Illinois ( IL-ih-NOY) is a state in the Midwestern United States. It borders on Lake Michigan to its northeast, the Mississippi River to its west, and the Wabash and Ohio rivers to its south. Of the fifty U.S. states, Illinois has the fifth-largest gross domestic product (GDP), the sixth-largest population, and the 25th-most land area. Its capital city is Springfield in the center of the state, and the state's largest city is Chicago in the northeast.
Present-day Illinois was inhabited by Indigenous cultures for thousands of years. The French were the first Europeans to arrive, settling near the Mississippi and Illinois rivers in the 17th century Illinois Country, as part of their sprawling colony of New France. A century later, the revolutionary war Illinois campaign prefigured American involvement in the region. Following U.S. independence in 1783, which made the Mississippi River the national boundary, American settlers began arriving from Kentucky via the Ohio River. Illinois was soon part of the United States' oldest territory, the Northwest Territory, and in 1818 it achieved statehood. The Erie Canal brought increased commercial activity in the Great Lakes, and the invention of the self-scouring steel plow by Illinoisan John Deere turned the state's rich prairie into some of the world's most productive and valuable farmland, attracting immigrant farmers from Germany, Sweden and elsewhere. In the mid-19th century, the Illinois and Michigan Canal and a sprawling railroad network facilitated trade, commerce, and settlement, making the state a transportation hub for the nation. By 1900, the growth of industrial jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe. Illinois became one of America's most industrialized states and remains a major manufacturing center. The Great Migration from the South established a large Black community, particularly in Chicago, which became a leading cultural, economic, and population center; its metropolitan area, informally referred to as Chicagoland, holds about 65% of the state's 12.8 million residents.
Two World Heritage Sites are in Illinois, the ancient Cahokia Mounds, and part of the Wright architecture site. A wide variety of protected areas seek to conserve Illinois' natural and cultural resources. Major centers of learning include the University of Chicago, University of Illinois, and Northwestern University. Three U.S. presidents have been elected while residents of Illinois: Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, and Barack Obama; additionally, Ronald Reagan was born and raised in the state. Illinois honors Lincoln with its official state slogan Land of Lincoln. The state is the site of the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum in Springfield and the future home of the Barack Obama Presidential Center in Chicago.
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Wilco is an American rock band based in Chicago, Illinois. The band was formed in 1994 by the remaining members of alternative country group Uncle Tupelo following singer Jay Farrar departure from the band. Wilco's lineup has changed frequently, with only singer Jeff Tweedy and bassist John Stirratt remaining from the original incarnation. The other current members are guitarist Nels Cline, multi-instrumentalists Pat Sansone and Mikael Jorgensen, and drummer Glenn Kotche. Wilco has released six studio albums, a live double album, and three collaborations: two with Billy Bragg, and one with The Minus 5.
Wilco garnered media attention for its fourth album, Yankee Hotel Foxtrot (2002), and the controversy surrounding it. After the recording sessions were complete, Reprise Records rejected the album and dismissed Wilco from the label. As part of a buy-out deal, Reprise gave Wilco the rights to the album for free. After streaming Foxtrot on its website, Wilco sold the album to Nonesuch Records in 2002. Both record labels are subsidiaries of Warner Music Group, leading one critic to say that the album showed "how screwed up the music business [was] in the early twenty-first century." The album was the most successful of Wilco's career, selling over 590,000 copies. Wilco won two Grammy Awards for their fifth studio album, 2004's A Ghost Is Born, including Best Alternative Music Album. (Read more...)
Ann Bannon is an American writer who wrote a series of six lesbian pulp fiction books from 1957 to 1962 known as The Beebo Brinker Chronicles. The books were popular when they were first released, and have proved a remarkable longevity, especially for pulp fiction, being reprinted in three different issues, and several languages. That iconic longevity, the characters and the books themselves earned her the title of "Queen of Lesbian Pulp Fiction." When depictions of lesbians in written literature were quite rare, and what was written was dismal and unhappy, her books set her apart from other authors who wrote about lesbianism. She has been described as "the premier fictional representation of US lesbian life in the fifties and sixties," and that her books, "rest on the bookshelf of nearly every even faintly literate Lesbian. (Read more...)
- ... that although Olga Hartman believed that her basic research on marine worms had no practical value, it was applied to experimental studies of oysters?
- ... that Jack Washburn was called "Cinderella Boy" for winning a starring role in his first Broadway show?
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Image 1The Cairo Mississippi River Bridge near the confluence of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers at Cairo, the lowest elevation in the state. The bridge was built in 1929 by the American Bridge Company and the Missouri Valley Bridge & Iron Co. Image credit: Nick Jordan (photographer), Fredddie (upload) (from Portal:Illinois/Selected picture)
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Image 2A pyrite disc, also called a "miner's dollar," from a coal mine in Sparta. Image credit: Cccefalon (photographer and digital retouching) (from Portal:Illinois/Selected picture)
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Image 6An illustration of Kincaid Mounds, a city of the Mississippian culture, at its height. The city was located near the Ohio River on the boundary of present day Massac and Pope Counties. Image credit: H. Rowe (from Portal:Illinois/Selected picture)
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Image 7The Old State Capitol in Springfield. Designed by John F. Rague in a Greek Revival style and completed in 1840, the building housed the Illinois General Assembly until 1876. Photo credit: Agriculture (from Portal:Illinois/Selected picture)
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Image 9A flowstone formation inside Chimney Dome, part of Illinois Caverns in Monroe County. The cave is formed in limestone and dolomite by water dissolution and features stalactites, stalagmites, rimstone dams, flowstone, and soda straws. Photo credit: A. Frierdich (from Portal:Illinois/Selected picture)
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Image 10The Garden of the Gods in Shawnee National Forest. The unglaciated gray sandstone of the wilderness area is more rugged than most of Illinois. Photo credit: Daniel Schwen (from Portal:Illinois/Selected picture)
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Image 11Vandalia State House, the former state capitol. It was built in 1836 and is maintained by the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency. Photo credit: Art davis (from Portal:Illinois/Selected picture)
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Image 12Photograph of suffragette, social worker, philosopher, and Nobel Peace Prize winner Jane Addams in 1924 or 1926. Image credit: Bain News Service (photograph), Adam Cuerden (restoration) (from Portal:Illinois/Selected picture)
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Image 13Lincoln Home National Historic Site in Springfield. The house was built for the Rev. Charles Dresser in 1839. Abraham and Mary Todd Lincoln purchased it in 1844, later adding a second story. Photo credit: Daniel Schwen (from Portal:Illinois/Selected picture)
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Image 14Hohenbuehelia mastrucata mushroom growing in Busse Woods, Elk Grove Village. Image credit: Rocky Houghtby (photographer), Leoboudv (upload) (from Portal:Illinois/Selected picture)
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Image 15A illustration of the Upper Bluff Lake Dancing Figures repoussé copper plate, an artifact of the Mississippian culture found at the Saddle Site in Union County, Illinois. Image credit: H. Rowe (from Portal:Illinois/Selected picture)
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Image 16The Campana Factory in Batavia. It was built in 1936 to serve as a factory for The Campana Company, which produced Italian Balm, the most popular hand lotion in the United States during the Great Depression. The Streamline Moderne and Bauhaus design by Frank D. Chase features many innovative technologies, such as air conditioning. Photo credit: User:MrPanyGoff (from Portal:Illinois/Selected picture)
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Image 18A Canada goose (Branta canadensis) swimming in Palatine. Photo credit: Joe Ravi (from Portal:Illinois/Selected picture)
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Image 19Lithograph advertisement for the CH&D Railway showing the interior of a Pullman dining car, 1894, with a Pullman porter serving two men at a table. Image credit: Strobridge & Co. (lithographers), Library of Congress (digital file), Mu (upload) (from Portal:Illinois/Selected picture)
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Image 21The coat of arms of Illinois as illustrated in the 1876 book State Arms of the Union by Louis Prang. Image credit: Henry Mitchell (illustrator), Louis Prang & Co. (lithographer and publisher), Godot13 (restoration) (from Portal:Illinois/Selected picture)
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Image 22Chris Young winding up for a four-seam fastball in the bullpen while warming up before a 2007 game. Behind Young can be seen the Wrigley Field scoreboard and bleachers. Image credit: TonyTheTiger (photographer) and Jjron (editing) (from Portal:Illinois/Selected picture)
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Image 23The Twenty Acre Dairy Barn, first of the experimental University of Illinois round barns. The barn was designed by James M. White and Kell & Bernard for the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign in 1908 Photo credit: Daniel Schwen (from Portal:Illinois/Selected picture)
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Image 24A great blue heron (Ardea herodias) flying with nesting material in Illinois. There is a colony of about twenty heron nests in trees nearby. Image credit: PhotoBobil (photographer), Snowmanradio (upload), PetarM (digital retouching) (from Portal:Illinois/Selected picture)
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Image 25The "Chunkey Player" is an 8.5 inch (22 cm) high by 5.5 inch (14 cm) wide Missouri flint clay statuette depicting a player of the ancient Native American game of chunkey. Believed to have been originally crafted at or near the Cahokia site in Illinois, it was found in Muskogee County, Oklahoma. Photo credit: User:TimVickers (from Portal:Illinois/Selected picture)
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Image 26A mill belonging to the grain company Bunge Lauhoff in downtown Danville. The facility was built in 1947. Photo credit: Daniel Schwen (from Portal:Illinois/Selected picture)
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Image 28The dome of the Illinois State Capitol. Designed by architects Cochrane and Garnsey, the dome's interior features a plaster frieze painted to resemble bronze and illustrating scenes from Illinois history. Stained glass windows, including a stained glass replica of the State Seal, appear in the oculus. Ground was first broken for the new capitol on March 11, 1869, and it was completed twenty years later. Photo credit: Daniel Schwen (from Portal:Illinois/Selected picture)
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Image 30The Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower), the world's tallest building from 1973 to 2004. The tower's innovative bundled tube structure was designed by Bruce Graham and Fazlur Khan. Photo credit: Soakologist (from Portal:Illinois/Selected picture)
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Image 31The Lincoln Tomb in Oak Ridge Cemetery, Springfield, where Abraham Lincoln is buried alongside Mary Todd Lincoln and three of their sons. The tomb, designed by Larkin Goldsmith Mead, was completed in 1874. Photo credit: David Jones (from Portal:Illinois/Selected picture)
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Image 32The Chicago Theatre. Designed by the firm Rapp and Rapp, it was the flagship theater for Balaban and Katz group. Photo credit: Daniel Schwen (from Portal:Illinois/Selected picture)
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Image 33A street view of the Frank Lloyd Wright Home and Studio in Oak Park. Wright built the house in 1889 and added the Studio and Connecting Corridor in 1898. The Frank Lloyd Wright Preservation Trust has restored the property to its appearance in 1909, the last year the architect lived there with his family. Photo credit: User:Banewson (from Portal:Illinois/Selected picture)
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Image 34Martyrdom of Joseph and Hiram Smith in Carthage jail, June 27th, 1844. This unusual black-and-white lithograph has a second yellow-brown layer on top of it. Image credit: G.W. Fasel (painter); Charles G. Crehen (lithographer); Nagel & Weingaertner, N.Y. (publishers); Library of Congress (digital file); Adam Cuerden (upload) (from Portal:Illinois/Selected picture)
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Image 36"The Great Presidential Puzzle": This chromolithograph cartoon about the 1880 Republican National Convention in Chicago shows Roscoe Conkling, leader of the Stalwarts of the Republican Party, playing a puzzle game. All blocks in the puzzle are the heads of the potential Republican presidential candidates. The cartoon parodies the famous 15 puzzle. Image credit: Mayer, Merkel, & Ottmann (lithographers); James Albert Wales (artist); Jujutacular (digital retouching) (from Portal:Illinois/Selected picture)
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Image 37Architectural details of Altgeld Hall at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. Designed by UIUC professors Nathan Ricker and James McLaren White, the building is one of Altgeld's castles. Image credit: Kevin Dooley (photographer), Smallbones (upload) (from Portal:Illinois/Selected picture)
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Image 38"Let Go–But Stand By:" Photograph of Frances Willard from her 1895 book, A Wheel Within a Wheel: How I Learned to Ride the Bicycle. The new safety bicycle became associated with women's emancipation. Image credit: Frances E. Willard (book author), Woman's Temperance Publishing Association and Fleming H. Revell Co. (publishers), HathiTrust (digitization), Dennis Bratland (upload) (from Portal:Illinois/Selected picture)
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Image 39The McFarland Carillon is a 185-foot bell tower with 49 bells at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. The tower was built in 2008-09 and was designed by Fred Guyton of Peckham, Guyton, Albers & Viets. Image credit: Daniel Schwen (from Portal:Illinois/Selected picture)
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Image 40The water tower and barracks complex at Fort Sheridan in 1898. The principal buildings of the fort were built between 1889 and 1910 by the firm Holabird & Roche. Image credit: Detroit Photographic Co.; Bathgems (upload) (from Portal:Illinois/Selected picture)
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Image 41Photograph of Shoeless Joe Jackson, Black Betsy in hand, in 1913 with the Cleveland Naps, prior to his seasons with the Chicago White Sox. Image credit: Charles M. Conlon (photographer), Mears Auctions (digital file), Scewing (upload) (from Portal:Illinois/Selected picture)
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Image 42A view of Lake Falls in Matthiessen State Park in La Salle County near Oglesby. The park's stream begins with the Lake Falls and flows into the Vermillion River. Photo credit: Cspayer (from Portal:Illinois/Selected picture)
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Image 43Magnolia Manor in Cairo, built by businessman Charles A. Galigher in 1869. Photo credit: MuZemike (from Portal:Illinois/Selected picture)
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Image 44A poster for the Century of Progress World's Fair showing exhibition buildings with boats in the foreground.. Image credit: Weimer Pursell (artist); Neely Printing Co., Chicago (silkscreen print); Jujutacular (digital retouching) (from Portal:Illinois/Selected picture)
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Image 45The LaSalle Rail Bridge and Abraham Lincoln Memorial Bridge over the Illinois River. The LaSalle Bridge was built by the Illinois Central Railroad in 1893, and the Lincoln Bridge was built in 1987 with the construction of Interstate 39. Image credit: Joseph Norton and Ronald Frazier (photographers), Alanscottwalker (upload) (from Portal:Illinois/Selected picture)
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Image 46Plants of the Midewin National Tallgrass Prairie in Will County. Tallgrass prairie once covered around two-thirds of Illinois. Midewin is the only federal tallgrass prairie preserve east of the Mississippi River. Photo credit: User:Alanscottwalker (from Portal:Illinois/Selected picture)
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Image 47Symbols of many religions are carved in concrete relief on the exterior of the Bahá'í House of Worship in Wilmette. The temple was designed by the architect Louis Bourgeois and constructed between 1921 and 1953. Image credit: ctot_not_def (photographer), Tobias Vetter (upload) (from Portal:Illinois/Selected picture)
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Image 48"Hon. Abraham Lincoln, Republican candidate for the presidency, 1860," a lithograph by Leopold Grozelier, et al. According to the Library of Congress, "Thomas Hicks painted a portrait of Lincoln at his office in Springfield specifically for this lithograph." Image credit: Thomas Hicks (painter), Leopold Grozelier (lithographer), W. William Schaus (publisher), J.H. Bufford's Lith. (printer), Adam Cuerden (restoration) (from Portal:Illinois/Selected picture)
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Image 49Marina City is a mixed-use residential-commercial building complex in downtown Chicago. The complex, designed by Bertrand Goldberg and completed in 1964, consists of two corncob-shaped 179 m, 65-story towers. Photo credit: Diego Delso (from Portal:Illinois/Selected picture)
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Image 50A mural by Chicago artist Louis Grell in the Springfield Amtrak station. The mural depicts a quote by Abraham Lincoln, a map of the post-1947 Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Railroad, and the seals of the seven states that the railroad served. Image credit: Louis Grell (painter), RI-Bill (photographer) (from Portal:Illinois/Selected picture)
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Image 51A Howard bound Red Line train temporarily rerouted to elevated tracks at Randolph station, Chicago. Photo credit: Daniel Schwen (from Portal:Illinois/Selected picture)
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Image 52The Mendota Hills Wind Farm in Lee County. Built in 2003 by Navitas Energy, Mendota Hills was the first utility scale wind farm in Illinois. Photo credit: Dori (from Portal:Illinois/Selected picture)
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Image 54This 1941 photograph shows the maze of livestock pens and walkways at the Union Stock Yards, Chicago. Image credit: John Vachon, Farm Security Administration (photographer), Darwinek (digital retouching) (from Portal:Illinois/Selected picture)
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Image 55American Gothic, a 1930 painting by Grant Wood, has been in the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago since shortly after its creation. The painting is one of the most familiar images in 20th-century American art and has been widely parodied in popular culture. Image credit: Grant Wood (painter), Google Art Project (digital file), DcoetzeeBot (upload) (from Portal:Illinois/Selected picture)
- November 17, 2021: The John Deere strike (pictured) ends after more than a month when workers approve a third contract offer.
- November 14, 2021: The last department store in Illinois belonging to Hoffman Estates-based Sears closes in Woodfield Mall.
- November 4, 2021: J. B. Pritzker speaks alongside Governors David Ige, Kate Brown, and Jay Inslee at the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference.
- October 26, 2021: Workers for Chicago-based McDonald's in ten cities go on strike to protest the company's handling of sexual harassment in the workplace.
- October 18, 2021: The Chicago Police Department reports that more than a third of its officers have failed to meet a deadline for reporting whether they have received a COVID-19 vaccine.
- October 17, 2021: The Chicago Sky win the 2021 WNBA Finals, defeating the Phoenix Mercury in four games to win the team's first-ever championship.
- October 14, 2021: 10,000 UAW workers go on strike (pictured) in Midwestern plants of Moline-based John Deere.
- October 12, 2021: The Chicago White Sox lose the American League Division Series to Houston in four games.
- October 11, 2021: David Card, former professor at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, is awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics.
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