PMN J0948+0022

PMN J0948+0022
SDSS image of the narrow-line Seyfert galaxy PMN J0948+0022.
Observation data (J2000.0 epoch)
ConstellationSextans
Right ascension09h 48m 57.32s[1]
Declination+00° 22′ 25.56″[1]
Redshift0.583844[1]
Heliocentric radial velocity175,032 km/s[1]
Distance5.780 Gly
Apparent magnitude (V)18.61
Apparent magnitude (B)18.85
Characteristics
TypeFSRQ NLSy 1[1]
Notable featuresGamma-ray emitting Seyfert galaxy
Other designations
SDSS J094857.31+002225.5, NVSS J094857+002225, IERS B0946+006, RX J0948.8+0022, 2PBC J0948.9+0021, CGRaBS J0948+0022[1]

PMN J0948+0022 is a narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy and quasar located 5.7 billion light years[1] away in the constellation of Sextans. It has a redshift of (z) 0.5846,[2] and is classified as radio-loud with a flat and inverted radio spectrum.[3] First discovered in 2002 in the SDSS survey,[4] this object is known to emit gamma-rays, and as such belongs to a new classification of gamma-ray emitting active galactic nuclei along with 1H 0323+342, PKS 2004-447 and PKS 1502+036.[5][6]

Description

PMN J0948+0022 is constantly in an active state, in terms of emitting gamma-rays.[7] A high energy outburst in July 2010 was detected by the Large Area Telescope aboard the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope.[8][9] Two flares were detected during observations in 2011.[10] A new gramma-ray flare was emitted by the object on January 1, 2013 when a peak flux was detected in the 0.1-100 GeV energy range, reaching (155 ± 31) x 10-8 ph cm-2 s-1 making it the most powerful then observed.[2][11] A quasi-simultaneous flare was observed on December 30, 2012, detected in ultraviolet, optical and X-rays.[2] In 2025 it displayed a radio flare.[12]

The radio structure of PMN J0948+0022 is extended on kiloparsec-scales. Radio imaging made by FIRST showed there are two components, located north and south, clearly elongated on two sides and centered at the location of the radio core.[13] There is a powerful relativistic jet[3] pointing in the direction of Earth. This jet's viewing angle is constantly fixed to 3°, while on parsec-scales the jet has an opening angle of 41° ± 1°.[9][14] The Very Long Baseline Array found strong and weak components in PMN J0948+0022 at 15, 5 and 8.4 GHz, while a single component was only found unresolved by the Very Large Array (VLA).[15] In 2019 new radio imaging by the VLA detected a new northern component located 18° from the nucleus. This component is compact, with a separation of 9.1 arcseconds and is elongated in a different direction.[14]

Polarimetry data taken with the Perkins Telescope at Lowell Observatory discovered PMN J0948+0022 displays both optical polarization and rapid microvariability, suggesting blazar-like behavior. Moderate but significant variability was detected in addition, with the percentage of polarization reaching 12.31% ± 1.21% and the electric vector position angle varies. On short timescales PMN J048+0022 was also extremely variable with its minimum brightness increasing from 18.69 ± 0.02 R to a maximum brightness of 17.92 ± 0.02 R within 4 hours and 45 minutes. Subsequently its brightness declined rapidly from 18.13 ± 0.04 R to 18.96 ± 0.02 R in 3 hours. The timescale doubled to 4.39 ± 0.19 hr, then halved to 3.60 ± 0.23 hr.[16]

PMN J0948+0022 also displays intraday variability.[17] On April 26, 2020 it entered a new intraday variability phase detected by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer. During the observations, the source begin to fade over a one day period, to the point it became darkened. According to linear fits on both light curves, a magnitude change was calculated as 0.73 and 0.62 magnitude per day.[18]

The central supermassive black hole in PMN J0948+0022 has an estimated mass of 1.61 x 107 Mʘ based on a radius-luminosity relationship proposed by Du and Wang in 2019.[19][20] The accretion rate is Ṁ = 93 and combined with its black hole mass, this confirms PMN J0948+0022 as a super-Eddington accreting galaxy located at a high redshift.[19]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g "NED search results for PMN J0948+0022". NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database. Retrieved 2025-06-02.
  2. ^ a b c D'Ammando, F.; Orienti, M.; Finke, J.; Raiteri, C. M.; Hovatta, T.; Larsson, J.; Max-Moerbeck, W.; Perkins, J.; Readhead, A. C. S.; Richards, J. L.; Beilicke, M.; Benbow, W.; Berger, K.; Bird, R.; Bugaev, V. (2015-01-21). "The most powerful flaring activity from the NLSy1 PMN J0948+0022". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 446 (3): 2456–2467. arXiv:1410.7144. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu2251. ISSN 0035-8711.
  3. ^ a b Abdo, A. A.; Ackermann, M.; Ajello, M.; Axelsson, M.; Baldini, L.; Ballet, J.; Barbiellini, G.; Bastieri, D.; Battelino, M.; Baughman, B. M.; Bechtol, K.; Bellazzini, R.; Bloom, E. D.; Bonamente, E.; Borgland, A. W. (July 2009). "Fermi/Large Area Telescope Discovery of Gamma-Ray Emission from a Relativistic Jet in the Narrow-Line Quasar PMN J0948+0022". The Astrophysical Journal. 699 (2): 976–984. arXiv:0905.4558. Bibcode:2009ApJ...699..976A. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/699/2/976. ISSN 0004-637X.
  4. ^ Williams, Rik J.; Pogge, Richard W.; Mathur, Smita (December 2002). "Narrow-line Seyfert 1 Galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Early Data Release". The Astronomical Journal. 124 (6): 3042–3049. arXiv:astro-ph/0208211. Bibcode:2002AJ....124.3042W. doi:10.1086/344765. ISSN 0004-6256.
  5. ^ Xin, Yu-Xin; Xiong, Ding-Rong; Bai, Jin-Ming; Liu, Hong-Tao; Lu, Kai-Xing; Mao, Ji-Rong (2022-06-14). "Multicolor Optical Monitoring of the γ -Ray Emitting Narrow-line Seyfert 1 Galaxy PMN J0948+0022 from 2020 to 2021". Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics. 22 (7): 075001. Bibcode:2022RAA....22g5001X. doi:10.1088/1674-4527/ac684e. ISSN 1674-4527.
  6. ^ Abdo, A. A.; Ackermann, M.; Ajello, M.; Baldini, L.; Ballet, J.; Barbiellini, G.; Bastieri, D.; Bechtol, K.; Bellazzini, R.; Berenji, B.; Bloom, E. D.; Bonamente, E.; Borgland, A. W.; Bregeon, J.; Brez, A. (December 2009). "Radio-Loud Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 as a New Class of Gamma-Ray Active Galactic Nuclei". The Astrophysical Journal. 707 (2): L142 – L147. arXiv:0911.3485. Bibcode:2009ApJ...707L.142A. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/707/2/L142. ISSN 0004-637X.
  7. ^ Abdo, A. A.; Ackermann, M.; Ajello, M.; Axelsson, M.; Baldini, L.; Ballet, J.; Barbiellini, G.; Bastieri, D.; Baughman, B. M.; Bechtol, K.; Bellazzini, R.; Berenji, B.; Bloom, E. D.; Bonamente, E.; Borgland, A. W. (December 2009). "Multiwavelength Monitoring of the Enigmatic Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 PMN J0948+0022 in 2009 March-July". The Astrophysical Journal. 707 (1): 727–737. arXiv:0910.4540. Bibcode:2009ApJ...707..727A. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/707/1/727. ISSN 0004-637X.
  8. ^ Foschini, L.; Ghisellini, G.; Kovalev, Y. Y.; Lister, M. L.; D’Ammando, F.; Thompson, D. J.; Tramacere, A.; Angelakis, E.; Donato, D.; Falcone, A.; Fuhrmann, L.; Hauser, M.; Kovalev, Yu. A.; Mannheim, K.; Maraschi, L. (2011-05-21). "The first gamma-ray outburst of a narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy: the case of PMN J0948+0022 in 2010 July". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 413 (3): 1671–1677. arXiv:1010.4434. Bibcode:2011MNRAS.413.1671F. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18240.x. ISSN 0035-8711.
  9. ^ a b Foschini, L.; Angelakis, E.; Fuhrmann, L.; Ghisellini, G.; Hovatta, T.; Lahteenmaki, A.; Lister, M. L.; Braito, V.; Gallo, L.; Hamilton, T. S.; Kino, M.; Komossa, S.; Pushkarev, A. B.; Thompson, D. J.; Tibolla, O. (2012-12-01). "Radio-to-γ-ray monitoring of the narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy PMN J0948 + 0022 from 2008 to 2011". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 548: A106. arXiv:1209.5867. Bibcode:2012A&A...548A.106F. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220225. ISSN 0004-6361.
  10. ^ D'Ammando, F.; Larsson, J.; Orienti, M.; Raiteri, C. M.; Angelakis, E.; Carramiñana, A.; Carrasco, L.; Drake, A. J.; Fuhrmann, L.; Giroletti, M.; Hovatta, T.; Max-Moerbeck, W.; Porras, A.; Readhead, A. C. S.; Recillas, E. (March 2014). "Multiwavelength observations of the γ-ray-emitting narrow-line Seyfert 1 PMN J0948+0022 in 2011". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 438 (4): 3521–3534. arXiv:1312.5522. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt2464. ISSN 0035-8711.
  11. ^ D'Ammando, F.; Orienti, M. (January 2013). "Fermi-LAT detection of a new gamma-ray flare from the NLSy1 PMN J0948+0022". The Astronomer's Telegram. 4694: 1. Bibcode:2013ATel.4694....1D.
  12. ^ Shao, Xi; Edwards, Philip G; Stevens, Jamie; Gu, Minfeng; Galvin, Timothy J; Huynh, Minh T (2024-11-30). "The spectral behaviour and variability of narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies with Australia Telescope Compact Array observations". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 536 (2): 1344–1356. doi:10.1093/mnras/stae2662. ISSN 0035-8711.
  13. ^ Doi, Akihiro; Nagira, Hiroshi; Kawakatu, Nozomu; Kino, Motoki; Nagai, Hiroshi; Asada, Keiichi (November 2012). "Kiloparsec-Scale Radio Structures in Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal. 760 (1): 41. arXiv:1210.1303. Bibcode:2012ApJ...760...41D. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/760/1/41. ISSN 0004-637X.
  14. ^ a b Doi, Akihiro; Nakahara, Satomi; Nakamura, Masanori; Kino, Motoki; Kawakatu, Nozomu; Nagai, Hiroshi (2019-05-14), "Radio jet structures at ∼100 pc and larger scales of the γ-ray-emitting narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy PMN J0948+0022", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 487: 640–649, arXiv:1905.05414, doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1290, retrieved 2025-06-02
  15. ^ Doi, Akihiro; Nagai, Hiroshi; Asada, Keiichi; Kameno, Seiji; Wajima, Kiyoaki; Inoue, Makoto (October 2006). "VLBI Observations of the Most Radio-Loud, Narrow-Line Quasar SDSS J094857.3+002225". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 58 (5): 829–834. arXiv:astro-ph/0608507. doi:10.1093/pasj/58.5.829. ISSN 0004-6264.
  16. ^ Eggen, Joseph R.; Miller, H. Richard; Maune, Jeremy D. (2013-07-29). "THE VARIABLE OPTICAL POLARIZATION AND FERMI OBSERVATIONS OF PMN J0948+0022". The Astrophysical Journal. 773 (2): 85. arXiv:1301.0657. Bibcode:2013ApJ...773...85E. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/773/2/85. ISSN 0004-637X.
  17. ^ Jiang, Ning; Zhou, Hong-Yan; Ho, Luis C.; Yuan, Weimin; Wang, Ting-Gui; Dong, Xiao-Bo; Jiang, Peng; Ji, Tuo; Tian, Qiguo (November 2012). "Rapid Infrared Variability of Three Radio-loud Narrow-line Seyfert 1 Galaxies: A View from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer". The Astrophysical Journal. 759 (2): L31. arXiv:1210.2800. Bibcode:2012ApJ...759L..31J. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/759/2/L31. ISSN 0004-637X.
  18. ^ Mao, Lisheng (2021-05-01). "Intraday Mid-infrared Variability of PMN J0948+0022 on 2020 April 26". Research Notes of the AAS. 5 (5): 109. Bibcode:2021RNAAS...5..109M. doi:10.3847/2515-5172/abfec1. ISSN 2515-5172.
  19. ^ a b Xin, Yu-Xin; Xiong, Ding-Rong; Bai, Jin-Ming; Liu, Hong-Tao; Lu, Kai-Xing; Mao, Ji-Rong (2022-06-14). "Multicolor Optical Monitoring of the γ -Ray Emitting Narrow-line Seyfert 1 Galaxy PMN J0948+0022 from 2020 to 2021". Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics. 22 (7): 075001. Bibcode:2022RAA....22g5001X. doi:10.1088/1674-4527/ac684e. ISSN 1674-4527.
  20. ^ Du, Pu; Wang, Jian-Min (November 2019). "The Radius-Luminosity Relationship Depends on Optical Spectra in Active Galactic Nuclei". The Astrophysical Journal. 886 (1): 42. arXiv:1909.06735. Bibcode:2019ApJ...886...42D. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab4908. ISSN 0004-637X.
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