The Muwaqqar Chalk-Marl Formation or Muwaqqar Formation is a Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) and early Paleogene-aged geological formation in Jordan, cropping out across the Jordanian Highlands from north to south. It is the geological formation containing Jordan's famous oil shales, which are among the largest in the world.[2][3] Some outcrops of the formation contain extremely well-preserved fossils, making it a lagerstätte.[4][5]
Environment
The formation appears to have been deposited in a pelagic subtropical environment on the outer continental shelf of the Afro-Arabian continent, with the Harrana locality being deposited no deeper than 100 metres (330 ft) below the surface, based on the occurrence of depth-limited fauna such as nurse sharks.[4] The formation of this habitat likely originates from a major marine transgression of the Tethys Ocean at the same time as this depositional event, turning it into an open water ecosystem. The oil shales may have formed from cold upwelling currents from the Tethys that increased the region's planktonic productivity, with these fossilized plankton eventually turning into oil.[2][3] The sites of excellent fossil preservation may have been formed by anoxic conditions on the seafloor hindering the decomposition of organic matter as well as rapid burial of fossils, although the presence of bottom-dwelling scavengers suggests that anoxic conditions must have been relatively moderate.[4]
While the formation as a whole lasts from the early Maastrichtian to the end of the Paleocene based on foraminifera-based dating, a significant uncomformity exists in some localities at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, which may be due to a drop in sea levels at the time, with deposition continuing following a second sea level rise in the Paleocene.[1] In addition, the highly fossiliferous portion of the formation was only deposited in the span of a few hundred thousand years at the end of the Maastrichtian.[6]
Paleobiota
A locality in Harrana is a Konservat-Lagerstätte with extremely well-preserved fossils that were deposited during the latest Maastrichtian, around 66.5 to 66.1 million years ago,[6] making it one of the last lagerstatten to be deposited before the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event. The preservation is akin to that of the older, more well-known Sannine Formation from Lebanon. Fossils are contained in concretions exposed by limestone mining, which started in the Harrana region around 1995. Notable fossils from this locality include articulated fish and mosasaur skeletons, mosasaur skin impressions, and evidence of mosasaur carcasses scavenged by nurse sharks & other fishes.[4]
The fossil potential of the Harrana locality was documented by geologist Hani Kaddumi, who described most of the formation's taxa in a 2009 book. Many fossils from this locality are held in the Eternal River Museum of Natural History in Jordan.[4]
The following list of biota is based primarily on Kaddumi (2009). Unless stated otherwise, a majority are from the Harrana locality:[4]
Cartilaginous fish
Bony fish
Reptiles
| Genus
|
Species
|
Material
|
Notes
|
Images
|
| Rarosaurus
|
R. singularis
|
Rostrum with teeth
|
An indeterminate marine reptile, initially described as a late-surviving polycotylid plesiosaur, but more recently found to possibly be a marine crocodylomorph.[8]
|
|
Mosasaurs
| Genus
|
Species
|
Material
|
Notes
|
Images
|
| Carinodens
|
C. palistinicus
|
A complete skull, some vertebrae, and digits from front flippers.
|
A globidensine, the most completely known member of its genus. Likely adapted to a pelagic lifestyle.
|
|
| Harranasaurus
|
H. khuludae
|
Right dentary
|
A small durophagous globidensine. Remains very rare.
|
|
| Mosasauridae indet.
|
|
Articulated hind paddle
|
A mosasaur of uncertain affinities.
|
|
| Mosasaurus
|
M. hoffmani
|
Teeth
|
A mosasaurine.
|
|
| M. sevciki
|
Hindlimbs, sacral vertebrae, preserved scales
|
|
| M. sp. 1
|
Front paddle, humerus
|
|
| M. sp. 2
|
Vertebra
|
|
| Plioplatecarpini indet.
|
|
Hind paddle
|
A plioplatecarpine.
|
|
| Prognathodon
|
P. hashimi (=Tenerasaurus)
|
Complete post-cranial skeleton missing skull.
|
A prognathodontine. P. primus has the first known complete mosasaur skull from the Middle East.
|
|
| P. hudae
|
Left dentary.
|
|
| P. primus
|
Complete skull.
|
|
| P. sp. 1
|
Cranium with teeth
|
|
| P. sp. 2
|
Partial dentary with teeth
|
|
| P. sp. 3
|
Cranial elements including left maxilla with teeth.
|
|
| P. sp. 4
|
Lumbar vertebrae and pygal
|
|
| P. sp. 5
|
Two teeth
|
|
| Tylosaurinae indet.
|
|
Front paddle.
|
A tylosaurine.
|
|
Turtles
Pterosaurs
| Genus
|
Species
|
Material
|
Locality
|
Notes
|
Images
|
| Inabtanin
|
I. alarabia
|
Jaws, vertebrae, and front limb bones.
|
Tal Inab 6
|
An azhdarchoid pterosaur, one of the most complete from the region.[5]
|
|
| Nyctosauridae indet.
|
|
Wing bones.
|
Harrana
|
A nyctosaurid pterosaur.
|
|
Mollusca
Based on Krewesh et al (2014) and Jagt et al (2017):[2][6]
Cephalopoda
| Genus
|
Species
|
Material
|
Notes
|
Images
|
| Baculites
|
B. ovatus
|
Jebal Khuzaym, Harrana
|
A baculitid ammonite.
|
|
| Libycoceras
|
L. acutidorsatus
|
Harrana
|
A sphenodiscid ammonite.
|
|
| L. cf. ismaeli
|
Jebal Khuzaym
|
|
| Menuites
|
M. fresvillensis
|
Harrana
|
A pachydiscid ammonite.
|
|
| Pachydiscus
|
P. dossantosi
|
Harrana
|
A pachydiscid ammonite.
|
|
| Sphenodiscus
|
S. lobatus
|
Jebal Khuzaym
|
A sphenodiscid ammonite.
|
|
Bivalvia
| Genus
|
Species
|
Material
|
Notes
|
Images
|
| Lyropecten
|
L. mayereymari
|
|
A scallop.[9]
|
|
| Tenuipteria
|
T. argentea
|
|
An inoceramid.
|
|
References
- ^ a b Farouk, Sherif; Marzouk, Akmal M.; Ahmad, Fayez (2014-11-01). "The Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary in Jordan". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 94: 113–125. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2014.08.015. ISSN 1367-9120.
- ^ a b c Khrewesh, Amani M.; Hamad, Abdullah Abu; Abed, Abdulkader M. (December 2014). "Late Cretaceous Muwaqqar Formation Ammonites in Southeastern Jordan" (PDF). Jordan Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences.
- ^ a b Sokol, Ella V.; Kozmenko, Olga A.; Khoury, Hani N.; Kokh, Svetlana N.; Novikova, Sofya A.; Nefedov, Andrey A.; Sokol, Ivan A.; Zaikin, Pavel (2017-06-01). "Calcareous sediments of the Muwaqqar Chalk Marl Formation, Jordan: Mineralogical and geochemical evidences for Zn and Cd enrichment". Gondwana Research. 46: 204–226. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2017.03.008. ISSN 1342-937X.
- ^ a b c d e f Kaddumi, Hani Faig (2009). Fossils of the Harrana fauna : and the adjacent areas. Jordan: Eternal River Museum of Natural History. OCLC 709582892.
- ^ a b Rosenbach, Kierstin L.; Goodvin, Danielle M.; Albshysh, Mohammed G.; Azzam, Hassan A.; Smadi, Ahmad A.; Mustafa, Hakam A.; Zalmout, Iyad S. A.; Wilson Mantilla, Jeffrey A. (2024-09-05). "New pterosaur remains from the Late Cretaceous of Afro-Arabia provide insight into flight capacity of large pterosaurs". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. doi:10.1080/02724634.2024.2385068. ISSN 0272-4634.
- ^ a b c Jagt, John W.M.; Jagt-Yazykova, Elena A.; Kaddumi, Hani F.; Lindgren, Johan (2018-10-02). "Ammonite dating of latest Cretaceous mosasaurid reptiles (Squamata, Mosasauroidea) from Jordan—preliminary observations". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 42 (4): 587–596. doi:10.1080/03115518.2017.1308011. ISSN 0311-5518.
- ^ a b Matt, Friedman; James V., Andrews; Hadeel, Saad; Sanaa, El-Sayed (2023). "The Cretaceous–Paleogene transition in spiny-rayed fishes: surveying "Patterson's Gap" in the acanthomorph skeletal record". Geologica Belgica. 26 (1–2). doi:10.20341/gb.2023.002.
- ^ Alhalabi, Wafa A.; Bardet, Nathalie; Sachs, Sven; Kear, Benjamin P.; Joude, Issam B.; Yazbek, Muhammed K.; Godoy, Pedro L.; Langer, Max C. (2024-07-01). "Recovering lost time in Syria: New Late Cretaceous (Coniacian-Santonian) elasmosaurid remains from the Palmyrides mountain chain". Cretaceous Research. 159: 105871. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2024.105871. ISSN 0195-6671.
- ^ Farouk, Sherif; Marzouk, Akmal M.; Ahmad, Fayez (2014-11-01). "The Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary in Jordan". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 94: 113–125. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2014.08.015. ISSN 1367-9120.