Nubra pika

Nubra pika
Leh district, Ladakh, India
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Lagomorpha
Family: Ochotonidae
Genus: Ochotona
Species:
O. nubrica
Binomial name
Ochotona nubrica
Thomas, 1922
Nubra pika range
Synonyms[2][3]
List
    • Lagomys hodgsoni Blyth, 1841
    • Ochotona pusilla nubrica Thomas, 1922
    • O. thibetana lhasaensis Feng Tsochien & Kao Yüehting, 1974
    • O. lama R. M. Mitchell & Punzo, 1976
    • O. thibetana aliensis Zheng Changlin, 1979
    • O. yarlungensis Liu Shaoying, Jin Wei, Liao Rui, & Sun Zhiyu in Liu Shaoying, Jin Wei, Liao Rui, Sun Zhiyu, Zeng Tao, Fu Jianrong, Liu Yang, Wang Xin, Li Panfeng, Tang Mingkun, Chen Limin, Dong Li, Han Mingde, & Gou Dan, 2017

The Nubra pika (Ochotona nubrica) (Chinese: 奴布拉鼠兔; pinyin: Núbùlā shǔtù) is a species of pika found in Bhutan, China, India, Nepal, and Pakistan. It is a small diurnal mammal with a fur coat that changes color across seasons and regions, ranging from gray to brownish red. It has blackish ears with a distinctive pale patch on the back, a very small tail, and a flat, narrow skull. It is closely related to the plateau pika and Sikkim pika, and is widely distributed across the Himalayas. It is among the burrowing species of pika, and eats a variety of plants. This pika's range overlaps with that of the Sikkim pika, one subspecies of Moupin pika, and the large-eared pika. One subspecies of the Nubra pika is restricted to part of the southeastern Tibet Autonomous Region.

The Nubra pika's taxonomy has changed several times over the period from its first description in 1922 up until 1992. It is named for the Nubra valley in Ladakh, India where it was first found. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and regional authorities in China list it as a least-concern species; its remoteness makes it hard to study and assess, but also makes it less likely to be threatened by human activity.

Taxonomy

The Nubra pika was first described by Oldfield Thomas in 1922, who placed it in a group with Royle's pika (O. roylei),[4] though these species are now known to belong to different subgenera.[5] Thomas named it for its known habitat, the Nubra valley in Ladakh, India.[4] The type locality where it was found was described as "Tuggur, Nubra Valley, Ladak" in what was then the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir.[3]

It was later considered to be a synonym of various species in the pika genus, from the steppe pika (O. pusilla) in 1951, to Royle's pika in 1978, and finally to the Moupin pika (O. thibetana) in 1986 before being recognized as a distinct species once again by separate studies in 1990 and 1992.[6] The nineteenth-century taxon Lagomys hodgsoni, named in 1841 by English zoologist Edward Blyth, was clarified to be a synonym of O. nubrica in 1993 by the American mammalogist Robert S. Hoffmann. It had previously been a synonym of O. roylei.[3]

Currently, the Nubra pika is placed in the subgenus Ochotona.[7] Its closest relative within the pikas may be the plateau pika (O. curzoniae),[6] based on mitochondrial DNA evidence.[8] The plateau pika apparently hybridizes with the Nubra pika,[1] which has led to mixing in their haplotypes (lines of descent based on specific alleles), though the two species have distinct physical traits.[7] These two species likely diverged from their closest relatives 1.2 million years ago.[8] Later studies place the plateau pika in a sister clade to all other pikas, and point to a closer relationship between the Nubra pika and the Sikkim pika (O. sikimaria),[9][10] a species once considered to be a subspecies of the Moupin pika that was separated in 2016.[11][12]

There are two known subspecies of the Nubra pika:[6]

  • O. n. nubrica, nominate subspecies, occupies the region from the Mustang District of Nepal to Ladakh through the Tibet Autonomous Region, synonymous with O. lama and O. aliensis[7]
  • O. n. lhasaensis, native to the southeastern Tibet Autonomous Region[7] and previously a subspecies of the Moupin pika, O. t. lhasaensis[13]

Description

In summer, the Nubra pika is a pale grey to brownish red furred pika, having interspersed black hairs across its coat; in winter, the species' fur is longer and a more uniform gray in color. At its greatest head and body length, it measures from 140 to 184 millimetres (5.5 to 7.2 in). Adults have been weighed from 96 to 135 grams (3.4 to 4.8 oz). The ears have white edges and are largely black, with a notably pale patch on the back, and are 20 to 27 millimetres (0.79 to 1.06 in) in diameter. It has a flat and narrow skull in comparison to other pikas.[7] Its skull is larger on average compared to the Moupin pika, as is the whole body, but its skull is smaller than that of Royle's pika. The tail is very short, being at most 5 millimetres (0.20 in). Like other pikas, it has a total of 26 teeth, and a dental formula of 2.0.3.21.0.2.3: two upper and one lower incisors, no canines, three upper and two lower premolars, and two upper and three lower molars.[14]

Distribution and habitat

Nubra pikas are widely distributed across the Himalayas, from Ladakh in India through the Tibet Autonomous Region in China and Himali Region of Nepal.[16] It occurs in the same regions as the Sikkim pika and the Moupin pika subspecies O. t. nangquenica, as well as the large-eared pika (O. macrotis), a non-burrowing species that prefers rocky habitats.[14] The Nubra pika is found at elevations between 3,000 and 4,500 metres (9,800 and 14,800 ft), where it is reportedly common.

The Nubra pika inhabits shrubland habitats.[8][10] As a burrowing species, it avoids rocky talus regions and instead resides in areas with dense vegetation.[7] It may rarely inhabit cliffside regions.[15] Common plants in Nubra pika habitats include common sea buckthorn, saltcedar, willow trees, honeysuckle, and peashrubs.[7] Its habitat and vegetation preferences are shared with Thomas's pika (O. thomasi), but notably differ from the closely related plateau pika, which resides in less herbaceous regions.[10]

Ecology and behavior

The nubra pika constructs simple burrows in areas where vegetation is particularly thick and thorny.[7] It is a generalist herbivore, feeding upon the honeysuckle, willow, and Caragana plants common in its range.[17] In efforts to stockpile food, the Nubra pika constructs small piles of hay in concealed locations. These haypiles are mainly made up of Artemisia stems and roots.[18]

Though it is not reported to form colonies, it is social, living in defined family units,[17] a behavior found in other burrowing pika species. Little is known regarding the species' reproduction, but juveniles have been found in June, July and August,[7] and individuals in the sub-adult stage have been seen from August to early October. The species is diurnal, and is often seen only in moments when it dashes between places of cover under vegetation. Its presence is marked by its burrows, trails gnawed through vegetation, and latrines (piles of dry pellets).[19] It is affected by the flea Geusibia triangularis, a member of the genus Geusibia that specifically parasitizes pikas.[13]

Conservation status

There are few threats to the Nubra pika. The species has a wide distribution, and is present in several protected areas. The International Union for Conservation of Nature lists it as a least-concern species, as do regional conservation authorities in China.[1] Its population trends and nautral history are largely unknown, but due to the remoteness of its habitat, it is unlikely to be threatened by human activities.[7] This remoteness also makes it difficult to study, which affects the accuracy and frequency of status assessments.[14][20]

References

  1. ^ a b c Smith, A.T.; Li, W. (2016). "Ochotona nubrica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T15051A45179343. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T15051A45179343.en. Retrieved 16 June 2025.
  2. ^ "Ochotona nubrica (id=1001168)". ASM Mammal Diversity Database. American Society of Mammalogists. Retrieved 16 June 2025.
  3. ^ a b c Srinivasulu, C.; Srinivasulu, Bhargavi; Chakraborty, S.; Pradhan, M.S.; Nameer, P.O. "Checklist of Lagomorphs (Mammalia: Lagomorpha) of South Asia". Zoos' Print Journal. 19 (2): 1375–1380.
  4. ^ a b Thomas, Oldfield (1922). "On some new forms of Ochotona". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Ser. 9. 9 (50): 187–188. doi:10.1080/00222932208632656.
  5. ^ Hoffmann, R.S.; Smith, A.T. (2005). "Ochotonidae". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 185–211. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  6. ^ a b c Hoffmann, R.S.; Smith, A.T. (2005). "Ochotona (Ochotona) nubrica". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 191. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Smith, Andrew T. (2018). "Ochotona nubrica Thomas, 1922 Nubra pika". In Smith, Andrew T.; Johnston, Charlotte H.; Alves, Paulo C.; Hackländer, Klaus (eds.). Lagomorphs: Pikas, Rabbits, and Hares of the World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 61–62. doi:10.1353/book.57193. ISBN 978-1-4214-2341-8. LCCN 2017004268.
  8. ^ a b c Yu, Ning; Zheng, Changlin; Zhang, Ya-Ping; Li, Wen-Hsiung (2000). "Molecular Systematics of Pikas (Genus Ochotona) Inferred from Mitochondrial DNA Sequences". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 16 (1): 85–95. doi:10.1006/mpev.2000.0776.
  9. ^ Wang, XiaoYun; Liang, Dan; Jin, Wei; Tang, MingKun; Shalayiwu; Liu, ShaoYing; Zhang, Peng (1 June 2020). Tamura, Koichiro (ed.). "Out of Tibet: Genomic Perspectives on the Evolutionary History of Extant Pikas". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 37 (6): 1577–1592. doi:10.1093/molbev/msaa026. ISSN 0737-4038.
  10. ^ a b c Tang, Rui-Xiang; Wang, Jiao; Li, Yi-Fei; Zhou, Cheng-Ran; Meng, Guan-Liang; Li, Feng-Jun; Lan, Yue; Price, Megan; Podsiadlowski, Lars; Yu, Yan; Wang, Xu-Ming; Liu, Yin-Xun; Yue, Bi-Song; Liu, Shan-Lin; Fan, Zhen-Xin (18 September 2022). "Genomics and morphometrics reveal the adaptive evolution of pikas". Zoological Research. 43 (5): 813–826. doi:10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2022.072. ISSN 2095-8137. PMC 9486525. PMID 35993133.
  11. ^ "New pika species discovered in Sikkim Himalaya". Nature India. 4 October 2016. doi:10.1038/nindia.2016.131. ISSN 1755-3180.
  12. ^ Dahal, Nishma; Lissovsky, Andrey A.; Lin, Zhenzhen; Solari, Katherine; Hadly, Elizabeth A.; Zhan, Xiangjiang; Ramakrishnan, Uma (2017). "Genetics, morphology and ecology reveal a cryptic pika lineage in the Sikkim Himalaya". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 106: 55–60. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.09.015.
  13. ^ a b Liang, Lu; Houyong, Wu (2005). "Morphological phylogeny of Geusibia Jordan, 1932 (Siphonaptera: Leptopsyllidae) and the host–parasite relationship with pikas". Systematic Parasitology. 61 (1): 65–78. doi:10.1007/s11230-004-6356-4. ISSN 0165-5752.
  14. ^ a b c Fox, Nikki. "Ochotona nubrica - Nubra pika". Wildpro. Twycross Zoo. Archived from the original on 25 May 2019. Retrieved 18 June 2025.
  15. ^ a b Lissovsky, A.A. (2016). "Family Ochotonidae (Pikas)". In Wilson, D.E.; Lacher, T.E.; Mittermeier, R.A. (eds.). Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Vol. 6. Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. p. 45. ISBN 978-84-941892-3-4.
  16. ^ Pikas in Nepal (PDF). Nepal: Small Mammals Conservation and Research Foundation. pp. 18–20. ISBN 978-9937-0-4711-1. Retrieved 4 July 2025.
  17. ^ a b Smith, Andrew T.; Xie, Yan; Hoffmann, Robert S.; Lunde, Darrin; MacKinnon, John; Wilson, Don E.; Wozencraft, W. Chris (23 April 2010). A Guide to the Mammals of China. Princeton University Press. pp. 284–285. ISBN 978-1-4008-3411-2.
  18. ^ Kumar, Harsha; D’Souza, Senan; Dhanesh, Ponnu; Nandini, Rajamani (24 November 2024). Zollner, Patrick (ed.). "Characterization of haying behavior by the Ladakh Pika (Ochotona ladacensis) and the Nubra Pika (Ochotona nubrica) from the Changthang, Ladakh, India". Journal of Mammalogy. 105 (6): 1245–1254. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyae038. ISSN 0022-2372.
  19. ^ Lissovsky, A.A. (2016). "Family Ochotonidae (Pikas)". In Wilson, D.E.; Lacher, T.E.; Mittermeier, R.A. (eds.). Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Vol. 6. Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp. 48–49. ISBN 978-84-941892-3-4.
  20. ^ Lissovsky, A.A. (2016). "Family Ochotonidae (Pikas)". In Wilson, D.E.; Lacher, T.E.; Mittermeier, R.A. (eds.). Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Vol. 6. Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. p. 35. ISBN 978-84-941892-3-4.
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