Paul Tiulana

Paul Tiulana (June 20, 1921 – July 17, 1994) was an Iñupiaq artist and dancer from Alaska. Originally from King Island, Tiulana was drafted in World War II and injured; his leg was broken and eventually amputated. He relocated to Nome during the 1950s and Anchorage in the 1960s, where he founded a dance group specializing in Iñupiat dancing. During the 1980s, he was made a Citizen of the Year by the Alaska Federation of Natives, given a National Heritage Fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts for his work in dance and art, and wrote a book about his life in Alaska.

Paul Tiulana was born on June 20, 1921^[1] on King Island to an Iñupiat family.^[2] He was given the name "Tiulana" after his grandfather and the name "Paul" when he was baptized.^[3] Tiulana's father Ugitkuna, a Wolf Dancer,^[a][4] died in a hunting accident when Tiulana was nine and so he was mentored by his uncle, John Olanna, in Inupiat traditions, art, and heritage.^[5][3] He attended formal school on King Island starting when he was nine, but only for a few years.^[3]

In the 1940s, Tiulana was drafted to fight in World War II; his leg was broken while he was stationed in Nome. He was treated at a hospital in Washington after doctors incorrectly set the leg, resulting in gangrene that necessitated its amputation.^[1] As a result of the injury, he was honorably discharged and returned to Alaska with an Asiatic-Pacific Theater Ribbon.^[3] He became depressed and was forced to re-learn subsistence skills, especially hunting^[1] Back on King Island, he married^[6] Clara Tiulana in 1945.^[7] The next year, Tiulana traveled from Nome to Seattle to be fitted with a high-quality prosthetic leg as a replacement for one he had been given in 1944. Due to his lifestyle, the 1944 limb was too damaged to be of much use.^[7]

In the 1950s, the Iñupiat people were moved away from King Island. Tiulana and his family ended up living full time in Nome, where he worked as a janitor in a bank.^[6] In 1959, Tiulana was invited to stay, with his wife, at the Hotel Deauville in Miami as part of a publicity stunt likely organized by the owner of the hotel.^[8] While he was there, he was asked by a hotel press worker if a women's jacket really was mink; Tiulana identified the coat as rabbit, which caused her embarrassment and was widely reported on at the time.^[9] He also saw his first igloo in Florida,^[10] and he and Clara arranged for William A. Egan to donate a polar bear cub to Crandon Park Zoo.^[11] He was also made an honorary member of the Miami police department.^[1]

While in Nome, Tiulana felt isolated from his culture. He continued the carving he had learnt on King Island and,^[6] in 1956,^[5] began organizing dances at the local community hall. He and the group traveled from Nome to Anchorage to dance and sell carvings;^[6] he moved there permanently in 1967 after getting a job as a coordinator for a law group.^[12] The dance group was official founded in Anchorage in the sixties^[13] as the King Island Inupiat Singers and Dancers.^[6] By 1990, the King Island Inupiat Singers and Dancers had performed all over Alaska^[6] and the lower 48,^[5] as well as in London and Siberia.^[6]

In the late 1960s or early 70s, Tiulana opened up a gift shop in Mountain View, Anchorage. It sold ivory carvings that Tiulana, his family, and other people from King Island had handmade.^[2] He worked as the director at Alaska Native Welcome Center in Anchorage until sometime before 1980, by which point he had moved to work at the Cook Inlet Native Association;^[9] he retired from his job at the association in 1986.^[9] During this time, he continued to teach classes and workshops on art, drum-making, and boatmaking.^[9]

In 1983, he was made the Citizen of the Year by the Alaska Federation of Natives for his efforts to teach King Island Iñupiat culture and, in 1984, was given a National Heritage Fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts for his contributions to art and dance.^[5]

In 1987, CIRI published A Place for Winter: Paul Tiulana’s Story. The memoirs, written by Tiulana and Vivian Senungetuk,^[14] described life on King Island and Iñupiat culture.^[15] They incorporated photographs taken of the island in the late 1930s by Jesuit minister Bernard R. Hubbard. A 2002 review of the book in the Anchorage Daily News described the book as an "evocative tribute" to the island and its people.^[14]

In the later years of his life, Tiulana developed arthritis and needed his son's assistance in doing some finer handiwork.^[9] He died of cancer^[16] on June 17, 1994, at the Alaska Native Medical Center.^[1] Clara Yamane died of cancer three years later, in 1997.^[17] The couple had seven children.^[6]

Four years after Tiulana's death, Vivian Senungetuk published another book based on his writings: Wise Words of Paul Tiulana: An Iñupiat Alaskan's Life.^[3]

A lake near the Alaska Native Heritage Center is named after Tiulana.^[18] Additionally, the Center gives out an Paul Tiulana Elder Award, named for Tiulana, to Native Alaskan elders they feel have "sustained and advanced Alaska Native culture".^[19][20] In 2023, the award was given to Oliver Aveogan Leavitt.^[20]

Tiulana first learned to carve ivory when he was twelve,^[2] and he continued to practise carving throughout his adult life. He often made masks, and made many carvings designed to represent life on King Island.^[3] He normally took one day to complete most carvings.^[9] Tiulana mostly used traditional, handmade tools in his work, many of which he inherited from his father, because he felt they gave him more control and because modern tools could be "too fast, too big, and too hard to handle".^[2] In later works, such as a model schooner he completed in 1987, Tiulana used traditional tools and methods alongside more modern equipment such as electric drills and Super Glue.^[9]

In the 1980s, Tiulana was commissioned by the Cook Inlet Native Association to make an umiak^[3] for display at the Anchorage Museum,^[12] It was still on display as of 1987.^[9] In 2018, it was taken out of storage from the museum and donated by the Cook Inlet Native Association and CIRI to the Alaska Native Heritage Center.^[21]

Tiulana organized the revival of ceremonial King Island Wolf Dances^[a] in 1981^[4] or 1982^[5] and 1990. The dance had not been performed in over fifty years,^[5] since the 1930 dance Tiluana's father, Ugitkuna, participated in.^[4] At the time of the 1980s dance, there were only three remaining King Islanders who remembered how to perform it. It took three months to prepare and was filmed to preserve it.^[22]

• 1983: Alaska Federation of Natives' Citizen of the Year^[22]
• 1984: National Heritage Fellowship

• Tiulana, Paul; Senungetuk, Vivian (1987). A Place for Winter: Paul Tiulana's Story. CIRI. ISBN 978-0-938227-02-1.
• ————— (1998). Senungetuk, Vivian (ed.). Wise Words of Paul Tiulana: An Iñupiat Alaskan's Life. New York: Franklin Watts. ISBN 978-0-531-11448-3.

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