Pimplinae
| Pimplinae | |
|---|---|
| Apechthis rufata | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Ichneumonidae |
| Subfamily: | Wesmael, 1845 |
Pimplinae are a worldwide subfamily of the parasitic wasp family Ichneumonidae.[1][2][3]
Pimplinae are parasitoids of Holometabola, often the pupae of Lepidoptera. Various species parasitize the egg sacs and adults of spiders.[4] Those species that parasitize eggs are ectoparasitic idiobionts. Females perforate the silk of the egg sacs and lay their egg(s) directly onto the surface of the eggs within them. After hatching, the parasitoid larvae feed externally on the eggs and kill most of the eggs in the process.[5]
Pimplinae are generally sturdy black insects with orange markings. The first tergite is box-like with the spiracle anterior to the middle.
List of genera
There are 72 genera of Pimplinae listed below.
Tribe Delomeristini Hellén, 1915
- Atractogaster Kriechbaumer, 1872
- Delomerista Förster, 1868
- Perithous Holmgren, 1859
- Pseudorhyssa Merrill, 1915 [6]
Tribe Ephialtini Hellén, 1915
Pseudopimpla genus-group
- Pseudopimpla Habermehl, 1917
Alophosternum genus-group
- Alophosternum Cushman, 1933
- Pachymelos Baltazar, 1961
Camptotypus genus-group
- Camptotypus Kriechbaumer, 1889
- Clydonium Townes, 1966
- Hemipimpla Saussure, 1892
- Odontopimpla Cameron, 1886
- Parvipimpla Gauld, 1984
- Zonopimpla Ashmead, 1900
Ephialtes genus-group
- Afrephialtes Benoit, 1963
- Anastelgis Townes, 1960
- Calliephialtes Ashmead, 1900
- Dolichomitus Smith, 1877
- Endromopoda Hellén, 1939
- Ephialtes Gravenhorst, 1829
- Exeristes Förster, 1869
- Exestuberis Wang & Yue, 1995
- Flavopimpla Betrem, 1932
- Fredegunda Fitton, Shaw & Gauld, 1988
- Leptopimpla Townes, 1961
- Liotryphon Ashmead, 1900
- Paraperithous Haupt, 1954
- Pimplaetus Seyrig, 1932
- Scambus Hartig, 1838
- Townesia Ozols, 1962
- Umanella Gauld, 1991
- Xanthephialtes Cameron, 1906
- Xanthophenax Saussure, 1892
Polysphincta genus-group
- Acrodactyla Haliday, 1838
- Acropimpla Townes, 1960
- Acrotaphus Townes, 1960
- Afrosphincta Benoit, 1953
- Aravenator Momoi, 1973
- Dreisbachia Townes, 1962
- Eriostethus Morley, 1914
- Eruga Townes & Townes, 1960
- Flacopimpla Gauld, 1991
- Hymenoepimecis Viereck, 1912
- Oxyrrhexis Förster, 1868
- Piogaster Perkins, 1958
- Polysphincta Gravenhorst, 1829
- Pterinopus Townes, 1969
- Reclinervellus He & Ye, 1998
- Schizopyga Gravenhorst, 1829
- Sericopimpla Kriechbaumer, 1895
- Sinarachna Townes, 1960
- Ticapimpla Gauld, 1991
- Zabrachypus Cushman, 1920
- Zatypota Förster, 1869
Tromatobia genus-group
- Clistopyga Gravenhorst, 1829
- Gregopimpla Momoi, 1965
- Iseropus Förster, 1868
- Tromatobia Förster, 1869
- Zaglyptus Förster, 1869
Tribe Pimplini Wesmael, 1845
- Alophopimpla Momoi, 1966
- Apechthis Förster, 1868
- Echthromorpha Holmgren, 1868
- Itoplectis Förster, 1869
- Lissopimpla Kriechbaumer, 1889
- †Parapimpla Théobald, 1937
- Pimpla Fabricius, 1804
- Strongylopsis Brauns, 1896
- Xanthopimpla Saussure, 1892
Tribe Theroniini Cushman & Rohwer, 1920
- Augerella Gupta, 1962
- Epitheronia Gupta, 1962
- Neotheronia Krieger, 1899
- Nomosphecia Gupta, 1962
- Parema Gupta, 1962
- Theronia Holmgren, 1859
Gallery
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Brachyzapus nikkoensis depositing egg on a spider
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Zatypota albicoxa depositing egg on a spider
-
Pimpla rufipes
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Dolichomitus sp.
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Scambus buolianae
-
Exeristes roborator
References
- ^ Oehlke, J. (1967). "Westpaläarktische Ichneumonidae 1, Ephialtinae". Hymenopterorum Catalogus (new edition). 2: 1–49.
- ^ Townes, Henry K. (1969). "Genera of Ichneumonidae, Part 1 (Ephialtinae (Pimplinae), Tryphoninae, Labiinae, Adelognathinae, Xoridinae, Agriotypinae)". Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute. 11: 1–300.
- ^ Broad, Gavin (2006). "Identification key to the subfamilies of Ichneumonidae" (PDF). London: Natural History Museum. pp. 1–38.
- ^ Takasuka, Keizo; Fritzén, Niclas R.; Tanaka, Yoshihiro; Matsumoto, Rikio; Maeto, Kaoru; Shaw, Mark R. (2018). "The changing use of the ovipositor in host shifts by ichneumonid ectoparasitoids of spiders (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Pimplinae)". Parasite. 25: 17. doi:10.1051/parasite/2018011. ISSN 1776-1042. PMC 5873220. PMID 29589827.
- ^ Fei, Minghui; Gols, Rieta; Harvey, Jeffrey A. (2023-01-23). "The Biology and Ecology of Parasitoid Wasps of Predatory Arthropods". Annual Review of Entomology. 68 (1): 109–128. doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-120120-111607. hdl:20.500.11755/8f020f3d-b12d-4d23-8c07-eae6302721b8. ISSN 0066-4170. PMID 36198401. S2CID 252736581.
- ^ Klopfstein, Seraina; Langille, Barbara; Spasojevic, Tamara; Broad, Gavin R.; Cooper, J. B.; Austin, Andrew D.; Niehuis, Oliver (2018). "Hybrid capture data unravel a rapid radiation of pimpliform parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Pimpliformes)". Systematic Entomology. 44 (2): 361–383. doi:10.1111/syen.12333. hdl:10141/622806.
External links
- Diagnostic characters
- Waspweb
- Ponent Images (in easy Spanish)
- Hymenoptera Online (HOL)
- Yu, Dicky Sick Ki. "Pimplinae Wesmael 1845". Home of Ichneumonoidea. Taxapad. Archived from the original on 25 March 2016.
- Taxonomicon