List of political parties in France

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    This article contains a list of political parties in France.

    France has a multi-party political system: one in which the number of competing political parties is sufficiently large as to make it almost inevitable that, in order to participate in the exercise of power, any single party must be prepared to negotiate with one or more others with a view to forming electoral alliances and/or coalition agreements.

    The dominant French political parties are also characterised by a noticeable degree of intra-party factionalism, making each of them effectively a coalition in itself.

    Up until recently, the government of France had alternated between two rather stable coalitions:

    This was the case until the 2017 presidential election, when Emmanuel Macron of the centrist La République En Marche! defeated Marine Le Pen of the far-right National Rally in the second round. This was the first time in which a third party had won the presidency, as well as the first time that neither of the major coalitions had appeared in the second round of a presidential election. This was followed shortly by a significant victory for LREM in the 2017 legislative election, winning a majority of 350 seats. Both the traditional coalitions suffered major defeats.

    In the 2022 presidential election, the same scenario repeated, with Emmanuel Macron being again victorious. Both traditional parties (Socialist Party and The Republicans) scored less than 5% each, with Jean-Luc Mélenchon's La France Insoumise emerging as the dominant left-wing party, ranking third in the first round.

    The National Rally (previously known as the National Front before a name change in 2018) has also experienced significant successes in other elections. Since 2014, the party has established itself as a major party in France, finishing in first place in the 2014 and 2019 European elections as well as in the 2015 local elections,[1] though the party failed to win government in any regions due to the last-ditch alliance between the centre-left and the centre-right coalitions in Hauts-de-France and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur.[2]

    Elected parties

    Major nationwide represented parties

    Name Abbr. National coalition European affiliation Leader Députés Senators MEPs Presidency of
    regional councils    		 Presidency of
    departmental councils         		Position Ideology
    Renaissance RE Ensemble ALDE/Renew Europe Gabriel Attal
    99 / 577
    13 / 348
    5 / 81
    1 / 18
    2 / 98
    		 Centre[3] to centre-right[10] Liberalism
    The Republicans LR UDC, Senate Republicans EPP/EPP group Eric Ciotti
    47 / 577
    116 / 348
    6 / 81
    3 / 18
    39 / 98
    		 Centre-right to right-wing Conservatism
    Liberal conservatism
    National Rally RN National Rally group Patriots.eu/Patriots for Europe Jordan Bardella
    122 / 577
    3 / 348
    30 / 81
    0 / 18
    0 / 98
    		 Far-right French nationalism
    Right-wing populism
    Socialist Party PS New Popular Front PES/S&D Olivier Faure
    65 / 577
    63 / 348
    10 / 81
    5 / 18
    27 / 98
    		 Centre-left to left-wing Social democracy
    Pro-Europeanism
    La France Insoumise LFI New Popular Front ELA/GUE/NGL Manuel Bompard
    75 / 577
    0 / 348
    9 / 81
    0 / 18
    0 / 98
    		 Left-wing Democratic socialism
    Left-wing populism
    Soft Euroscepticism
    Democratic Movement MoDem Ensemble EDP/Renew Europe François Bayrou
    33 / 577
    3 / 348
    3 / 81
    0 / 18
    1 / 98
    		 Centre to centre-right Liberalism, Christian democracy
    Horizons HOR Ensemble Renew Europe Édouard Philippe
    26 / 577
    13 / 348
    2 / 81
    1 / 18
    0 / 98
    		 Centre-right Liberal conservatism
    The Ecologists LÉ New Popular Front EGP/Greens/EFA Marine Tondelier
    25 / 577
    12 / 348
    5 / 81
    0 / 18
    0 / 98
    		 Centre-left to left-wing Green politics

    Other nationwide represented parties

    Party Abbr. National
    coalition    		 Leader or chair Députés Senators MEPs Presidency of
    regional councils    		 Presidency of
    departmental councils    		 Political
    position    		 Ideology
    Left Party PG New Popular Front Eric Coquerel,
    Danielle Simonnet
    20 / 577
    0 / 348
    0 / 81
    0 / 18
    0 / 98
    		 Left-wing Democratic socialism, left-wing populism, left-wing nationalism
    Union of the Right for the Republic UDR On the Right Group Eric Ciotti
    17 / 577
    0 / 348
    0 / 81
    0 / 18
    0 / 98
    		 Far-right Conservatism, right-wing populism
    French Communist Party PCF GDR, New Popular Front Fabien Roussel
    9 / 577
    14 / 348
    0 / 81
    0 / 18
    0 / 98
    		 Left-wing to far-left Communism, soft Euroscepticism
    Territories of Progress TDP Renaissance, Ensemble Olivier Dussopt
    9 / 577
    2 / 348
    0 / 81
    0 / 18
    0 / 98
    		 Centre[11] to centre-left[12][13] Social liberalism, social democracy
    Génération.s New Popular Front Benoît Hamon
    6 / 577
    0 / 348
    0 / 81
    0 / 18
    0 / 98
    		 Centre-left to left-wing Social democracy, democratic socialism
    Union of Democrats and Independents UDI UDC Jean-Christophe Lagarde
    5 / 577
    32 / 348
    1 / 81
    0 / 18
    8 / 98
    		 Centre to centre-right Centrism, social liberalism, pro-Europeanism, Christian democracy
    Agir Renaissance, Ensemble Franck Riester
    5 / 577
    5 / 348
    1 / 81
    0 / 18
    0 / 98
    		 Centre-right to Right-wing Conservative liberalism, pro-Europeanism
    Utiles LIOT Bertrand Pancher
    5 / 577
    2 / 348
    0 / 81
    0 / 18
    0 / 98
    		 Centre Pro-Europeanism, humanism, localism
    French Future LAF National Rally group Jean-Philippe Tanguy
    5 / 577
    0 / 348
    0 / 81
    0 / 18
    0 / 98
    		 Right-wing to far-right Gaullism
    National conservatism
    Souverainism
    Euroscepticism
    Soyons libres SL LR, UDC Valérie Pécresse
    4 / 577
    6 / 348
    0 / 81
    1 / 18
    1 / 98
    		 Centre-right Liberal conservatism, neo-Gaullism, economic liberalism, pro-Europeanism
    Identity–Liberties IDL National Rally group Laurence Trochu
    3 / 577
    0 / 348
    4 / 81
    0 / 18
    0 / 98
    		 Far-right French nationalism, national conservatism, Islamophobia, anti-immigration, economic liberalism
    L'Après New Popular Front
    4 / 577
    0 / 348
    0 / 81
    0 / 18
    0 / 98
    		 Left-wing Socialism
    Political ecology
    Dare France OLF Senate Republicans Julien Aubert
    3 / 577
    4 / 348
    0 / 81
    0 / 18
    0 / 98
    		 Gaullism
    Democratic European Force FED UDI, UDC Jean-Christophe Lagarde
    2 / 577
    2 / 348
    0 / 81
    0 / 18
    0 / 98
    		 Centre-right Centrism, social liberalism, pro-Europeanism, Christian democracy
    Ecosocialist Left GES FI group, New Popular Front
    2 / 577
    0 / 348
    0 / 81
    0 / 18
    0 / 98
    		 Left-wing Socialism, eco-socialism, anti-globalisation
    New Energy Ne The Republican Right group David Lisnard
    1 / 577
    9 / 348
    0 / 81
    0 / 18
    0 / 98
    		 Right-wing Liberalism, ordoliberalism, Christian democracy, Economic liberalism, neo-Gaullism
    Radical Party RAD Ensemble, LT Laurent Hénart,
    Sylvia Pinel
    1 / 577
    8 / 348
    0 / 81
    0 / 18
    0 / 98
    		 Centre Liberalism, pro-Europeanism
    The Centrists LC LT, UDC Hervé Morin
    1 / 577
    7 / 348
    0 / 81
    1 / 18
    2 / 98
    		 Centre to centre-right Centrism, conservative liberalism, Christian democracy
    Centrist Alliance AC LaREM Philippe Folliot
    1 / 577
    4 / 348
    0 / 81
    0 / 18
    0 / 98
    		 Centre Centrism, liberalism
    Place Publique PP New Popular Front Raphaël Glucksmann
    1 / 577
    1 / 348
    3 / 81
    0 / 18
    0 / 98
    		 Centre-left Social democracy, pro-Europeanism
    The Convention LC Bernard Cazeneuve
    1 / 577
    2 / 348
    0 / 81
    0 / 18
    2 / 98
    		 Left-wing Socialism
    Territories44 T44 Ecologist Group Jean-Claude Raux
    1 / 577
    1 / 348
    0 / 81
    0 / 18
    0 / 98
    		 Left-wing Green politics
    New Anticapitalist Party NPA New Popular Front Christine Poupin
    1 / 577
    0 / 348
    0 / 81
    0 / 18
    0 / 98
    		 Far-left Anti-capitalism
    Alter-globalisation
    Eco-socialism
    Euroscepticism
    Feminism
    Progressivism
    Socialism of the 21st century
    En Commun EC Ensemble Philippe Hardouin
    1 / 577
    0 / 348
    0 / 81
    0 / 18
    0 / 98
    		 Centre-left Green politics
    Ecology Generation GE New Popular Front Delphine Batho
    1 / 577
    0 / 348
    0 / 81
    0 / 18
    0 / 98
    		 Centre Green politics, integral ecology, eco-feminism
    Ecological Revolution for the Living REV New Popular Front Aymeric Caron
    1 / 577
    0 / 348
    0 / 81
    0 / 18
    0 / 98
    		 Left-wing Animal rights, social democracy
    Independent Workers' Party POI FI group, New Popular Front
    1 / 577
    0 / 348
    0 / 81
    0 / 18
    0 / 98
    		 Left-wing

    Marxism

    Republican and Socialist Left GRS FI group, FGR Emmanuel Maurel,
    Marie-Noëlle Lienemann
    1 / 577
    0 / 348
    0 / 81
    0 / 18
    0 / 98
    		 Left-wing Socialism, Euroscepticism, economic interventionism, statism
    For a Popular and Social Ecology PEPS La France Insoumise group
    1 / 577
    0 / 348
    0 / 81
    0 / 18
    0 / 98
    		 Left-wing Anti-capitalism, social ecology, communalism, democratic confederalism, ecofeminism
    We France NF The Republican Right group Xavier Bertrand
    1 / 577
    0 / 348
    0 / 81
    0 / 18
    0 / 98
    		 Right-wing Conservatism
    Liberal conservatism
    Du courage DC Aurélien Pradié
    1 / 577
    0 / 348
    0 / 81
    0 / 18
    0 / 98
    		 Right-wing
    Radical Party of the Left PRG Guillaume Lacroix
    0 / 577
    4 / 348
    0 / 81
    0 / 18
    2 / 98
    		 Centre-left Social liberalism, pro-Europeanism
    La France Audacieuse LFA Senate Republicans Christian Estrosi
    0 / 577
    2 / 348
    0 / 81
    0 / 18
    0 / 98
    		 Centre-right Neo-Gaullism Liberal conservatism Christian democracy Pro-Europeanism
    Reconquête R! None Éric Zemmour
    0 / 577
    0 / 348
    1 / 81
    0 / 18
    0 / 98
    		 Far-right National conservatism, anti-immigration, Gaullism, soft Euroscepticism
    La Force du 13 LFD13 None Jean-Noël Guérini
    0 / 577
    1 / 348
    0 / 81
    0 / 18
    0 / 98
    		 Left-wing Social democracy
    Together in our Territories ESNT Territories44 Ronan Dantec
    0 / 577
    1 / 348
    0 / 81
    0 / 18
    0 / 98
    		 Left-wing Socialism, green politics, Breton nationalism

    Regional parties with national representation

    Territory Party Abbr. National
    coalition    		 Leader or chair Députés Senators MEPs Presidency of
    regional councils    		 Presidency of
    departmental councils    		 Political
    position    		 Ideology
    Basque Country Euskal Herria Bai EH Bai New Popular Front Nikolas Blain
    1 / 3
    0 / 348
    0 / 79
    0 / 1
    		 Left-wing to far-left Basque independence
    Left-wing nationalism
    Abertzale left
    Socialism
    Ecologism
    Corsica Femu a Corsica Femu LT Gilles Simeoni
    1 / 4
    1 / 2
    0 / 79
    1 / 1
    		 Centre Corsican nationalism, Corsican autonomism
    Corsica Party of the Corsican Nation PNC LT Jean-Christophe Angelini
    1 / 4
    0 / 2
    0 / 79
    0 / 1
    		 Left-wing Corsican nationalism, left-wing nationalism, social democracy
    Corsica Bonapartist Central Committee CCB Horizons group André Villanova
    1 / 4
    0 / 2
    0 / 79
    0 / 1
    		 Centre-right Ajaccio localism, Corsican regionalism, Bonapartism, conservatism, constitutional monarchism
    French Polynesia Tāpura Huiraʻatira TH Ensemble Édouard Fritch
    1 / 3
    1 / 2
    0 / 79
    0 / 1
    		 Centre-right Liberalism, autonomism, anti-independence
    French Polynesia Tāvini Huiraʻatira TH GDR Oscar Temaru
    1 / 3
    0 / 2
    0 / 79
    1 / 1
    		 Left-wing French Polynesian independence, social democracy, democratic socialism, progressivism
    French Polynesia A here ia Porinetia AHIP Liberties, Independents, Overseas and Territories Nicole Sanquer
    1 / 3
    0 / 2
    0 / 79
    0 / 1
    		 Right-wing to far-right French Polynesian autonomism
    Anti-independence
    French republicanism
    Local reformism
    French Polynesia Ia Ora te Nuna'a RDPI, Ensemble Citoyens Teva Rohfritsch
    0 / 3
    1 / 2
    0 / 79
    0 / 1
    		 Centre to Centre-right French Polynesian autonomy
    Anti-independence
    French Guiana Guiana Rally GR LREM Rodolphe Alexandre
    0 / 2
    1 / 2
    0 / 79
    0 / 1
    		 Centre
    French Guiana Decolonization and Social Emancipation Movement MDES NFP Fabien Canavy
    1 / 2
    0 / 2
    0 / 79
    0 / 1
    		 Far-left Guianese nationalism, anti-colonialism, Marxism
    French Guiana New Force of Guyana NFG RDPI Marie-Laure Phinéra-Horth
    0 / 2
    1 / 2
    0 / 79
    0 / 1
    		 Left-wing
    French Guiana Pou Lagwiyann Dékolé PLD NFP Davy Rimane
    1 / 2
    0 / 2
    0 / 79
    0 / 1
    		 Left-wing Localism
    French diaspora Solidary Alliance of French People Abroad ASFE The Republicans Évelyne Renaud-Garabedian
    0 / 11
    3 / 6
    0 / 79
    0 / 1
    		 Centre-right to Right-wing
    Guadeloupe United Guadeloupe, Solidary and Responsible GUSR LREM Guy Losbar
    0 / 4
    2 / 3
    0 / 79
    1 / 1
    		 Centre-left Social democracy, social liberalism, autonomism
    Guadeloupe Progressive Democratic Party of Guadeloupe PPDG NFP Jacques Bangou
    1 / 4
    0 / 2
    0 / 79
    0 / 1
    		 Centre-left to left-wing Democratic socialism, post-Marxism, Guadeloupean autonomy
    Guadeloupe Guadeloupean Federation of the Socialist Party FGPS NFP Olivier Nicolas
    1 / 4
    1 / 3
    0 / 79
    0 / 1
    0 / 1
    		 Centre-Left Democratic socialism, progressivism, social democracy, social-ecology, pro-Europeanism
    Guadeloupe Eko Zabym EK LIOT, Utiles Olivier Serva
    1 / 4
    0 / 2
    0 / 79
    0 / 1
    		 Localism
    Marseille Marseille First MDA Stéphane Ravier
    0 / 16
    1 / 8
    0 / 79
    0 / 1
    		 Far-right Localism
    Martinique Péyi-A GDR, NFP Jean-Philippe Nilor, Marcelin Nadeau
    3 / 4
    0 / 2
    0 / 79
    0 / 1
    		 Left-wing Post-Marxism, separatism
    Martinique Socialist Federation of Martinique FSM Socialist group in the Senate, NFP Béatrice Bellay
    1 / 4
    0 / 2
    0 / 79
    0 / 1
    		 Left-wing Socialism
    Martinique La Martinique Ensemble LME Socialist group in the Senate, NFP Catherine Conconne
    0 / 4
    1 / 2
    0 / 79
    0 / 1
    		 Left-wing Localism
    Martinique Dynamique Trinitéenne LME Socialist group in the Senate, NFP Frederic Buval
    0 / 4
    1 / 2
    0 / 79
    0 / 1
    		 Left-wing Localism
    Martinique Martinican Progressive Party PPM NFP Serge Letchimy
    0 / 4
    0 / 2
    0 / 79
    1 / 1
    		 Left-wing Progressivism, democratic socialism, autonomism
    New Caledonia The Rally The Republicans Thierry Santa
    0 / 2
    1 / 2
    0 / 79
    0 / 1
    		 Right-wing Anti-separatism, Gaullism, conservatism, liberal conservatism, Christian democracy
    New Caledonia Caledonian Union UC CRCE-Kanaky, Ensemble Citoyens Daniel Goa
    1 / 2
    1 / 2
    0 / 79
    0 / 1
    		 Centre-left Separatism, Melanesian socialism, Christian left
    New Caledonia Générations NC GNC Renaissance group Nicolas Metzdorf
    1 / 2
    0 / 2
    0 / 79
    0 / 1
    		 Centre to centre-right Anti-separatism, autonomism, conservative liberalism, centralism, ecologism
    Picardy[a] Picardie debout FI group, NFP François Ruffin
    1 / 10
    0 / 348
    0 / 79
    0 / 1
    0 / 3
    		 Left-wing Anti-capitalism, Protectionism, left-wing souverainism, left-wing populism, participatory democracy, eco-socialism
    Réunion For Réunion PLR NFP Huguette Bello
    2 / 7
    1 / 4
    0 / 79
    0 / 1
    		 Left-wing Post-Marxism, democratic socialism
    Réunion Rézistans Equality 974 RÉ974 FI group, NFP Jean-Hugues Ratenon
    2 / 7
    0 / 4
    0 / 79
    0 / 1
    		 Left-wing Social democracy, regionalism
    Réunion Le Progrès LP NFP
    1 / 7
    0 / 4
    0 / 79
    0 / 1
    		 Left-wing Social democracy
    Seine-Saint-Denis Seine-Saint-Denis at Heart! SSDAC LFI, NFP Aly Diouara
    1 / 12
    0 / 6
    0 / 79
    0 / 1
    		 Left-wing Localism
    Saint Martin Saint-Martinois Rally RSM NFP Louis Mussington
    1 / 1
    1 / 2
    0 / 79
    1 / 1
    		 Left-wing Autonomism
    Saint Pierre and Miquelon Cap sur l'avenir LREM Annick Girardin
    0 / 1
    1 / 1
    0 / 79
    0 / 1
    		 Centre-left Classical radicalism
    Saint Pierre and Miquelon Archipelago Tomorrow AD RDSE Gérard Grignon
    1 / 1
    0 / 1
    0 / 79
    0 / 1
    		 Centre-right Christian democracy, social conservatism

    Region-only parties

    Acronym and Name National coalition Leader or Chairman Territorial councillors Ideology
    LMR: Rurality Movement None Eddie Puyjalon Regional:
    4 / 1,880
    		 Traditional rural values; refusal of environmental legislation and regulations restricting the right to hunt and fish, conservative, Eurosceptic
    CNIP: National Centre of Independents and Peasants None Bruno North Regional:
    4 / 1,880
    		 French nationalism, conservatism, agrarianism, Euroscepticism
    Cap Ecology None Corinne Lepage Regional:
    4 / 1,880
    		 Environmentalism, green liberalism, green politics
    UBD: Breton Democratic Union Régions et Peuples Solidaires, New Popular Front Lydie Massard & Pierre-Emmanuel Marais Regional:
    4 / 1,880
    		 Autonomism, environmentalism, pro-Europeanism
    MEI: Independent Ecological Movement None Antoine Waechter Regional:
    3 / 1,880
    		 Green politics, Centrism, anti-nuclear
    DLF: Debout la France None Nicolas Dupont-Aignan Regional:
    3 / 1,880
    		 French nationalism, national conservatism, traditional Gaullism, hard Euroscepticism, Souverainism, right-wing populism
    VIA: VIA, the Way of the People reconquête Jean-Frédéric Poisson Regional:
    2 / 1,880
    		 Christian democracy, social conservatism, Christian right, soft Euroscepticism
    ND: New Deal New Popular Front Felix David-Riviere & Aline Mouquet Regional:
    2 / 1,880
    		 Progressivism, Keynesianism, European federalism
    MDC: Citizen and Republican Movement Federation of the Republican Left Thierry Cotelle Regional:
    2 / 1,880
    		 Democratic socialism, Soft Euroscepticism, Social Gaullism, Souverainism
    LS: League of the South None Jacques Bompard Regional:
    2 / 1,880
    		 National conservatism, souverainism, identitarian, anti-globalization, regionalism, patriotism, localism, Poujadism, liberal conservatism
    LL: The Localists None Hervé Juvin Regional:
    2 / 1,880
    		 Identitarian
    PA: Animalist Party None Antoine Stathoulias, Douchka Markovic, Hélène Thouy, Pierre Mazaheri Regional:
    1 / 1,880
    		 Animal welfare, animal rights
    PLB: Brittany Movement and Progress None André Lavanant Regional:
    1 / 1,880
    		 Breton nationalism, regionalism, socialism, ecology
    BE: Brittany Ecology None None Regional:
    1 / 1,880
    		 Progressivism, green politics, European federalism, alter-globalization, regionalism

    Non-elected parties

    Acronym and Name National coalition Leader or Chairman Political position
    UPR: Popular Republican Union None François Asselineau French nationalism, hard Euroscepticism
    CJ: Comités Jeanne None Jean-Marie Le Pen Nationalism, Euroscepticism, souverainism
    AR: Royal Alliance None Pierre Bernard Monarchism (Orléanism), conservatism, Euroscepticism
    NAR: New Royalist Action None Bertrand Renouvin Monarchism, conservatism, Euroscepticism, Gaullism
    RD: Democratic Rally None Philippe Cartellier Monarchism, conservatism, Gaullism, Capetism
    GE: Ecology Generation None Yves Piétrasanta Green politics, green conservatism, centre-right
    PCRF: Communist Revolutionary Party of France None Pierre Komorov Communism, Marxism-Leninism
    GR: Revolutionary Left None Collective Marxism, socialism, Trotskyism
    PCOF: Workers' Communist Party of France None Collective Communism, Marxism–Leninism, Hoxhaism, anti-revisionism
    PRCF: Pole of Communist Revival in France None Léon Landini Communism, Marxism–Leninism, left-wing nationalism
    OCML-VP: Marxist–Leninist Communist Organization – Proletarian Way None Collective Communism, Marxism–Leninism–Maoism
    PP: Pirate Party None Maxime Rouquet, Guillaume Lecoquierre Intellectual property reform, protection of privacy and individual liberty
    LO: Workers' Struggle None Nathalie Arthaud, spokeswoman Trotskyism, internationalism, feminism
    PL: Libertarian Party None Guilhem d'Urbal Libertarianism
    PT: Workers' Party None Collective Communism, Trotskyism, Lambertism, internationalism, Euroscepticism
    UCL: Libertarian Communist Union None Collective Anarchist communism, anarcha-feminism
    Volt: Volt France None Cécile Richard, Adrien Copros European federalism, social liberalism, progressivism, pro-Europeanism
    SP: Solidarity and Progress None Jacques Cheminade Euroscepticism, LaRouchism
    AP: Animalist Party None Hélène Thouy Animal welfare, animal rights

    French Revolution

    Historical parties

    Political parties in French overseas possessions

    Historical parties

    See also

    Notes

    1. ^ part of Hauts-de-France

    References

    1. ^ "Elections régionales : le FN vainqueur du premier tour". Le Monde.fr. 6 December 2015.
    2. ^ "Régionales : le PS se retire en PACA et dans le Nord-Pas-de-Calais-Picardie". 6 December 2015.
    3. ^ "Will Macron's Centrism Defeat France's Growing Right Wing?". The New Yorker. 14 April 2022.
    4. ^ Khatsenkova, Sophia (6 June 2024). "EU elections: Everything you need to know about what's at stake in France". Euronews. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
    5. ^ Brunet, Romain (6 May 2024). "European elections: Ahead of vote, the French badly need to start doing their homework". France24. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
    6. ^ Yeung, Peter (2 July 2024). "'Macron has failed on housing and health': Why French youth swung to far right". i. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
    7. ^ Farge, Elodie (11 June 2024). "EU elections: French in North Africa opt for the left and its pro-Palestine stance". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
    8. ^ Ioanes, Ellen (8 July 2024). "France's elections showed a polarized country". Vox. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
    9. ^ "French pension reform strikes slow before March showdown". Le Monde. 16 February 2023. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
    10. ^ [4][5][6][7][8][9]
    11. ^ "France".
    12. ^ "Territories of Progress, a pro-Macron center-left party" (in French).
    13. ^ "Emmanuel Macron tente de renouer avec la deuxième gauche". Le Monde.fr. 27 February 2020.
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