Public Prosecutor (France)

Prosecutor of the Republic
A prosecutor requests a penalty during a hearing: caricature by Honoré Daumier.
Occupation
NamesProcureure de la République
Activity sectors
Law
Magistracy
Description
CompetenciesCivil procedure and Criminal procedure
Education required
French National School for the Judiciary
Related jobs
Judge
Investigating judge

In France, the Public Prosecutor[1] is the magistrate of the public prosecutor's office responsible for criminal prosecution within the jurisdiction of a judicial court. The prosecutor is assisted by deputy prosecutors and assistant prosecutors, who are also magistrates, and together they form the prosecutor's office of a judicial court.

The French Ministry of Justice explains that:

the term "parquet" refers to the area where the magistrates of the public prosecutor's office were positioned: an enclosed space in the grand chamber, defined on three sides by the judges' seats and on the fourth by the bar, forming the heart of the courtroom—a sacred, enclosed space, a small park or parquet. It was crossed by the King's representatives to reach their place, and armed officers advanced there to report their investigations and draw up the official record for the parquet.[2].

History

The role of the prosecutor emerged in the 14th century within the legal profession, at the request of the parliaments. Its title and functions were inspired by procedures developed within the courts of the Inquisition.[3]

As Jean-Louis Nadal, Prosecutor General at the Court of Cassation, recalled in his opening speech at the symposium on 19 January 2006:

From a historical perspective, the unique role of the public prosecutor's office, both as a prosecuting body and a guardian of individual freedoms, can be traced back, to my knowledge, to the great ordinance of Philip the Fair of 23, which outlined the oath of the King's representatives, demonstrating that the prosecutor must also be responsible for seeking the truth and ensuring the proper application of the law.[4].

Status

Membership in the magistracy

Main articles: Public prosecutor's office (France) and Magistrate

Prosecutors of the Republic and their deputies, as well as prosecutors general, their respective deputies, advocates general, judges, and justice auditors, are part of the magistracy. They are therefore subject to the provisions of the ordinance of 22 establishing the organic law on the status of the magistracy.[5]

Hierarchical principle

Unlike judges, the prosecutor, along with their deputies, is part of the "standing magistracy," so named because its members stand during hearings to present their requisitions, in contrast to the Sitting magistracy (or Judicial bench), whose members, the judges, remain seated throughout the proceedings.[6]

Several factors distinguish them from judicial bench magistrates in their status. Article 5 of the aforementioned ordinance states:[5]

The magistrates of the prosecutor's office are placed under the direction and control of their hierarchical superiors and under the authority of the Keeper of the Seals, Minister of Justice. During hearings, their speech is free.

Thus, the prosecutor's office is hierarchical, meaning that the Public Prosecutor has authority over their deputies and is, in turn, subject to the instructions and directives of the Prosecutor General at the court of appeal within their jurisdiction. All members of the prosecutor's office are ultimately accountable to the Keeper of the Seals, Minister of Justice, and thus to the executive branch.[5]

While judicial bench magistrates are appointed with the binding opinion of the High Council of the Judiciary under Article 28 of the ordinance, prosecutor's office magistrates are appointed based on a non-binding opinion, which does not constrain the Keeper of the Seals.[7]

Like judicial bench magistrates, Prosecutors of the Republic are appointed by decree of the President of the Republic. Prosecutors General, however, are appointed by decree in the Council of Ministers.[8]

As a result of the hierarchical structure of the prosecutor's office, prosecutors and their deputies do not benefit from the immovability guarantee afforded to judicial bench magistrates. However, the 1958 ordinance grants them freedom of speech during hearings to present requisitions they deem appropriate, including requests for discharge or acquittal.[5]

From a statutory perspective, the Public Prosecutor is a magistrate of the "first grade" (or "outside hierarchy" for larger courts). This means that appointment as a Public Prosecutor is only possible after being listed on the first-grade advancement table (after at least 7 years of career).[9] In practice, the magistrate will typically have held at least one first-grade position (e.g., assistant prosecutor or deputy president) before being appointed prosecutor.[10]

Attire

Like judicial bench magistrates, Prosecutors of the Republic wear attire specified in Table 1, annexed to the Code of Judicial Organization.[11] For the Court of Cassation and Courts of Appeal, this consists of a black robe for regular hearings and a red robe for solemn hearings. In other jurisdictions, a black robe is worn. Deputies typically wear only the black robe.[12][11]

European Court of Human Rights ruling

On 10, the European Court of Human Rights, in its Medvedyev 1 ruling, determined that the prosecutor cannot be considered a judicial authority under Article 5 of the Convention:[13]

The Prosecutor of the Republic is not a 'judicial authority' as understood in the Court's case law: as the applicants point out, the prosecutor notably lacks independence from the executive branch to be so qualified.

Responsibilities

In criminal matters

In France, the Public Prosecutor has a dual role: a "political" mission and a sovereign mission. Their responsibilities are defined in the Code of Criminal Procedure.[14]

Political mission

As a member of the judicial hierarchy, the Prosecutor must implement the government's criminal policy, pursuant to, among others, Article 30 of the Code of Criminal Procedure:[15]

The Minister of Justice conducts the criminal prosecution policy determined by the Government. They ensure its consistent application across the Republic. To this end, they issue general criminal prosecution instructions to the magistrates of the public prosecutor's office.

Thus, based on government priorities, such as road safety, prevention of violence against individuals, or combating terrorism, the prosecutor will redirect the efforts of their office, reporting to the General Prosecutor. In recent years, successive governments have implemented "urban policies" in which prosecutor's offices are sometimes closely involved, through prosecutors' participation in local bodies, awareness campaigns, and educational initiatives in schools.[16]

Sovereign mission

The responsibilities of the Public Prosecutor are outlined in Articles 1[17] and 31[18] of the Code of Criminal Procedure:

  • Criminal prosecution for the enforcement of penalties is initiated and conducted by magistrates or officials to whom it is entrusted by law.
  • The public prosecutor's office conducts criminal prosecution and requests the application of the law.

The prosecutor's mission involves identifying and investigating offences (contraventions, misdemeanors, and crimes) and deciding on the appropriate course of action under Article 40-1:[19]

When they consider that the facts brought to their attention under Article 40[20] constitute an offence committed by a person whose identity and residence are known, and for which no legal provision prevents the initiation of criminal prosecution, the territorially competent Public Prosecutor decides whether it is appropriate:

  • 1° To initiate prosecution;
  • 2° To implement an alternative procedure to prosecution under Articles 41-1 or 41-2;
  • 3° To close the case without further action if the specific circumstances of the offence justify it.

In the French judicial system, under the principle of discretionary prosecution, the Public Prosecutor has sole authority to determine the course of action for an offence, subject to the Prosecutor General's independent powers within the jurisdiction.[21]

Initiating prosecution

In this context, the Public Prosecutor, who holds the powers of a judicial police officer, oversees the activities of judicial police officers and agents within their jurisdiction.

As such:

  • They must be informed of crimes and misdemeanors committed in flagrante, direct necessary investigations, and oversee police custody measures, authorizing extensions (Arts. 53 to 74-2, Code of Criminal Procedure).[22]
  • They order and direct preliminary investigations for non-flagrant cases (Arts. 75 to 78, Code of Criminal Procedure).[23]
  • They decide to open a judicial investigation by referring the case to an Investigating judge, mandatorily for criminal matters, optionally for misdemeanor matters unless otherwise provided by law, or even for contravention matters (Arts. 79 and 80, Code of Criminal Procedure).[24]

When investigations lead to the referral of an alleged offender to a trial court (police court, criminal courts, assize court), the Public Prosecutor, personally or through their deputies, represents the public prosecutor's office to present appropriate requisitions. Under Article L122-4 of the Code of Judicial Organization:[25]

Any magistrate of a prosecutor's office or general prosecutor's office may perform the functions of the public prosecutor's office within that office.

This reflects the principle of indivisibility of the prosecutor's office, meaning any magistrate in the office can perform procedural acts. This principle applies generally and is not limited to specific matters.[26]

Alternatives to prosecution

Based on the nature of the offence and resulting harm, the Public Prosecutor may opt for alternatives to prosecution:

  • Under Article 41-1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure:[27]

If it appears that such a measure is likely to ensure compensation for the victim's harm, end the disturbance caused by the offence, or contribute to the offender's rehabilitation, the Prosecutor of the Republic may, before deciding on criminal prosecution, directly or through a judicial police officer, a prosecutor's delegate, or a mediator:

1º Remind the offender of their legal obligations; 2º Refer the offender to a health, social, or professional organization (...); 3º Request the offender to regularize their situation under the law or regulations; 4º Request the offender to repair the harm caused by the offence; 5º With the parties' consent, initiate mediation between the offender and the victim; 6º In cases of offences committed against a spouse, partner, or their children, request the offender to reside outside the family home or residence, avoid appearing near it, and, if necessary, undergo health, social, or psychological support; (...) This procedure suspends the statute of limitations for criminal prosecution. (...)

If the measure is not executed due to the offender's behavior, the Public Prosecutor, absent new elements, implements a penal composition or initiates prosecution.

  • Under Article 41-2 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.[28] This involves penal composition, allowing the Public Prosecutor, for certain contraventions and misdemeanors, to propose one or more obligations to the offender. The accused may be assisted by a lawyer. The accepted penal composition is submitted for validation by the president of the judicial court.

Unlike the alternative measure under Article 41-1, which suspends the statute of limitations, the full execution of a penal composition, recorded in the No. 1 bulletin of the criminal record, extinguishes criminal prosecution, equivalent to an executed sentence.

  • Under Article 44-1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.[29] Introduced by Law No. 2007-297 of 5 March 2007,[30] this provision grants the mayor the power to negotiate with offenders for contraventions identified by municipal police under Article L2212-5 of the General Code of Local Authorities.[31] The accepted transaction is submitted for approval by the Public Prosecutor (except for community service, which requires judicial approval).
Case closure without further action

The Public Prosecutor is not obligated to pursue prosecution for an offence and may decide to close a case without further action for reasons such as:

  • Absence of a criminal offence
  • Insufficient evidence
  • Inability to identify the alleged offender(s)
  • Amnesty or expiration of the statute of limitations (Arts. 6 to 10, Code of Criminal Procedure).[32]

Under Article 40-2 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, the prosecutor must notify complainants of a decision to close a case without further action, specifying the legal or discretionary reasons justifying it.[33]

In civil matters

This is the least known function to the general public but remains highly significant.

The civil and administrative responsibilities of a prosecutor's office are managed by the civil service within the judicial court, where the prosecutor's office is based. These include handling matters related to:

  • Conciliators of justice (Decree No. 78-381 of 20 March 1978).[34]
  • Judicial experts (Decree No. 2004-1463 of 23 December 2004).[35]
  • Guardianship managers.
  • Oversight of civil registry services (Art. 53, Civil Code).[36]
  • Disciplinary sanctions for pharmacists, medical biologists, and dentists (Art. L4124-2, Public Health Code).[37]
  • Jurisdictional challenges (Decree of 27 February 2015).[38]
  • International judicial assistance in civil and commercial matters.
  • Civil aspects of international child abduction.
  • Posthumous marriages (Art. 171, Civil Code).[39]
  • Annulment of marriages (Arts. 180 et seq., Civil Code).[40]
  • Nationality cases (Title I bis, Civil Code).[41]
  • Inspections and oversight of psychiatric institutions and disputes over requests to lift compulsory placements (Art. L3211-6 et seq., Public Health Code).[42]
  • Adoptions (Arts. 343 et seq., Civil Code).[43]
  • Enforcement of foreign judgments (Arts. 509 et seq., Code of Civil Procedure).[44]
  • Incapacitated adults (Arts. 490 et seq., Civil Code).[45]

Additionally, the civil service manages relations with labor courts.

Under Articles 421 to 429 of the Code of Civil Procedure, the prosecutor's office may—and in some cases must—intervene as a principal or joined party in civil proceedings through written submissions handled by the civil service.[46] Articles 423 and 424 specify that the public prosecutor's office may act as a principal party "to defend public order in response to facts that undermine it"[47] and as a joined party "to provide its opinion on the application of the law in a case it has been notified of."[48]

In constitutional matters

The role of the Public Prosecutor in addressing priority constitutional questions is limited to providing an opinion. They must be informed of each question raised and may provide an opinion through oral requisitions or a written submission. If the opinion is a separate, reasoned written document, it is forwarded to the Court of Cassation if the question is referred. Between 1 September 2010 and 1 September 2011, the prosecutor provided a favorable opinion in 55% of cases referred to the Court of Cassation for priority constitutional questions.[49]

In the media

As an exception to the principle of confidentiality of investigations, the Public Prosecutor may, "on their own initiative or at the request of the investigating court or parties, disclose objective procedural elements that do not assess the merits of charges against the accused" to "prevent the spread of incomplete or inaccurate information or to address a disturbance to public order."[50]

This provision was introduced by the law of 15 June 2000 strengthening the protection of the presumption of innocence and victims' rights. Previously, journalists relied on investigating judges. Communication with the media is now part of prosecutors' continuing education.[51]

Specific responsibilities of the Prosecutor General

The Prosecutor General has the following exclusive prerogatives:

  • 1. Right to file an appeal beyond the appeal deadline available to the Public Prosecutor.

While the Public Prosecutor has a 10-day period from the pronouncement of a judgment by the police court (where appeal is available) or correctional court to file an appeal, the Prosecutor General has a 20-day period under Articles 548[52] and 505[53] of the Code of Criminal Procedure. This right is exclusive, meaning it can be exercised even if the Public Prosecutor waived their right to appeal.

  • 2. Ability to be seized by a complainant through a hierarchical appeal in case of a complaint closed without further action by the Public Prosecutor.

This right is granted to complainants under Article 40-3 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.[54]

  • 3. Right to initiate criminal prosecution.

While the initiation of public action is typically the responsibility of the Public Prosecutor, the Prosecutor General, as their hierarchical superior, may, under Article 36 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, "instruct Prosecutors of the Republic, through written instructions included in the case file, to initiate or have initiated prosecutions or to refer such written requisitions to the competent court as the Prosecutor General deems appropriate."[55]

These provisions highlight the hierarchical nature of the prosecutor's office, further reinforced by the Prosecutor General's authority to directly requisition public forces, whose members, including agents and judicial police officers, are under their supervision (Arts. 35 and 36, Code of Criminal Procedure).[56]

See also

Look up prosecutor in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

References

  1. ^ Ministry of Justice (19 March 2018). "Présentation générale du parquet de Paris" [General presentation of the Paris prosecutor's office]. Ministry of Justice (France). Retrieved 2025-04-30.
  2. ^ "La justice en France sous l'Ancien Régime" [Justice under the monarchy]. justice.gouv.fr.
  3. ^ Denys, Catherine (2003). "Histoire du parquet" [History of parquet]. Revue d'histoire moderne & contemporaine (in French). 501 (1). doi:10.3917/rhmc.501.0180. ISSN 0048-8003.
  4. ^ "Opening speech by Jean-Louis Nadal, Prosecutor General at the Court of Cassation". courdecassation.fr. Archived from the original on 26 October 2007.
  5. ^ a b c d "Ordonnance n° 58-1270 du 22 décembre 1958 portant loi organique relative au statut de la magistrature" [Ordinance no. 58-1270 of December 22, 1958, enacting an organic law on the status of the judiciary.]. www.legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Archived from the original on 2025-01-26. Retrieved 2025-04-30.
  6. ^ "Les magistrats du siège" [Seat judges]. www.justice.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 2025-05-01.
  7. ^ Martinel, Agnès; Victor, Romain (2013). "Qui nomme les magistrats ?" [Who appoints magistrates?]. Doc' en Poche (in French): 28–29.
  8. ^ "Présentation générale" [General presentation]. Tribunal de Paris (in French). Retrieved 2025-05-01.
  9. ^ "Décret n°93-21 du 7 janvier 1993 pris pour l'application de l'ordonnance n° 58-1270 du 22 décembre 1958 modifiée portant loi organique relative au statut de la magistrature" [Décret n°93-21 of January 7, 1993 taken for the application of the ordinance n° 58-1270 of December 22, 1958 modified carrying organic law relating to the statute of the magistrature]. www.legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Archived from the original on 2024-12-15. Retrieved 2025-04-30.
  10. ^ "Définition procureur de la république" [Definition of public prosecutor]. Le Portail du Droit (in French). Retrieved 2025-04-30.
  11. ^ a b "Article Annexe Tableau I - Code de l'organisation judiciaire" [Article Appendix Table I - Code of judicial organization]. www.legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 2025-04-30.
  12. ^ "Les costumes d'audiences" [Court costumes] (PDF). www.cours-appel.justice.fr (in French). Retrieved 2025-04-30.
  13. ^ "Affaire Medvedvey et autres c. France" [Medvedyev and Others v. France]. European Court of Human Rights (in French). Retrieved 2025-04-30.
  14. ^ "Chapitre II : Du ministère public (Articles 31 à 48-1)" [Chapter II: Public prosecutors (Articles 31 to 48-1)]. www.legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Archived from the original on 2024-06-17. Retrieved 2025-04-30.
  15. ^ "Article 30 - Code de procédure pénale" [Article 30 - Code of Criminal Procedure]. www.legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 2025-04-30.
  16. ^ "La justice de proximité" [Local justice]. www.justice.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 2025-05-01.
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  20. ^ "Article 40 - Code de procédure pénale" [Article 40 - Code of Criminal Procedure]. www.legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 2025-05-05.
  21. ^ "La procédure pénale" [Criminal procedure]. Ministère de la justice (in French). Archived from the original on 2025-01-20. Retrieved 2025-05-02.
  22. ^ "Chapitre Ier : Des crimes et des délits flagrants (Articles 53 à 74-2)" [Chapter I: Flagrant crimes and misdemeanors (Articles 53 to 74-2)]. www.legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 2025-04-30.
  23. ^ "Chapitre II : De l'enquête préliminaire (Articles 75 à 78)" [Chapter II: Preliminary investigations (Articles 75 to 78)]. www.legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 2025-04-30.
  24. ^ "Section 1 : Dispositions générales (Articles 79 à 84-1)" [Section 1: General provisions (Articles 79 to 84-1)]. www.legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 2025-04-30.
  25. ^ "Article L122-4 - Code de l'organisation judiciaire" [Article L122-4 - Code of judicial organization]. www.legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Archived from the original on 2024-07-07. Retrieved 2025-05-01.
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  28. ^ "Article 41-2 - Code de procédure pénale" [Article 41-2 - Code of Criminal Procedure]. www.legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Archived from the original on 2025-01-19. Retrieved 2025-05-01.
  29. ^ "Article 44-1 - Code de procédure pénale" [Article 44-1 - Code of Criminal Procedure]. www.legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 2025-05-01.
  30. ^ "LOI n° 2007-297 du 5 mars 2007 relative à la prévention de la délinquance (1)" [LAW no. 2007-297 of March 5, 2007 on delinquency prevention (1)]. www.legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 2025-05-01.
  31. ^ "Article L2212-5 - Code général des collectivités territoriales" [Article L2212-5 - General code of local authorities]. www.legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 2025-05-01.
  32. ^ "Titre préliminaire : Dispositions générales (Articles 1 à 10-6)" [Preliminary title: General provisions (Articles 1 to 10-6)]. www.legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 2025-05-01.
  33. ^ "Article 40-2 - Code de procédure pénale" [Article 40-2 - Code of Criminal Procedure]. www.legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 2025-05-01.
  34. ^ "Décret n°78-381 du 20 mars 1978 relatif aux conciliateurs de justice" [Decree no. 78-381 of March 20, 1978 on court conciliators]. www.legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Archived from the original on 2024-06-29. Retrieved 2025-05-01.
  35. ^ "Décret n° 2004-1463 du 23 décembre 2004 relatif aux experts judiciaires" [Decree no. 2004-1463 of December 23, 2004 on legal experts]. www.legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Archived from the original on 2025-03-22. Retrieved 2025-05-01.
  36. ^ "Article 53 - Code civil" [Article 53 - Civil Code]. www.legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 2025-05-01.
  37. ^ "Article L4124-2 - Code de la santé publique" [Article L4124-2 - French Public Health Code]. www.legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 2025-05-01.
  38. ^ "Décret n° 2015-233 du 27 février 2015 relatif au Tribunal des conflits et aux questions préjudicielles" [Decree no. 2015-233 of February 27, 2015 on the Tribunal des conflits and preliminary questions]. www.legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Archived from the original on 2025-03-22. Retrieved 2025-05-01.
  39. ^ "Article 171 - Code civil" [Article 171 - Civil Code]. www.legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 2025-05-01.
  40. ^ "Chapitre IV : Des demandes en nullité de mariage (Articles 180 à 202)" [Chapter IV: Requests for nullity of marriage (Articles 180 to 202)]. www.legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 2025-05-01.
  41. ^ "Article 17 - Code civil" [Article 17 - Civil Code]. www.legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 2025-05-01.
  42. ^ "Article L3211-6 - Code de la santé publique" [Article L3211-6 - Public Health Code]. www.legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 2025-05-01.
  43. ^ "Section 1 : De l'adoptant (Articles 343 à 343-1)" [Section 1: The adopter (Articles 343 to 343-1)]. www.legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 2025-05-01.
  44. ^ "Chapitre II : La reconnaissance transfrontalière. (Articles 509 à 509-11)" [Chapter II: Cross-border recognition. (Articles 509 to 509-11)]. www.legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 2025-05-01.
  45. ^ "Chapitre Ier : Dispositions générales. (Articles 489 à 490-3)" [Chapter I: General dispositions. (Articles 489 to 490-3)]. www.legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 2025-05-01.
  46. ^ "Titre XIII : Le ministère public. (Articles 421 à 429)" [Title XIII: The Public Prosecutor's Office. (Articles 421 to 429)]. www.legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 2025-05-01.
  47. ^ "Article 423 - Code de procédure civile" [Article 423 - Code of Civil Procedure]. www.legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Archived from the original on 2024-06-27. Retrieved 2025-05-01.
  48. ^ "Article 424 - Code de procédure civile" [Article 424 - Code of Civil Procedure]. www.legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 2025-05-01.
  49. ^ Briand, Luc (2011-12-12). "Quel rôle pour le procureur de la République dans le contentieux constitutionnel ?" [What role for the Public Prosecutor in constitutional litigation?]. La Gazette du Palais (in French): 8–14.
  50. ^ "Article 11 - Code de procédure pénale" [Article 11 - Code of Penal Procedure]. www.legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 2025-05-01.
  51. ^ Fabien Magnenou (28 January 2018). "Faites entrer le procureur: Comment la justice a professionnalisé sa communication" [Enter the Prosecutor: How the justice system professionalized its communication]. www.francetvinfo.fr (in French). Retrieved 2025-05-01.
  52. ^ "Article 548 - Code de procédure pénale" [Article 548 - Code of Penal Procedure]. www.legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 2025-05-01.
  53. ^ "Article 505 - Code de procédure pénale" [Article 505 - Code of Penal Procedure]. www.legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 2025-05-01.
  54. ^ "Article 40-3 - Code de procédure pénale" [Article 40-3 - Code of Penal Procedure]. www.legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Archived from the original on 2024-05-31. Retrieved 2025-05-01.
  55. ^ "Article 36 - Code de procédure pénale" [Article 36 - Code of Criminal Procedure]. www.legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 2025-05-05.
  56. ^ "Section 2 : Des attributions du procureur général près la cour d'appel (Articles 34 à 38)" [Section 2: Duties of the public prosecutor at the court of appeal (Articles 34 to 38)]. www.legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Archived from the original on 2025-03-22. Retrieved 2025-05-01.

Bibliography

  • Érick Maurel (2008). Words of a Prosecutor. Témoins. Paris: Gallimard. p. 283. ISBN 978-2-07-011977-6.
  • Jean-Marie Carbasse (2000). History of the Prosecutor's Office. Law and Justice. Paris: PUF. p. 333. ISBN 978-2-13-050830-4.
  • Catherine Denys (2003). "Jean-Marie Carbasse (Ed.), History of the Prosecutor's Office, Paris, PUF, 2000, 333 p., €22.56". Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine. 50 (1): 180. doi:10.3917/rhmc.501.0180.
  • Philip Milburn, Denis Salas, Katia Kostulski (2010). Prosecutors: Between Judicial Vocation and Political Functions. PUF. p. 240. ISBN 978-2-13-058213-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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