Panaeolus foenisecii
| Panaeolus foenisecii | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Bolbitiaceae |
| Genus: | Panaeolus |
| Species: | P. foenisecii
|
| Binomial name | |
| Panaeolus foenisecii | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
|
Agaricus foenisecii Pers. (1800) | |
| Panaeolus foenisecii | |
|---|---|
| Gills on hymenium | |
| Cap is convex | |
| Hymenium is adnexed | |
| Stipe is bare | |
| Spore print is blackish-brown | |
| Ecology is saprotrophic | |
| Edibility is inedible or unknown | |
Panaeolus foenisecii, commonly called the haymaker's panaeolus,[2] mower's mushroom, haymaker, or brown hay mushroom, is a very common and widely distributed little brown mushroom often found on lawns. It is not edible.
Description
The cap is 1 to 4 cm across, conic to convex, hygrophanous with a brownish colour when moist and tannish when dry,[2] often with a dark band around the margin which fades as the mushroom dries.[3]
The gills are broad, adnate, brown with lighter edges, becoming mottled as the spores mature.[3] The spore print is deep brown, sometimes purplish.[2]
The stipe is 3 to 8 cm by 1 to 3 mm, fragile, hollow, beige to light brown,[3] fibrous,[4] pruinose, and slightly striate.
It has a slightly unpleasant nutty fungal taste. The odor is nutty and slightly unpleasant.
Microscopic features
Spores measure 12–17 x 7–11 μm, subfusoid to lemon shaped, rough, dextrinoid, with an apical germ pore. Cheilocystidia subfusoid to cylindric or subcapitate, often wavy, up to 50 μm long. Pleurocystidia absent, but some authors report inconspicuous "pseudocystidia". The pileipellis a cellular cuticle with subglobose elements and has pileocystidia.[5]
Similar species
Similar species include Agaricus campestris, Conocybe apala, Marasmius oreades, Psathyrella candolleana, and Psathyrella gracilis.[3]
It is sometimes mistaken for the psychedelic Panaeolus cinctulus or P. olivaceus, both of which share the same habitat and can be differentiated by their jet black spores. This is probably why P. foenisecii is occasionally listed as a psychoactive species in older literature.
Habitat and distribution
It can be found throughout North America.[6] In the Pacific Northwest of the United States, the species may be the most common to appear in lawns.[4] It is also found on lawns along the East Coast.
Biochemistry
In 1963, Tyler and Smith found that this mushroom contains serotonin, 5-HTP and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid.[7] In many field guides it is listed as psychoactive, but the mushroom does not produce any hallucinogenic effects as it only contains trace amounts of psilocybin.[2] [8]
Gallery
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Wild P. foenisecii with banded cap
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Stipe and gills
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Spores magnified
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P. foenisecii spores
See also
References
- ^ "Panaeolus foenisecii (Pers.) Maire 1933". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2017-08-14.
- ^ a b c d Arora, David (1986) [1979]. Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi (2nd ed.). Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press. p. 360. ISBN 978-0-89815-170-1.
- ^ a b c d Davis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. (2012). Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 211–212. ISBN 978-0-520-95360-4. OCLC 797915861.
- ^ a b Trudell, Steve; Ammirati, Joe (2009). Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest. Timber Press Field Guides. Portland, OR: Timber Press. pp. 200–201. ISBN 978-0-88192-935-5.
- ^ "Panaeolus foenisecii (Pers.) Maire 1933". Mushroomexpert.com. Retrieved 2013-03-03.
- ^ Audubon (2023). Mushrooms of North America. Knopf. p. 613. ISBN 978-0-593-31998-7.
- ^ Tyler VE, Smith AH (1963). "Protoalkaloids in Panaeolus species". In Mothes K, Schroter HB (eds.). 2 Internationale Arbeitstagung Biochemie und Physiologie der Alkaloide. Berlin, Germany. pp. 45–54.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ John W. Allen & Mark D. Merlin. "Observations Regarding the Suspected Psychoactive Properties of Panaeolus foenisecii Maire". Retrieved 2012-06-10.
External links
- Mushroom Expert – Panaeolus foenisecii
- Mykoweb – Panaeolus foenisecii
- Mushroom Observer – Panaeolus foenisecii at mushroomobserver.org
- Rough Spored Panaeoloideae spore comparison