints (A–H)

Main article: Saint symbolism: Saints (A–H)

Saints (I–P)

Main article: Saint symbolism: Saints (I–P)

Q

Q
  • Saint Quentin with two spits
  • The arms of Roetgen showing the symbol of Quirinus, the patron saint of Rott, who killed a dragon with a crossed-spear
Saint Symbol
Quentin two spits; vestments of a deacon; with a broken wheel; with a chair to which he is transfixed; with a sword or beheaded, a dove flying from his severed head[a][5]
Quiricus naked child riding on a wild boar[a]
Quirinus of Malmedy chasuble, dragon[6]
Quirinus of Neuss military attire; knight with lance, sword, hawk; banner or sign with nine balls[a][7]
Quirinus of Sescia millstone hanging from his neck[b][8]
Quirinus of Tegernsee orb, scepter[9]
Quiteria palm of martyrdom, with a dog on a lead, with her head in her hands, emerging from the sea[a]

R

R
  • Saint Roch showing his plague mark
  • Saint Rita of Cascia with her forehead wound
  • Coat of arms of Stavelot Abbey bearing the wolf that accompanied Saint Remaclus
  • Justa and Rufina
  • Rosalia
  • Romedius with a packed bear carrying his luggage
Article title Attributes
Rachilidis Habit of a (Benedictine) hermit or anachoress[10]
Radegund crowned; mantle with fleurs de lys[11]
Rafael Arnaiz Barón Trappist habit[12]
Rafael Guízar y Valencia Bishop's attire[13]
Rafaela Porras Ayllón Religious habit of the Handmaids of the Sacred Heart of Jesus[14]
Randoald of Grandval Monastic habit of a Benedictine, martyr's palm, spear[15]
Raphael (archangel) holding a small package; walking with Tobias, carrying a fish; walking staff[b]
Rasso military attire[16]
Raymond Nonnatus Mercedarian religious habit, wearing a cardinal's red mozzetta, holding a monstrance and a martyr's palm[17]
Raymond of Capua Dominican habit, holding the rule of the order[18]
Raymond of Penyafort skimming across the sea with his cape as both boat and sail[19]
Raynald of Nocera Bishop's attire over his Benedictine habit[20]
Regina (martyr) depicted as experiencing the torments of martyrdom, or as receiving spiritual consolation in prison by a vision of a dove on a luminous cross.[21]
Reineldis Religious habit with the staff and the headgear of a pilgrim, rosary, dragged by her hair in order to be decapitated[22]
Reinold body armor, holding a shield, beaten to death with hammers[23]
Remaclus Bishop's attire, accompanied by a wolf[24]
Remigius dove, book, lamp[b]
Reparata standing alone or near St. Mary, bearing a martyr's crown and palm; a dove; a banner with a red cross on a white field; sometimes depicted with St. Ansanus[25]
Restituta pictured with an angel above her[26]
Reverianus crozier, holding his mitred head in his hands[27]
Richardis dressed in Imperial robes with crown and palm, and surrounded by flames; as well as a bear[28]
Richard bishop with overturned chalice[a]
Rictrude holding a model of a church[26]
Rieul of Senlis frogs around him[26]
Rita of Cascia roses, roses and figs, crucifix, thorn, robe of a widow or Augustinian habit sometimes with a wound or the marks of a thorn crown on her forehead[a]
Robert of Newminster depicted as an abbot holding a church[26]
Roch Wound on thigh (plague mark), dog offering bread, Pilgrim's hat, Pilgrim's staff,

angel[a]

Roger of Cannae sheltered inder the wings of an eagle[29]
Rolando Rivi cassock[30]
Romanos the Melodist deacon's attire, standing on a raised platform in the middle of a church, holding a scroll with his Kontakion of the Nativity written on it. His icon is often a combined with that of The Protection of the Mother of God, which falls on the same day.
Romanus of Rouen depicted with a Gargouille[26]
Romedius alongside a packed bear[31]
Romulus of Fiesole depicted with a wolf due to confusion with the legend of Romulus and Remus;[32] bishop with an arrow broken above his breast; depicted at martyrdom of 4 companions or enthroned among four martyrs[33]
Rosa Maria Benedetta Gattorno Custo Nun's habit, crucifix, rosary, stigmata
Rosalia roses, a cross, book, or skull, spray of lilies.[34] Some images show her holding a chisel and hammer with which she carved her own dedication. She is also seen wearing a crown of roses, attended by winged angels, and often with a view through a cave opening of Palermo Harbor., sometimes she is being crowned by the Divine infant[b]
Rose of Lima crown of thorns, anchor, city, roses, crown of roses, sometimes wearing habit of the Dominican order [a], rosids
Rose of Viterbo crown of roses, holding a crucifix
Róża Czacka Religious habit
Rudolf Komórek Cassock
Rufina and Justa a model of the Giralda; earthenware pots, bowls and platters; books on which are two lumps of potter's clay; martyr's palm; lion[b], two maidens floating in the Tiber River with weights attached to their necks.
Rumbold of Mechelen Bishop's attire with a missioner's cross, or with a hoe lying under his feet. He may also be shown murdered near a coffer of money
Rupert of Salzburg Holding a container of salt; wearing clerical clothes including mitre; holding a crosier

S

S
Article title Attributes
Sabbas the Sanctified an apple in his hand[26]
Sabinian of Troyes With Patroclus of Troyes; man with throat pierced by a sword; with Saint Sabina of Troyes[35]
Salome vase of ointment[26]
Saturnin bishop dragged by a bull[26]
Sativola scythe, well[a]
Sava of Serbia book[a]
Scholastica habit of a Benedictine nun, dove, Rule of St. Benedict, crozier of an abbess[36]
Sebaldus pilgrim with a staff; later represented with the model of a church[26]
Sebastian Tied to a post, pillar or a tree, shot by arrows, crown[a]
Secundus of Asti a sword; clouds overhead[26]
Septimius of Iesi Episcopal attire
Serafino Morazzone Priest's cassock
Seraphim of Sarov Wearing peasant clothing, often kneeling with his hands upraised in prayer crucifix worn about his neck, hands crossed over chest[a]
Seraphin of Montegranaro Franciscan habit
Serapion of Algiers Palm branch, Mercedarian habit, Crucified in an x-position
Serenidus of Saulges wearing a cardinal's habit and red galero[37]
Sergius and Bacchus Roman soldiers bearing palm branches[26]
Sergius of Radonezh Dressed as a monk, sometimes with paterissa
Servandus and Cermanus Depicted as young soldiers
Servatius of Tongeren "Key of Saint Servatius", crozier, dragon (under his feet)[26]
Seventy disciples Scroll, cross
Severin of Cologne depicted coming from the cathedral to bless the poor[c]
Severus of Avranches Bishop with a nearby horse[26]
Severus of Barcelona bishop with a nail or nails driven into his head
Severus of Ravenna weaver's loom and tools, a dove[26]
Severus of Vienne Holding a devil in a chain[38]
Sicarius of Brantôme Depicted as an infant
Sidonius of Aix Receiving sight from Jesus
Sidwell Scythe, and Holy Well[26]
Sigfrid of Sweden bishop carrying three severed heads; bishop carrying three loaves of bread (misrepresentation of the heads); baptizing King Olof of Sweden; traveling in a ship with 2 other bishops; bishop menaced by devils
Sigolena of Albi Crosier
Silas Christian Martyrdom
Silvanus of Ahun dressed in a dalmatic, bearing a book and a palm.[39]
Simeon Depicted as an elderly man holding the infant Jesus[26]
Simeon Stylites Clothed as a monk in monastic habit, shown standing on top of his pillar
Simón de Rojas Priestly vestments with the Blue and Red cross of the Trinitarian Order
Simon of Cyrene Carrying Jesus’ Cross before His Crucifixion
Simon of Trent Youth, martyr's palm
Simon Stock Carmelite friar holding a scapular[26]
Simon the Apostle boat; cross and saw; fish (or two fish); lance; man being sawn in two longitudinally; oar[40]
Simone Ballachi Dominican habit
Simpliciano of the Nativity Franciscan habit
Simplicius, Faustinus and Beatrix Saint Simplicius is represented with a pennant, on the shield of which are three lilies, called the crest of Simplicius; the lilies are a symbol of purity of heart. Saint Beatrix has a cord in her hand, because she was strangled.
Sister Lúcia Visionary to the Marian apparitions at Fátima
Solange shepherdess in prayer
Solanus Casey Franciscan habit
Solutor Military attire
Sophia of Rome palm, book, trough, and sword
Sophie-Thérèse de Soubiran La Louvière Religious habit
Sophronius of Jerusalem Vested as a bishop, with right hand upheld in blessing, holding a Gospel Book or scroll
Spyridon Vested as a bishop with omophorion, often holding a Gospel Book, with his right hand raised in blessing. Sometimes the image features a potsherd, or sprig of basil. Iconographically, he is depicted as tall, with a long, white forked beard, and wearing a woven, straw hat on his head – a traditional shepherd's hat and a representation that he was a shepherd of God's people.[a]
Stanislaus of Szczepanów Bishop's Vestments and insignia, sword[a]
Stanisław Kazimierczyk Habit of a canon[a]
Stanislaus Kostka Jesuit habit, an angel giving him Holy Communion[26]
Stanislaus Papczyński White habit, crucifix, Chaplet of the Ten Virtues of the B.V.M.
Stanislav Nasadil Martyr's palm
Stanisław Kazimierczyk Priest's cassock
Stefan Wincenty Frelichowski Priest's attire, prisoner's uniform
Stefan Wyszyński Cardinal's attire
Stephen Harding Dressed in the Cistercian cowl, with miniature church model, holding abbot's crozier, holding the Carta Caritatis ("Charter of Charity"), a founding document for the Cistercian Order
Stephen the Martyr Red Martyr, stones, dalmatic, censer, miniature church, Gospel Book, martyr's palm.[a]
Stephen of Hungary Attire of a king, holding an orb or a sceptre with double cross[41]
Stephen Nehmé Religious habit, prayer rope
Susanna palm branch, sword
Swithun Bishop holding a bridge, broken eggs at his feet[a]
Sylvester often depicted with a dying dragon.[42]
Symeon the Metaphrast Pen, Scroll, Religious habit
Symphorian and Timotheus Symphorian is depicted as a young man being dragged to martyrdom while his mother encourages him[26]
Symphorosa Seven sons, martyr's palm
Syrus of Genoa A blackbird
Syrus of Pavia bishop trampling a basilisk (symbol of Arianism) underfoot; bishop enthroned between two deacons; with Saint Juventius
Szilárd Bogdánffy solideo or bishop's cap and gown, palm
Szymon of Lipnica Franciscan habit

T

T
  • Christ with Saint Teresa of Avila, holding a thorn to pierce her heart
  • Saint Therese of Lisieux with her attributes
Article title Attributes
Tadhg Mac Cárthaigh mitre, pilgrim scallop
Tarasios of Constantinople Vested as a bishop with omophorion often holding a Gospel book with his right hand raised in blessing
Tarcisius Host, youth, wounds
Tatiana of Rome Shown holding a martyr's cross, or a plate with two eyes on it
Tegulus depicted as a soldier bearing a banner with the Mauritian Cross and the palm of martyrdom; spade
Tekle Haymanot Man with wings on his back and only one leg visible
Ten thousand martyrs Crown of martyrdom, Martyr's palm
Teodora Fracasso Religious habit
Terence of Pesaro Aging bishop; Young soldier holding a palm of martyrdom and a model of Pesaro
Teresa Benedicta of the cross habit of a Carmelite nun (sometimes with a yellow badge), cross, martyr's palm, book, Hebrew scroll, holding a tallit, burning bush
Teresa Grillo Michel Religious habit
Teresa Janina Kierocińska Religious habit
Teresa Jornet Ibars Religious habit
Teresa Manganiello Crucifix, rosary
Teresa of Ávila habit of a Carmelite nun, holding a (fiery) pen, pierced heart, arrow[a]
Teresa of the Andes habit of a Carmelite nun, crucifix, crown of flowers[a]
Theban Legion large group of soldiers
Theobald of Marly knight bearing the arms of Thann; sometimes depicted wearing armor under his Cistercian habit with his miter at his feet
Theobald of Provins depicted as a hermit or as a knight[43]
Theodard of Maastricht sword
Theodore crocodile[a]
Theodora (wife of Justinian I) Imperial vestment
Theodore Stratelates Dressed as a warrior, with spear and shield, or as a civilian
Theodore Tiron Dressed as a soldier sometimes in court dress, with emblems such as a spear, temple, torch, dragon, pyre, martyr's wreath
Theodorus and Theophanes Hymnographer
Theodosia of Constantinople Martyr's cross, monastic habit, icon of Christ Pantocrator
Theodosius (son of Maurice) Imperial attire
Theodosius of Kiev Clothed as an Eastern Orthodox monk, sometimes with an hegumen's paterissa
Theodotus of Ancyra (martyr) torches; sword
Theonestus of Vercelli depicted as a soldier[44]
Theophilus of Corte Franciscan habit
Thérèse Couderc Religious habit
Thérèse of Lisieux Discalced Carmelite habit, many roses, sometimes entwining a crucifix[a]
Thiemo Spindle
Thillo Benedictine abbot holding a chalice and a pastoral staff[45]
Thomas Aquinas The Summa theologiae, a model church, the sun on the chest of a Dominican friar, monstrance, dove, ox[a]
Thomas Becket sword, and wearing chancellor's robe and neck chain[a]
Thomas Garnet Jesuit habit, martyr's palm
Thomas More dressed in the robe of the Chancellor and wearing the Collar of Esses; axe[a]
Thomas of Celano Crucifix, Franciscan habit
Thomas of Villanova A bishop distributing alms to the poor
Thomas Saleh Franciscan habit
Thomas Sherwood (martyr) holding a scroll
Thomas the Apostle The Twin, placing his finger in the side of Christ, nelumbo nucifera, spear (means of his Christian martyrdom), square
Three Holy Hierarchs Vested as bishops, wearing omophoria; raising right hand in blessing; holding Gospel Books or scrolls
Three Martyrs of Chimbote Franciscan habit, Priest's cassock
Thyrsus bucksaw
Tiburcio Arnáiz Muñoz Priest's attire
Tikhon of Zadonsk Vested as a bishop, often holding a Gospel Book or scroll, with his right hand raised in blessing
Timothy pastoral staff,[46] three stones and a clubclub and stones; broken image of Diana[47]
Tiridates III of Armenia Crown, sword, cross, Globus cruciger
Titian of Oderzo episcopal attire
Titus Brandsma Calced Carmelite habit, Nazi concentration camp badge, Martyr's palm
Tomasa Ortiz Real Religious habit
Tommaso Bellacci Franciscan habit
Tommaso da Cori Franciscan habit, Crucifix
Tommaso da Olera Capuchin habit
Tommaso Maria Fusco Crucifix, Zucchetto
Tommaso Riccardi Priest's cassock, Crucifix|Bible
Toribio Romo González Black cassock, martyr's palm, Eucharist
Torpes of Pisa palm of martyrdom; sword; boat
Trophimus of Arles bishop carrying his eyes; bishop having his eyes put out; bishop standing with lions[48]
Trudpert axe,[a] palm of martyrdom
Tryphine beheaded woman
Tryphon, Respicius, and Nympha falcon
Tudwal bishop holding a dragon[a]
Turibius of Astorga mitre

U

U
  • Saint Urban with grapes
  • Saint Ursus with birds on his shoulder
Saint Symbol
Ubald Bishop giving a blessing as angels carry his crozier; bishop delivering a blessing while a devil flees from it; holding a scale model of Gubbio
Ugolino da Gualdo Cattaneo Augustinian habit
Ulphia depicted as a young nun seated in prayer on a rock with a frog in the pool near her
Ulrich of Augsburg vestments of a bishop, holding a fish; at dinner with Saint Wolfgang; rewarding a messenger with a goose leg; giving a garment to a beggar; with Saint Afra; riding through a river on horseback as his companion sinks; with a cross given him by an angel[49]
Ulrika Nisch Religious habit of the Sisters of Mercy of the Holy Cross of Ingenbohl
Umiliana de' Cerchi Franciscan habit
Urban portrayed in art after his beheading, with the papal tiara near him[a]
Urban V Papal vestments, Papal tiara
Urban of Langres vestments of a bishop, with a bunch of grapes or a vine at his side; a book with a wine vessel on it[a]
Uriel fire in palm, book, scroll, flaming sword, disc of the sun, and a celestial orb or disc of stars and constellations, chalice (only in Ethiopian Orthodox tradition).
Ursicinus abbot with three lilies in his hand or holding a book and fleur-de-lys, surrounded by fleur-de-lys[a]
Ursula arrow; banner; cloak; shot with arrows, accompanied by a varied number of virgins who are being martyred in various ways; standing on a ship with her companions[a]
Ursula Ledóchowska Religious habit
Ursus of Aosta archdeacon with a staff and book, bearing birds on his shoulder; wearing fur pelisse in a religious habit; striking water from a rock; or giving shoes to the poor.
Ursus of Solothurn military attire

V

V
  • The Veil of Veronica
  • Vigilius with a shoe
  • Vitalis of Milan between Saints Gervasius and Protasius
  • Vitus with a rooster
Article title Attributes
Valentine birds; roses; vestments of a priest or a bishop; with a crippled person or a child with epilepsy at his feet; rooster; being beheaded; bearing a sword; holding a sun; giving sight to a blind girl[50]
Valentine of Passau bishop preaching to pagans
Valeria of Milan With Saint Vitalis, Saint Gervasius and Saint Protasius; being beaten with clubs
Varghese Payyappilly Palakkappilly Priest's cassock
Vasyl Velychkovsky habit of a Redemptorist[51]
Vedast wolf carrying a goose in its mouth; child; bear[a]
Venantius of Camerino young man crucified upside-down with smoke coming from his head; young man holding the citadel of Camerino; young man holding the city of Camerino, a palm, and a book; young man with a banner
Venera crown; book; palm; cross; martyr's palm interlaced with a triple crown (signifying the fact that she was a Virgin, an Apostle, and a Martyr)[52][53]
Veranus of Cavaillon episcopal attire
Verdiana snakes[a], depicted as a nun preaching to snakes
Verena of Zurzach jar and bread, comb
Veronica Veil of Veronica[a]
Veronica Antal Palm of martyrdom
Veronica Giuliani Crowned with thorns and embracing a crucifix
Vicelinus Church resting on his left arm
Vicenta Chávez Orozco Religious habit
Vicenta María López i Vicuña Religious habit
Vicente Garrido Pastor Priest's cassock
Vicente Liem de la Paz book, palm, hood, rosary, academic birreta, dalmatic
Victor of Marseilles windmill[a]
Victoire Rasoamanarivo Rosary
Victor Emilio Moscoso Cárdenas Priest's cassock
Victor Maurus man being thrown into a furnace; man roasted in an oven; Moorish soldier trampling on a broken altar
Victor of Marseilles Depicted as a Roman soldier with a millstone; depicted overthrowing a statue of Jupiter; in stocks, comforted by angels; scourged and crushed by a millstone; or with his body beheaded and flung into the river, from which the angels take it;[54] depicted with windmill
Victoria with Saint Acisclus, her brother,[55] crowned with roses, arrow and palm branch
Victorinus of Pettau Palm, pontifical vestments
Vigilius of Trent bishop holding a shoe, wooden holzschuh[56]
Viktor of Xanten Military attire
Villana de' Botti Dominican habit
Vincent de Paul children [a]
Vincent Ferrer Dominican habit, Tongue of flame, Wings, Bible, pulpit, cardinal's hat, trumpet, captives[a]
Vincent of Saragossa Usually pontifical, episcopal, etc. insignia, tools of martyrdom and so forth
Vincent Pallotti Priest's cassock
Vincent Romano Priest's attire, Crucifix, Book of Hours
Vincenza Gerosa Religious habit
Vincenzina Cusmano Religious habit
Vincenzo Grossi Cassock
Vincenzo Lipani Franciscan habit
Vitalis of Milan with Saint Gervase and Saint Protase
Vitus book, cross, rooster, lion, bread, cauldron, eagle, hare; holding a church model[a]
Vladimir the Great crown, cross, throne

W

W
  • Saint Wolfgang holding a church model with an adze lodged in the roof (Coat of arms of the Czech municipality Hnanice).
  • Willigis with the Wheel of Mainz
Article title Attributes
Wenceslaus of Bohemia crown, dagger[a], burning eagle on a banner
Wendreda Nun, healer
Werenfried of Elst Priest who holds a ship containing a coffin
Werner of Oberwesel sickle, shovel, pan
Wiborada Benedictine habit, book, axe
Wilgefortis bearded; crucified, often shown with a small fiddler at her feet, and with one shoe off
Willehad bishop overturning idols
William Firmatus thrusting his arm into a fire, a raven showing him the way to the Holy Land
William of Maleval cross, skull
William of Montevergine wolf and crosier[a]
William of Norwich holding nails, with nail wounds or undergoing crucifixion
William of Perth walking staff, palmer's wallet, little dog.[57]
William of York bishop's vestments, crozier, crossing the River Tweed[a]
Willibrord dipping staff into cask
Willigis Wheel of Mainz
Winibald insignia of an abbot, bricklayer's trowel, with Willibald and Richard the Pilgrim
Saint Winifred sword, sometimes with her head under her arm
Winnoc crown and scepter at his feet, turning a hand-mill, often with a church and bridge nearby; in ecstasy while grinding corn[a]; with Saint Bertin
Władysław Bukowiński Priest's cassock
Władysław Findysz Priest's attire
Wolfgang of Regensburg depicted with a church model with an adze lodged in the roof, with a wolf[a]
Wulfram of Sens Bishop baptizing a young king or with a young king nearby, arriving by ship with monks

X

X
  • Pope Xystus (Sixtus) with book and papal tiara
Saint Symbol
Xenia of Saint Petersburg walking stick[a]
Xystus book, papal insignia (mostly tiara and papal ferula), martyr's palm, book[a]
Xu Guangqi Ming Empire court dress holding a crucifix and book.

Y

Y
  • Bishop's vestments
Saint Symbol
Yrieix bishop's vestments, crozier[a]
Yaropolk Izyaslavich royal clothes, holding a three-bar cross in his right hand
Yaroslav the Wise Grand Prince's robes, sword, church model, book or scroll[58]
Yared traditional attire, holding a mequamia (prayer stick), tsanatsel (Ethiophian sistrum) in front of Deggua book and three chants: Ge'ez, Ezel and Araray represented in terms of doves
Yevgeny Rodionov military uniform, Orthodox cross

Z

Z
  • Saint Zenobius resurrects a dead boy
  • Zeno of Verona with a fish hanging from his crozier
Saint Symbol
Zachary with King Luitprand, olive branch, dove]] over him [a]
Zadkiel Dagger
Zefirino Agostini Cassock, breviary
Zeno of Verona fish, fishing rod, fish hanging from his crozier.
Zenobius of Florence vestments of a bishop; flowering tree; bringing a dead man or a boy back to life[a][59]
Zita bag, keys[a]
Zita of Bourbon-Parma imperial attire, medals
Zofia Czeska religious habit
Zoltán Meszlényi book, palm, mitre
Zygmunt Gorazdowski priest's attire

See also

Notes

  1. "List of saints". Catholic Online. Your Catholic Voice Foundation.
  2. Stracke, Richard (October 20, 2015). "Iconography". Christian Iconography.
  3. Rabenstein, Katherine (April 1999). "Saint of the Day Master Index". St. Patrick Catholic Church. Archived from the original on April 20, 2018.

References

  1. ^  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Symbolism". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  2. ^ a b Mayernik, David T. (2018). "A Vast, Immeasurable Sanctuary: Iconography for Churches". Sacred Architecture Journal. 5: 22.
  3. ^ "Eastern Orthodox and Catholic teaching about Icons". Archived from the original on April 17, 2018.
  4. ^ Hassett, M. (1911). "Palm in Christian Symbolism". The Catholic Encyclopedia.
  5. ^ Stracke, Richard (October 20, 2015). "Saint Quentin: The Iconography".
  6. ^ Baring-Gould, Sabine (1898). "The Lives of the Saints". The Lives of the Saints.
  7. ^ Nine in reference to an interpretation of the Latin name of Neuss, Novesia, from "novem," meaning "nine."
  8. ^ Stracke, Richard (October 20, 2015). "Altar Frontal of the Madonna and Child with Saints".
  9. ^ "Quirinus vom Tegernsee". bautz.de (in German).
  10. ^ Robert F. McNamara, St. Wiborada
  11. ^ Francis Bond, Dedications and patron saints of English churches: ecclesiastical symbolism; saints and their emblems, 1914, p. 328
  12. ^ "Saint Rafael Arnáiz Barón". Saints SQPN. July 5, 2015. Retrieved January 30, 2017.
  13. ^ St. Rafael Guizar Valencia
  14. ^ "Saint Raphaela Mary". Handmaids of the Sacred Heart of Jesus. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
  15. ^ Nos Saint-Patrons Saint Germain et Saint Randoald, Paroisse catholique romaine de Moutier
  16. ^ Der heilige Rasso kämpft gegen die Ungarn
  17. ^ Stracke, Richard (October 20, 2015). "Raymond Nonnatus". Christian Iconography.
  18. ^ Catholic Online
  19. ^ Stracke, Richard (October 20, 2015). "Saint Raymond of Peñafort: The Iconography". Christian Iconography.
  20. ^ Saint Raynald of Nocera
  21. ^  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Wood, James, ed. (1907). "Regina, St.". The Nuttall Encyclopædia. London and New York: Frederick Warne.
  22. ^ Heilige Reineldis, Jungfrau und Martyrin
  23. ^ Ökumenisches Heiligenlexikon – Reinold von Koeln.htm
  24. ^ Tourisme Stevelot – einige Legenden, Hl. Remaclus und der Wolf
  25. ^ Jameson, Anna (1857). Sacred and Legendary Art. Longman, Brown, Green. p. 648. OCLC 1523878.
  26. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Husenbeth, Frederick Charles. Emblems of Saints: By which They are Distinguished in Works of Art, Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts, 1860
  27. ^ Reverianus von Autun
  28. ^ "Richardis sainte", Fédération des Sociétés d'Histoire et d'Archéologie d'Alsace
  29. ^ Schäfer, Joachim. "Roger von Cannae", Ökumenischen Heiligenlexikon
  30. ^ "Biography of Blessed Rolando Rivi", Abbaye Saint-Joseph de Clairval
  31. ^ Vom heiligen Einsiedel Romedius
  32. ^ "San Romolo di Fiesole". santiebeati.it.
  33. ^ "Saint of the Day". St. Patrick Catholic Church. Archived from the original on July 10, 2008.
  34. ^ Stracke, Richard (October 20, 2015). "Rosalia of Palermo". Christian Iconography.
  35. ^ "Sabinian of Troyes". catholic-forum.com. Archived from the original on May 7, 2006.
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