List of zoonotic diseases

This is a list of zoonotic diseases, infectious diseases that have been reported of jumping from a non-human animal to a human.

Causative pathogen keys

Virus Bacteria Parasite Fungi Prion


Disease[1] Pathogens Animals involved Mode of transmission Emergence
African trypanosomiasis (African sleeping sickness) Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense range of wild animals and domestic livestock bite of the tsetse fly 'Present in Africa for thousands of years' – major outbreak 1900–1920, cases continue (sub-Saharan Africa, 2020).
Angiostrongyliasis Angiostrongylus cantonensis, Angiostrongylus costaricensis rats, cotton rats consuming raw or undercooked snails, slugs, other mollusks, crustaceans, contaminated water, and unwashed vegetables contaminated with larvae
Anisakiasis Anisakis whales, dolphins, seals, sea lions, other marine animals eating raw or undercooked fish and squid contaminated with eggs
Anthrax Bacillus anthracis grazing herbivores such as cattle, sheep, goats, camels, horses, and pigs by ingestion, inhalation or skin contact of spores Known for at least 2000 years, but only first described clinically in 1752. Causative agent identified in 1877.[2]
Ascariasis Ascaris suum, Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati pigs, dogs, cats ingestion of eggs from contaminated soil, food, or water
Aspergillosis Aspergillus spp. birds inhalation of spores from soil and contaminated surfaces, contact with infected birds First identified in 1847.[3]
Avian influenza Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 wild birds, domesticated birds such as chickens[4] close contact 2003–present avian influenza in Southeast Asia and Egypt.
Babesiosis Babesia spp. mice, other animals tick bite
Balantidiasis Balantidium coli pigs (primary reservoir), other mammals (e.g., camels, cattle, sheep), rarely non-human primates fecal-oral transmission via ingestion of cysts in contaminated food or water, direct contact with pig feces, mechanical transmission possible via flies and cockroaches
Batai virus infection Batai orthobunyavirus birds, livestock mosquito bite
Baylisascariasis Baylisascaris procyonis raccoons ingestion of eggs in feces
Barmah Forest fever Barmah Forest virus kangaroos, wallabies, opossums mosquito bite First human case reported in 1986.
Botulism Clostridium botulinum birds, mammals ingestion of contaminated food, wound infection, or intestinal colonization
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease) Prions cattle eating infected meat Isolated similar cases reported in ancient history; in recent UK history probable start in the 1970s.[5]
Brucellosis (undulant fever, Malta fever, Mediterranean fever) Brucella spp. cattle, goats, pigs, sheep infected milk or meat Historically widespread in the Mediterranean region; identified in the early 20th century.
Bubonic plague, Pneumonic plague, Septicemic plague, Sylvatic plague Yersinia pestis rabbits, hares, rodents, ferrets, goats, sheep, camels flea bite Epidemics like Black Death in Europe around 1347–53 during the Late Middle Age; third plague pandemic in China-Qing dynasty and India alone.
California encephalitis California encephalitis virus small mammals mosquito bite (Aedes species) First identified in 1943 in Kern County, California.
Campylobacteriosis Campylobacter spp. poultry, cattle, pets (dogs and cats) consumption of contaminated food or water, direct contact with infected animals
Capillariasis Capillaria spp. rodents, birds, foxes eating raw or undercooked fish, ingesting embryonated eggs in fecal-contaminated food, water, or soil
Capnocytophaga canimorsus infection Capnocytophaga canimorsus dogs, cats bites, scratches, or close contact with animals
Cat-scratch disease Bartonella henselae cats bites or scratches from infected cats
Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis) Trypanosoma cruzi armadillos, Triatominae (kissing bug) contact of mucosae or wounds with feces of kissing bugs, accidental ingestion of parasites in food contaminated by bugs or infected mammal excretae
Chikungunya Alphavirus chikungunya primates, small mammals, rodents, birds, mosquitoes mosquito bite (Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus) First identified in 1952 in Tanzania.
Clamydiosis / Enzootic abortion Chlamydophila abortus domestic livestock, particularly sheep close contact with postpartum ewes
Clostridioides difficile infection (Clostridium difficile infection) Clostridioides difficile cattle, companion animals fecal-oral route, contact with contaminated surfaces or hands
Colorado tick fever Colorado tick fever virus small rodents tick bite (primarily by Dermacentor andersoni, the Rocky Mountain wood tick)
COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 bats, felines, raccoon dogs, minks, white-tailed deer[6] respiratory transmission 2019–present COVID-19 pandemic; ongoing pandemic.
Cowpox Cowpox virus rodents, cattle, cats direct contact with infected animals
Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease PrPvCJD cattle eating meat from animals with Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) 1996–2001: United Kingdom.
Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever orthonairovirus cattle, goats, sheep, birds, hares tick bite (Hyalomma spp.), human-to-human contact via bodily fluids
Cryptococcosis Cryptococcus neoformans birds like pigeons inhaling fungi
Cryptosporidiosis Cryptosporidium spp. cattle, dogs, cats, mice, pigs, horses, deer, sheep, goats, rabbits, leopard geckos, birds ingesting cysts from water contaminated with feces
Cysticercosis and taeniasis Taenia solium, Taenia asiatica, Taenia saginata pigs and cattle consuming water, soil or food contaminated with the tapeworm eggs (cysticercosis) or raw or undercooked pork contaminated with the cysticerci (taeniasis)
Dengue fever Dengue virus primates mosquito bite (primarily by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus) The earliest detailed descriptions of dengue-like illness appeared in medical records from 1779 to 1780, but has had a significant re-emergence in recent years (see for example 2019–20 dengue fever epidemic).
Dermatophytosis (tinea, ringworm) Microsporum spp., Trichophyton spp. cattle, sheep, goats, cats, dogs contact with infected individuals or animals, contact with contaminated surfaces (fomites) or soil Know by ancient Romans, but only fully described in 1837.[7]
Dirofilariasis Dirofilaria spp. dogs, wolves, coyotes, foxes, jackals, cats, monkeys, raccoons, bears, muskrats, rabbits, leopards, seals, sea lions, beavers, ferrets, reptiles mosquito bite
Dhori virus infection Dhori virus birds, livestock, mammals tick bite
Dobrava-Belgrade virus infection Dobrava-Belgrade virus rodents (e.g., yellow-necked mouse) rodent bite and scratches, inhalation of aerosolized particles from rodent droppings, urine, or nesting materials
Dracunculiasis Dracunculus medinensis dogs, cats, baboons mainly contaminated water Known by ancient Egyptians, but only fully identified in 1870.
Eastern equine encephalitis Eastern equine encephalitis virus horses, birds, cattle mosquito bite
Ebola Ebolavirus spp. chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, fruit bats, monkeys, shrews, forest antelope and porcupines through body fluids and organs 2013–16; possibly in Africa.
Echinococcosis Echinococcus spp. dogs, foxes, jackals, wolves, coyotes, sheep, pigs, rodents ingestion of infective eggs from contaminated food or water with feces of an infected definitive host
Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic Escherichia coli cattle, sheep, goats, deer ingestion of contaminated food or water, direct contact with infected animals or their feces
Erysipeloid Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae pigs, fish, birds direct contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products
Fasciolosis Fasciola hepatica, Fasciola gigantica sheep, cattle, buffaloes ingesting contaminated plants
Fasciolopsiasis Fasciolopsis buski pigs eating raw vegetables such as water spinach
Foodborne illnesses (commonly diarrheal diseases) Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Listeria spp., Shigella spp. animals domesticated for food production (cattle, poultry) raw or undercooked food made from animals and unwashed vegetables contaminated with feces
Giardiasis Giardia duodenalis beavers, other rodents, raccoons, deer, cattle, goats, sheep, dogs, cats ingesting spores and cysts in food and water contaminated with feces
Glanders Burkholderia mallei. horses, donkeys direct contact
Gnathostomiasis (larva migrans profundus) Gnathostoma spp. dogs, minks, opossums, cats, lions, tigers, leopards, raccoons, poultry, other birds, frogs raw or undercooked fish or meat
Hantavirus Hantavirus spp. deer mice, cotton rats and other rodents exposure to feces, urine, saliva or bodily fluids
Henipavirus Henipavirus spp. horses, bats exposure to feces, urine, saliva or contact with sick horses
Hepatitis E Hepatitis E virus domestic and wild animals contaminated food or water
Histoplasmosis Histoplasma capsulatum birds, bats inhaling fungi in guano
HIV infection Simian immunodeficiency virus primates contact with infected blood and other bodily fluids, mother-to-infant during pregnancy, childbirth, and breastfeeding Immunodeficiency resembling human AIDS was reported in captive monkeys in the United States beginning in 1983.[8][9][10] SIV was isolated in 1985 from some of these animals, captive rhesus macaques who had simian AIDS (SAIDS).[9] The discovery of SIV was made shortly after HIV-1 had been isolated as the cause of AIDS and led to the discovery of HIV-2 strains in West Africa. HIV-2 was more similar to the then-known SIV strains than to HIV-1, suggesting for the first time the simian origin of HIV. Further studies indicated that HIV-2 is derived from the SIVsmm strain found in sooty mangabeys, whereas HIV-1, the predominant virus found in humans, is derived from SIV strains infecting chimpanzees (SIVcpz).
Human granulocytic anaplasmosis Anaplasma phagocytophilum deer, rodents, humans tick bite (primarily by Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus)
Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis Ehrlichia chaffeensis deer tick bite (primarily by Amblyomma americanum, the lone star tick)
Japanese encephalitis Japanese encephalitis virus pigs, water birds mosquito bite
Kyasanur Forest disease Kyasanur Forest disease virus rodents, shrews, bats, monkeys tick bite
La Crosse encephalitis La Crosse virus chipmunks, tree squirrels mosquito bite
Lassa fever Lassa mammarenavirus rodents contact with urine, feces, or bodily fluids of infected rats; human-to-human transmission via bodily fluids
Leishmaniasis Leishmania spp. dogs, rodents, other animals[11][12] sandfly bite 2004 Afghanistan.
Leprosy (Hansen's disease) Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium lepromatosis armadillos, monkeys, rabbits, mice[13] mostly human-to-human direct contact, meat consumption[13][14]
Leptospirosis Leptospira interrogans rats, mice, pigs, horses, goats, sheep, cattle, buffaloes, opossums, raccoons, mongooses, foxes, dogs direct or indirect contact with urine of infected animals 1616–20 New England infection; present day in the United States.
Louping ill Louping ill virus sheep, red grouse, other mammals tick bite (primarily by Ixodes ricinus) First human case reported in 1934.
Lyme disease (Lyme borreliosis) Borrelia burgdorferi deer, wolves, dogs, birds, rodents, rabbits, hares, reptiles tick bite
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus rodents exposure to urine, feces, or saliva
Marburg virus disease (Marburg viral haemorrhagic fever) Marburg virus Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus), primates contact with infected bat excreta, bushmeat consumption, or human-to-human transmission via bodily fluids (e.g., blood, saliva, vomit)
Mediterranean spotted fever (Boutonneuse fever, Kenya tick typhus, Indian tick typhus, Marseilles fever, Astrakhan fever) Rickettsia conorii dogs, rodents, other mammals tick bite
Melioidosis Burkholderia pseudomallei various animals direct contact with contaminated soil and surface water
Microsporidiosis Encephalitozoon cuniculi rabbits, dogs, mice, and other mammals ingestion of spores
Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS coronavirus bats, camels close contact 2012–present: Saudi Arabia.
Mpox Monkeypox virus rodents, primates contact with infected rodents, primates, or contaminated materials
MRSA infection Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus livestock, companion animals direct contact with infected individuals or contaminated surfaces
Nipah virus infection Nipah virus (NiV) bats, pigs direct contact with infected bats, infected pigs
O'nyong'nyong fever O'nyong'nyong virus reservoir hosts unknown[15] mosquito bite (Anopheles funestus, Anopheles gambiae) First identified in 1959 in Uganda.
Orf Orf virus goats, sheep close contact
Pasteurellosis Pasteurella multocida domestic cats, dogs, livestock, and wild animals bites, scratches, inhalation of aerosols, or contact with infected secretions
Powassan encephalitis Powassan virus ticks tick bites
Psittacosis (parrot fever) Chlamydophila psittaci macaws, cockatiels, budgerigars, pigeons, sparrows, ducks, hens, gulls and many other bird species contact with bird droplets
Puumala virus infection Puumala virus bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) rodent bite or scratches, inhalation of aerosols containing rodent excreta
Q fever (query fever) Coxiella burnetii livestock and other domestic animals such as dogs and cats inhalation of spores, contact with bodily fluid or feces
Rabies Rabies lyssavirus dogs, bats, monkeys, raccoons, foxes, skunks, cattle, goats, sheep, wolves, coyotes, groundhogs, horses, mongooses and cats through saliva by biting, or through scratches from an infected animal Variety of places like Oceania, South America, Europe.
Rat-bite fever Streptobacillus moniliformis, Spirillum minus rats, mice rat bite of rats, contact with urine and mucus secretions
Rift Valley fever Phlebovirus livestock, buffaloes, camels mosquito bite, contact with bodily fluids, blood, tissues, breathing around butchered animals or raw milk 2006–07 East Africa outbreak.
Rocio viral encephalitis Rocio virus birds[16] mosquito bite
Rocky Mountain spotted fever Rickettsia rickettsii dogs, rodents tick bite
Ross River fever Ross River virus kangaroos, wallabies, horses, opossums, birds, flying foxes mosquito bite
Saint Louis encephalitis Saint Louis encephalitis virus birds mosquito bite
Seoul virus infection Seoul virus rodents contact with infected rodent saliva, feces, urine, or bites
Severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS coronavirus bats, civets close contact, respiratory droplets 2002–04 SARS outbreak; China.
Sindbis fever Sindbis virus birds mosquito bite
Smallpox Variola virus possibly monkeys and horses spread from person to person quickly Last reported case in 1977; certified by WHO to be eradicated (i.e., eliminated worldwide) as of 1980.
Streptococcosis Streptococcus suis pigs direct contact with infected pigs or pork products, especially through cuts or abrasions, or inhalation of contaminated aerosols
Swine influenza Swine influenza virus pigs close contact 2009–10; 2009 swine flu pandemic; Mexico.
Taenia crassiceps infection Taenia crassiceps wolves, coyotes, jackals, foxes contact with soil contaminated with feces
Tick-borne encephalitis Tick-borne encephalitis virus birds, rodents, horses tick bite (primarily by Ixodes ricinus)
Thogotovirus infection Thogotovirus livestock, humans tick bite
Toxocariasis Toxocara spp. dogs, foxes, cats ingestion of eggs in soil, fresh or unwashed vegetables or undercooked meat
Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasma gondii cats, livestock, poultry, rodents exposure to cat feces, organ transplantation, blood transfusion, contaminated soil, water, grass, unwashed vegetables, unpasteurized dairy products and undercooked meat First identified in 1908 in a gundi in Tunisia and a rabbit in Brazil.[17]
Trichinosis (trichinellosis) Trichinella spp. rodents, pigs, horses, bears, walruses, dogs, foxes, crocodiles, birds eating undercooked meat
Tuberculosis (white death, consumption) Mycobacterium bovis infected cattle, deer, llamas, pigs, domestic cats, wild carnivores (foxes, coyotes) and omnivores (possums, mustelids and rodents) milk, exhaled air, sputum, urine, feces and pus from infected animals
Tularemia (rabbit fever) Francisella tularensis lagomorphs (type A), rodents (type B), birds ticks, deer flies, and other insects including mosquitoes
Valtice fever (Ťahyňa virus virus infection) Bunyavirus rodents mosquito bite[18]
Venezuelan equine encephalitis Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus horses, donkeys, zebras, birds, rodents mosquito bite
Wesselsbron disease Wesselsbron virus sheep, cattle mosquito bite
West Nile fever West Nile virus birds, horses, primates, dogs, cats, and incidentally reptiles and amphibians mosquito bite First identified in 1937 in the West Nile sub-region of Uganda. Later emerged in the Western Hemisphere in 1999 during an outbreak in New York.[19]
Western equine encephalitis Western equine encephalitis virus horses, birds mosquito bite
Yersiniosis Yersinia enterocolitica pigs, rodents, cattle ingestion of contaminated food or water
Zika fever Zika virus chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, monkeys, baboons mosquito bite, sexual intercourse, blood transfusion and sometimes bites of monkeys 2015–16 epidemic in the Americas and Oceania.

See also

References

  1. ^ Information in this table is largely compiled from: World Health Organization. "Zoonoses and the Human-Animal-Ecosystems Interface". Archived from the original on 6 December 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
  2. ^ Mikesell, P.; Ivins, B. E.; Ristroph, J. D.; Vodkin, M. H.; Dreier, T. M.; Leppla, S. H. (1983). "Plasmids, Pasteur, and anthrax". ASM News. 49 (7).
  3. ^ Knoke, M.; Bernhardt, Hannelore; Schwesinger, G. (2003). "Frühe Beschreibung einer pulmonalen Aspergillose 1847 aus Greifswald". Mycoses. 46 (S1): 37–41. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0507.2003.tb00036.x. ISSN 0933-7407.
  4. ^ "Bird flu (Avian influenza) - Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic.
  5. ^ Prusiner SB (May 2001). "Shattuck lecture--neurodegenerative diseases and prions". The New England Journal of Medicine. 344 (20): 1516–1526. doi:10.1056/NEJM200105173442006. PMID 11357156.
  6. ^ "Why Omicron-infected white-tailed deer pose an especially big risk to humans". Fortune.
  7. ^ Ajello, Libero (1974). "Natural history of the dermatophytes and related fungi". Mycopathologia et Mycologia Applicata. 53 (1–4): 93–110. doi:10.1007/bf02127200. ISSN 0301-486X.
  8. ^ Letvin NL, Eaton KA, Aldrich WR, Sehgal PK, Blake BJ, Schlossman SF, et al. (May 1983). "Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in a colony of macaque monkeys". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 80 (9): 2718–2722. Bibcode:1983PNAS...80.2718L. doi:10.1073/pnas.80.9.2718. PMC 393899. PMID 6221343.
  9. ^ a b Daniel MD, Letvin NL, King NW, Kannagi M, Sehgal PK, Hunt RD, et al. (June 1985). "Isolation of T-cell tropic HTLV-III-like retrovirus from macaques". Science. 228 (4704): 1201–1204. Bibcode:1985Sci...228.1201D. doi:10.1126/science.3159089. PMID 3159089.
  10. ^ King NW, Hunt RD, Letvin NL (December 1983). "Histopathologic changes in macaques with an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)". The American Journal of Pathology. 113 (3): 382–388. PMC 1916356. PMID 6316791.
  11. ^ "Parasites – Leishmaniasis". CDC. 27 February 2019. Archived from the original on 15 June 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  12. ^ "Leishmaniasis". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 26 July 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  13. ^ a b Clark L. "How Armadillos Can Spread Leprosy". Smithsonianmag.com. Smithsonian.com. Archived from the original on 28 March 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
  14. ^ Shute N (22 July 2015). "Leprosy From An Armadillo? That's An Unlikely Peccadillo". NPR. National Public Radio. Archived from the original on 17 April 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
  15. ^ Rezza, Giovanni; Chen, Rubing; Weaver, Scott C. (2017). "O'nyong-nyong fever: a neglected mosquito-borne viral disease". Pathog Glob Health. 111 (6): 271–275. doi:10.1080/20477724.2017.1355431. PMC 5694854. PMID 28829253.
  16. ^ Service, M. W., ed. (January 2001). Encyclopedia of arthropod-transmitted infections of man and domesticated animals. UK: CABI Publishing. doi:10.1079/9780851994734.0000. ISBN 978-0-85199-473-4.
  17. ^ Dubey, Jitender P. (2008). "The history of Toxoplasma gondii—the first 100 years". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 55 (6): 467–475. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2008.00345.x. PMID 19120791.
  18. ^ Bennett, Richard S; Gresko, Anthony K; Murphy, Brian R; Whitehead, Stephen S (2011-03-24). "Tahyna virus genetics, infectivity, and immunogenicity in mice and monkeys". Virology Journal. 8 (1): 135. doi:10.1186/1743-422x-8-135. ISSN 1743-422X. PMC 3080826. PMID 21435229.
  19. ^ Chancey, C. (2015). "The global ecology and epidemiology of West Nile virus". BioMed Research International. 2015: 1–20. doi:10.1155/2015/376230. PMC 4383390. PMID 25866777.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is available under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.