List of the oldest mosques

The oldest mosques in the world can refer to the oldest, surviving mosque building or to the oldest mosque congregation. There is also a distinction between old mosque buildings in continuous use as mosques and others no longer used as mosques. In terms of congregations, there are early established congregations that have been in continuous existence, and early congregations that ceased to exist.

The major regions, such as Africa and Eurasia, are sorted alphabetically, and the minor regions, such as Arabia and South Asia, are sorted by the dates in which their first mosques were reportedly established, more or less, barring those that are mentioned by name in the Quran.

To be listed here a site must:

  • be the oldest mosque in a country, large city (top 50), or oldest of its type (denomination, architectural, etc.);
  • be the oldest congregation of its type (denomination).

Mentioned in the Quran

The following are treated as the oldest mosques or sanctuaries[1] mentioned in the Quran:[2]

Building Image Location Country First built Notes
Al-Haram Mosque Mecca Saudi Arabia Unknown, considered the oldest mosque, associated with Abraham[1] Al-Masjid al-Ḥarām,[a] the holiest sanctuary, containing the Ka'bah, a site of the Ḥajj ('Pilgrimage'), the Qiblah[9] (direction of formal prayers of Muslims), and the first mosque[10][11] in Islamic thought.[12][13] Rebuilt many times, notably 1571 by the Ottomans, and the late 20th century by the Saudis, further enlargement under way since 2010.
Haram al-Sharif, also known as the Al-Aqsa Mosque Compound Jerusalem (old city) Palestine Considered the second oldest mosque in Islamic tradition,[14] associated with Abraham.[1]

The Dome of the Rock was constructed in 692, the Al-Aqsa Mosque in 705.

Al-Masjid al-Aqṣá,[2] the former Qiblah,[15] site of the significant event of Night Journey (Isra and Mi'raj)[16], considered the third holiest site in Islam. The Qur'an does not specify the precise location of "the furthest place of prayer", and its meaning was debated by early Islamic scholars.[17][18][19][20] Eventually, a consensus emerged its identification with the Temple Mount in Jerusalem.[19][21]

The term Al-Aqsa properly refers to the whole Temple Mount compound (seen as a single mosque).[b] The mosque compound should not be confused with the silver-domed congregational mosque or prayer hall facing Mecca, commonly referred to in English as Al-Aqsa Mosque, and also known as Al-Qibli Mosque (see below).

The Sacred Monument Muzdalifah Saudi Arabia Unknown Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām[23] a site of the Hajj.[24][25][26][27]
Quba Mosque Medina Saudi Arabia 622 The first mosque built by Muhammad in the 7th century CE, possibly mentioned as the "Mosque founded on piety since the first day"[28] in the Quran. Largely rebuilt in the late 20th century.

Africa

See also: List of mosques in Africa

Northeast Africa

Northeast Africa
Building Image Location Country First built Tradition Notes
Mosque of the Companions Massawa Eritrea 620s–630s Believed by some to be the first mosque in Africa and built by the companions of Muhammad in the 7th century.[29]
Al Nejashi Mosque Negash Ethiopia 7th century By tradition, the burial site of several followers of Muhammad who, during his lifetime, fled to the Aksumite Kingdom to escape persecution in Mecca.[30] It was recently renovated by TIKA, a Turkish cooperation organization.[31]
Mosque of Amr ibn al-As Cairo Egypt 641 Named after 'Amr ibn al-'As, commander of the Muslim conquest of Egypt. First mosque in Egypt and claimed to be the first mosque in Africa.[32][33][34][35]
Mosque of Ibn Tulun Cairo Egypt 879
Al-Azhar Mosque Cairo Egypt 972 Sunni
Arba'a Rukun Mosque Mogadishu Somalia 1268/9 Sunni

Northwest Africa

Northwest Africa
Building Image Location Country First built Tradition Notes
Great Mosque of Kairouan Kairouan Tunisia 670 Sunni Believed to be the first mosque in the Maghreb. The current mosque dates from a total reconstruction starting in 836 under the Aghlabids, with further restorations and additions in later periods.[36]: 366 
Sidi Okba Mosque Sidi Okba Algeria 686–1025 Mosque and tomb dated between 686 and 1025, starting with the tomb in 686. The mosque was subsequently built around it.[37]
Al-Zaytuna Mosque Tunis Tunisia 698 Sunni There are some doubts about the exact foundation date: usually attributed to 698 but it could have been a bit later in 734.[38][39] The current mosque dates from a total reconstruction in 864 under the Aghlabids,[40] with further modifications and renovations in later eras.[38]
Mosque of Agadir Tlemcen Algeria 790 Mosque founded in 790 by Idris I at a settlement called Agadir, site of former Roman settlement Pomeria, now within the modern city of Tlemcen. Only its foundations remain today, along with a minaret added in the 13th century by Yaghmurasan.[41][42]: 42 
Bu Ftata Mosque Sousse Tunisia 838–841 Dated by an inscription to the reign of Abu Iqal al-Aghlab ibn Ibrahim (838–841). Minaret added later under the Hafsids.[42]: 33 
Great Mosque of Sfax Sfax Tunisia 849 Exact construction date uncertain, but probably around 849.[42]: 37 
Great Mosque of Sousse Sousse Tunisia 851 [43]
Al-Qarawiyyin mosque Fez Morocco 859 Some doubts exist about its foundation;[42]: 42  with possible alternative of 877 CE, based on an inscription discovered in the 20th century.[44][45] The present building dates from multiple later expansions and reconstructions, with the oldest elements dating from the 10th century.[42]: 42  Significantly expanded under the Almoravids between 1135 and 1143.[46]
Mosque of the Andalusians Fez Morocco 859 There are doubts about its foundation; and the oldest parts of the present building date from the 10th century.[42]: 42  It was mostly reconstructed by the Almohads between 1203 and 1207.[47]
Al-Naqah Mosque Tripoli Libya 973 Oldest Islamic monument in Tripoli,[48] though its history is not well-known.[42]: 218–219  Likely built by the Fatimid caliph al-Mu'izz, though it may be older.[48] Reconstructed in 1019 AH (1610/1611CE).[42]: 218–219 
Great Mosque of Tlemcen Tlemcen Algeria 1082 Founded under the Almoravids, decoration completed or redone in 1136 by another Almoravid ruler. Important renovation and additions took place in 1236 under the first Zayyanid ruler.[49]

Southeast Africa

Southeast Africa (including nearby islands of the Indian Ocean, but barring countries that are also in Southern Africa)
Building Image Location Country First built Tradition Notes
Shanga Mosque Shanga, Pate Island Kenya 830 Foundation discovered, with coins attesting dates, during the 1980s excavations. The earliest concrete evidence of Muslims in East Africa.[50]: 97 
Great Mosque of Kilwa Kilwa Kisiwani Tanzania 1000–1100
Kizimkazi Mosque Dimbani Tanzania 1107 According to an inscription.[51]
Tsingoni Mosque Tsingoni, Mayotte France 1538 [52]
Al-Fatah Mosque (Green Mosque) Kigali Rwanda 1913 Founded by coastal Swahili-speaking Tanzanian Muslims who came to Rwanda to work in the German administration, of what was then German East Africa.[53]

Southern Africa

Southern Africa
Building Image Location Country First built Tradition Notes
Auwal Mosque Cape Colony South Africa 1798 Recognised as the first mosque established in the country, at the time Cape Colony.[54]
Palm Tree Mosque Cape Colony South Africa 1807 Building constructed in 1788 (1788).
Masjid al-Qudama Uitenhage, Eastern Cape South Africa 1849 It has been deduced that the mosque was a completed in March 1849[55]
Grey Street Mosque (Juma Mosque) Durban South Africa 1881 [56]
Soofie Masjid Butha Buthe Lesotho 1900 Founded by Soofie Saheb at the turn of the century; the community is described as African Muslim yet speaking an Indian language.[50]: 115 
Habibia Soofie Saheb Jamia Masjid Rylands, Cape Town South Africa 1905
Lobatse Masjid Lobatse Botswana 1960s Founded by Indian Muslims who were brought over during the British colonial period.[57]
Ezulwini Mosque Ezulwini, near Mbabane Eswatini 1982 [58]

West Africa

West Africa
Building Image Location Country First built Tradition Notes
Larabanga Mosque Larabanga Ghana 1421 The oldest existing mud-brick mosque in Ghana.
Great Mosque of Kano Kano Nigeria 15th century Built in for Emir Muhammad Rumfa
Agadez Mosque Agadez Niger 1515 Niger's oldest mosque.
Grand Mosque, Sokodé Sokodé Togo 1820 [59]

Americas

North America

See also: List of mosques in Canada and List of mosques in the United States
North America (including Central America and island-states of the Caribbean Sea)
Building Image Location Country First built Tradition Notes
Al-Sadiq Mosque Chicago, Illinois United States 1922 Ahmadiyya Oldest extant mosque in the Americas.
Mother Mosque of America
(Moslem Temple) 		Cedar Rapids, Iowa United States 1934 Oldest extant purpose-built mosque in the United States
Al-Rashid Mosque Edmonton, Alberta Canada 1938 First purpose-built mosque in Canada.
Westmoreland and Spanish Town Jamaica 1950s Constructed by the Islamic Society of Jamaica, which was founded in 1950.[60]
Bridgetown Mosque Bridgetown Barbados 1957 First purpose-built mosque in Barbados.[61]
Omar bin Al-Khattab Mosque Willemstad, Curaçao Netherlands 1965 [62]
Haiti 1985 Converted private residence.[63]
Suraya Mosque Torreón Mexico 1989 Shi'ite Built by the immigrants from the Middle East living in Torreón.
Omar Mosque San José Costa Rica 1995 Sunni Founded by the Islamic Cultural Association of Costa Rica.[64]
Belize City Belize c. 2008 Founded by Belizeans who converted to Islam while in the United States.[65][66]
Boukman Buhara Mosque Cap-Haïtien Haiti 2016 First purpose-built mosque in Haiti; includes a minaret. Constructed following the 2010 Haiti earthquake.[67]

South America

See also: List of mosques in the Americas, List of mosques in Mexico, and List of mosques in Brazil
South America
Building Image Location Country First built Tradition Notes
Suriname 1906 Built by immigrant Javanese rice farmers, in the Netherlands colony of the time.[68]
Mesquita Brasil São Paulo Brazil 1929 Previous site built in 1929;[69] current building inaugurated in 1952. First known mosque in Brazil.[70]
Panama 1930 Ahmadiyya [71]: 453– 
El Paraíso, Caracas Venezuela 1968 [71]: 453– 
At-Tauhid Mosque Buenos Aires Argentina 1983 Shi'ite Opened in October 1983 with the support of the Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Iran to Argentina.[72] It is a very simple building with a subtle Islamic style in its facade.[73]
Mezquita as-Salam Santiago Chile 1995 Commissioned 1989, inaugurated in 1995.[74]
Mohammed VI Mosque Coquimbo Chile 2007

Asia

See also: List of mosques in Asia

Arabian Peninsula

Arabian Peninsula (including the island-state of Bahrain)
Building Image Location Country First built Tradition Notes
Al-Masjid al-Nabawi Medina Saudi Arabia 622 Second holiest site in Islam (after Al-Haram Mosque) and Muhammad's mosque, which houses his tomb in what was initially his and his wife Aisha's house. Largely rebuilt and greatly enlarged in the late 20th century, whilst retaining at its heart the earlier construction of the Ottomans, and landmark green dome atop the prophet's mausoleum.
Masjid al-Qiblatain Medina Saudi Arabia 623 Mosque originally with two Qiblah walls: One facing Jerusalem, the first Qiblah and another facing Mecca
Jawatha Mosque Al-Kilabiyah Saudi Arabia 629/639 Has recently been renovated and prayers are still held in this mosque.[75][76][77]
Great Mosque of Sana'a Sana'a Yemen 7th century Possibly the oldest mosque in the country.
Mazin Mosque Samail Oman 7th century Founded by Mazin Ben Ghadooba, who is considered to be the first Omani to adopt Islam during Muhammad's lifetime.[78]
Al-Shawadhna Mosque Nizwa Oman 628–629 (possibly) Original foundation attributed by some to 7 AH (628/629CE). A construction or renovation dated to 1529 CE is recorded by an inscription above the mihrab.[79][80]
Al-Hadi Mosque Sa'dah Yemen 897
Khamis Mosque Khamis, Manama Bahrain 1000–1200 (approximate) Though most of the structure is dated to the 11th or 12th century,[81] it is popularly believed to have been founded by the Caliph Omar in the 600s.[82]
Mosque in Al-Ain Al Ain United Arab Emirates 1000s (Islamic Golden Age) Possible the oldest mosque in the country.[83][84]
Al Badiyah Mosque Fujairah United Arab Emirates 1400s Some much earlier estimates have been proposed.[85]

Central Asia

Central Asia
Building Image Location Country First built Tradition Notes
Po-i-Kalyan Bukhara Uzbekistan 713 Since 713 here, several edifices of main cathedral mosque were built then razed, restored after fires and wars, and moved from place to place.

China and Taiwan

See also: List of mosques in China and List of mosques in Taiwan
Greater China
Building Image Location Country First built Tradition Notes
Huaisheng Mosque Guangzhou China 627 Originally built by Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas, who was an uncle of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and was named in memory of Muhammad. Rebuilt many times since.
Xianxian Mosque Guangzhou City China 629 The mosque was originally built in 629 during the Tang dynasty.
Great Mosque of Xi'an Xi'an, Shaanxi China 742 Although the oldest stones date from the 18th century,[86] the mosque was founded in 742.[87][88]
Jamia Mosque Hong Kong China 1890 Then British Hong Kong
Taipei Grand Mosque Taipei Taiwan 1947 Oldest and most famous mosque in Taiwan. Original building was firstly used in 1947, then relocated to a new site where it was reconstructed in 1960.
Kaohsiung Mosque Taipei Taiwan 1949 The second oldest mosque in Taiwan. The original building was built in 1949, then moved to a new location where the second building was built in 1951, and the third and final building built in 1992.
Macau Mosque Macau China 1980 The first and only mosque in Macau, then Portuguese Macau.

East Asia

East Asia (excluding Greater China)
Building Image Location Country First built Tradition Notes
Kobe Mosque Kobe Japan 1935 Designed in the Turkish style by a Czech architect, confiscated by the Imperial Japanese Navy in 1943, and later returned.[89]
Seoul Central Mosque Seoul South Korea 1976 [90]

Levant

See also: List of mosques in Cyprus
Levant (for Cyprus and the region of Syria)
Building Image Location Country First built Tradition Notes
Al-Omari Grand Mosque Beirut Lebanon 635 Sunni The mihrab is the oldest part of the mosque, dating back to the Caliphate of Umar.
Al-Qibli Mosque (al-Jami' al-Aqsa) Jerusalem (old city) Palestine 637 A Muslim prayer hall with a silver-colored lead dome located in the southern part of Al-Aqsa (Temple Mount), built by the Rashidun caliph Umar ibn Al-Khattab.
Al-Shuaibiyah Mosque Aleppo Syria 637
Ibrahimi Mosque Hebron Palestine 637 [91]
Great Mosque of Aleppo Aleppo Syria 715
Umayyad Mosque Damascus Syria 715 Sunni Fourth holiest site and the national mosque of Syria. It was originally built after the Muslim conquest of the city in 634. The current structure dates to 715.
White Mosque Ramla Israel 720
Al-Omari Mosque Bosra Syria 721
Great Mosque of Raqqa Raqqa Syria 772
Arab Ahmet Mosque Arab Ahmet quarter of Nicosia Cyprus Late 16th century The mosque is named after a commander of the 1571 Ottoman army who made an expedition in 1571.[92][93]

South Asia

See also: List of mosques in India, List of mosques in Bangladesh, and List of mosques in Pakistan
South Asia
Building Image Location Country First built Tradition Notes
Barwada mosque
Ghogha, Gujarat India Before 623 Built by Arab traders, the qibla is faced to Bait al Mukaddas (Jerusalem). The mosque was abandoned by devotees after the qibla was changed in 623 CE to Makkah and another mosque constructed at the same time.[94][95][96][97][98]
Cheraman Juma Masjid Kodungallur India 629 As per legend, it was built by Malik bin Dinar, companion of Muhammad, on orders of Cheraman Perumal,[99] then King of modern-day Kerala, it is one of the oldest mosques in India.[100]
Palaiya Jumma Palli Kilakarai India 630 Sunni Considered to be the first mosque to be built in Tamil Nadu, and the second mosque in India. Constructed by Yemeni merchants and trade settlers in the Pandiya Kingdom and ordered by Bazan ibn Sasan, Governor of Yemen at the time of Muhammad.[101]
Jame' As-Sahaba Lalmonirhat, Rangpur  Bangladesh 688 The oldest mosque in Bangladesh, located in the Lalmonirhat District.[102][103] In 69 Hijri, the mosque was built by the Companion Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas.[104][105][106][107]
Masjid Al-Abrar Beruwala, Kalutara District, Western Province Sri Lanka 1st century AH The date has been carved in its stone pillars. It is situated in western province of Sri Lanka.
Haji Piyada Balkh Afghanistan 794 or 9th century The oldest identifiable Islamic building in Afghanistan.[108] Construction dated to either the 9th century[109] or to 794.[110]
Jamia Masjid, Banbhore Banbhore, Sindh Pakistan 727 This is the oldest mosque of Pakistan.[111] Also believed to be the first mosque in South Asia.[112] Built after the conquest of Sindh.
Great Mosque Budaun, Uttar Pradesh India 1223 Built by Iltutmish, the 3rd Sultan of Delhi and the Mamluk dynasty
Kazimar Big Mosque Madurai India 1284 Sunni, Hanafi, Shadhili First mosque in Madurai.
Chaqchan Mosque Khaplu, Gilgit Baltistan Pakistan 1370 This is the oldest mosque of Gilgit Baltistan located in Khaplu.[113][114]
Sixty Dome Mosque Bagerhat Bangladesh 1450 Built by Khan Jahan Ali, it is considered to be the second-oldest mosque in Bangladesh. The fortified structure contains eighty-one domes, sixty stone pillars and eleven mihrabs.
Neevin Mosque Lahore Pakistan 1460

Southeast Asia

See also: List of mosques in Indonesia, List of mosques in Malaysia, List of mosques in the Philippines, List of mosques in Singapore, and List of mosques in Thailand
Southeast Asia
Building Image Location Country First built Tradition Notes
Sheik Karimal Makdum Mosque Tubig Indangan, Simunul island, Bangsamoro Philippines 1380 Founded by Makhdum Karim, who introduced Islam to the Philippines.[115] This is the oldest mosque in Southesast Asia.
Wapauwe Old Mosque Kaitetu, Central Maluku Regency, Maluku Indonesia 1414 The oldest surviving mosque in Indonesia.
Ampel Mosque Ampel, Surabaya, East Java Indonesia 1421 The oldest surviving mosque in Java, and second oldest in Indonesia.[116]
Masjid Sultan Sharif Ali Brunei Brunei 1430 (approximate) Built under the direction of Sharif Ali ("Sultan Berkat"), who reigned 1425–1432.[117]
Kampung Laut Mosque Tumpat, Kota Bharu, Kelantan Malaysia 15th century The oldest surviving mosque in Malaysia
Great Mosque of Demak Demak, Central Java Indonesia 15th century Oldest mosque in Central Java and second oldest in Java.[118]
Talo Mano Mosque Narathiwat Thailand 17th century It is at least one of the oldest known mosques in Thailand.[119]
Masjid Omar Kampong Melaka Central Area Singapore 1820 Originally a wooden structure built by Arab merchant Syed Omar Ali Aljunied.[120]

Southwest Asia

See also: List of mosques in Iran and List of mosques in Turkey
Southwest Asia (excluding the Arabian peninsula, Caucasus, and Levant)
Building Image Location Country First built Tradition Notes
Ayasofya Mosque (Hagia Sophia) Istanbul Turkey 1453
(537, as a church) 		Built as a Greek Orthodox cathedral, converted to a mosque in 1453, and then a museum in 1931.[121] In 2020, it was again converted into a mosque by order of a Turkish court.
Great Mosque of Kufa Kufa Iraq 639 Shia The mosque contains the remains of Muslim ibn Aqeel – first cousin of Husayn ibn Ali, his companion Hani ibn Urwa, and the revolutionary Mukhtar al-Thaqafi.
Maqam al-Imam al-Husayn Mosque Karbala Iraq 680 Shia Reconstructed several times, including in 1016.
Jameh Mosque of Isfahan Isfahan Iran 771 First mosque on the site was built circa 771, during the reign of the Abbasid caliph al-Mansur. It was then replaced by a larger one in 840-841 during the reign of al-Mu'tasim. It underwent many changes and additions after this, most notably under the Seljuks in the late 11th and early 12th centuries.[122]
Jameh Mosque of Fahraj Fahraj Iran 700s [123]
Tarikhaneh Mosque Damghan Iran 9th century The oldest mosque in Iran to preserve much of its original form. Exact date of construction is unclear, but attributed to 9th century based on its style.[124][125]
Great Mosque of Samarra Samarra Iraq 848
Al-Askari Mosque Samarra Iraq 944 Shia (Twelver) Shrine of the 10th and 11th Twelver Shi'ite Imams: Ali al-Hadi and Hasan al-Askari.
Imam Ali Mosque Najaf Iraq 977 Shia, Sunni Houses the tomb of Ali ibn Abi Talib, Muhammad's cousin and fourth Caliph, and the first person of the Shia Imamate.
Great Mosque of Diyarbakır Diyarbakır Turkey 1092 Sunni One of the oldest known mosques in modern Turkey, possibly the oldest,[126][127] but its early history is not well-understood.[128][129] A mosque was founded in the area after the city's Muslim conquest in 639.[130][128] The current building dates from thee Seljuk-era, dated by inscription to 1091–2 and further works continuing in the 12th century.[126][131][129]
Yivliminare Mosque (Alaeddin Mosque) Antalya Turkey 1230
Aslanhane Mosque Ankara Turkey 1290

Transcaucasia

Transcaucasia
Building Image Location Country First built Tradition Notes
Juma Mosque Shamakhi Azerbaijan 743-744 Built in 743–744, set on fire by Armenian units of "Dashnaktsutiun" in 1918, reconstructed in 2009.
Blue Mosque Yerevan Armenia Mid-18th century

Europe

See also: List of mosques in Europe

Central and Eastern Europe

Central Europe and Eastern Europe (excluding the Caucasus, European Russia and Nordic countries)
Building Image Location Country First built Tradition Notes
Al-Agha Mosque Dragash Kosovo 1268 Built by Muslims who migrated from Aleppo, in Syria, to Kosovo.[132]
Dzhumaya Mosque Plovdiv Bulgaria 1363–1364 Built during the reign of Sultan Murad II the old building was demolished and replaced by the modern-day mosque.
Sailors' Mosque Ulcinj Montenegro 14th century
Halit Efendi Mosque Slupčane, Lipkovo Municipality North Macedonia 1415 Considered the oldest mosque in North Macedonia. However, as a result of the various renovation works, the building has been altered to such an extent that it is no longer in its original state.[133]
Turhan Emin-Beg Mosque Ustikolina Bosnia and Herzegovina 1448–1449 Built by Turhan Emin-beg. Known to have been destroyed two times (1941 and 1992) and rebuilt two times (1956 and 2007).[134]
Fatih Mosque, Elbasan Elbasan Castle Albania 1466 Built by the orders of Sultan Mehmed II.[135]
Old Mosque, Plav (Imperial Mosque) Plav Montenegro 1471 Built during the Ottoman rule in the city.[136]
King Mosque or Sultan Bayazit Mosque Elbasan Albania 1482
Iljaz Mirahori Mosque Korçë Albania 1494 It was built by Iljaz Hoxha, also known as Iljaz Bey Mirahor,[137] and is a Cultural Monument of Albania.[138]
Mosque of Kuklibeu Prizren Kosovo 1534
Mosque of Muderis Ali Efendi Prizren Kosovo 1543–1581
Esmahan Sultan Mosque Mangalia Romania 1575 Oldest mosque in Romania
Poland 1558 Tatar mosques in Poland were noted in a 1558 treatise Risale-i Tatar-i Lech.[139]
Lithuania 16th century Various records indicate Lithuanian Tatars built mosques in then the Grand Duchy of Lithuania during the 16th century[140]
Mosque of Sinan Pasha Prizren Kosovo 1615
Log pod Mangartom Mosque Log pod Mangartom, Municipality of Bovec Slovenia 1916 Built by Bosniak members of the Austro-Hungarian army, in what was then Austria-Hungary.[141]
Gunja Mosque Gunja Croatia 1969 The first and one of the few mosques in Croatia, located near the border with Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Vienna Islamic Centre-Mosque Vienna Austria 1979 [142]
Brno Mosque Brno Czech Republic 1998 Construction began 1996, inaugurated 1998.[143]

Iberian Peninsula

Iberian Peninsula
Building Image Location Country First built Tradition Notes
Great Mosque of Cordoba (Mezquita) Córdoba, Andalusia Spain 785 Originally built by Abd al-Rahman I in the then Emirate of Córdoba, it underwent successive extensions in the 9th and 10th centuries. After the Castilian conquest of Cordoba in 1236, it was converted into the city's cathedral, which it remains to this day.[144][145]
Mosque inside Aljafería Palace Zaragoza, Aragon Spain 1046 A small prayer room inside the Aljafería Palace, dating from the Taifa period under the Hudid dynasty in the then Caliphate of Córdoba.[146] It is accessed through a portal inside palace.[147]: 118–120  In 2001, the original restored structures of the Aljafería were included in the Mudéjar Architecture of Aragon, a World Heritage Site.[148]
Mosque of Madinat al-Zahra Córdoba, Andalusia Spain 941–942 Friday mosque of Madinat al-Zahra, a vast, fortified palace-city begun in 936 by Abd al-Rahman III.[149] The city's mosque was inaugurated in 941–942.[150][147]: 61  The complex was plundered & destroyed during the civil war that ended the Caliphate of Córdoba in the early 11th century.[149] A UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2018.[151]
Mosque of Cristo de la Luz Toledo, Castile-La Mancha Spain 999 Built in the then Caliphate of Córdoba,[152] this building is a rarity in that it is in much the same state as it was when it was originally built.[152] Originally a square structure with nine domed bays, a semi-circular apse was added in 1187, after it had been converted into a church.[147]: 88 
Mosque of las Tornerías
(Arabic: الـمـسـتـمـيـم, romanized: al-Mustimim) 		Toledo, Castile-La Mancha Spain mid-11th-century Built on the foundations of Roman architecture, located in the old Muslim neighborhood Arrabal de Francos, in the then Taifa of Toledo. The building continued maintaining the Islamic faith in Spain well beyond the reconquista of the city by the Christian troops of Alfonso VI of León and Castile in 1085, until the period of 1498–1505, when it was desacralizated by the Catholic Monarchs.[153][154]
Ribat of Arrifana Archaeological site Aljezur, Algarve Portugal 1130 Probably constructed by Abu-l-Qasim Ahmad ibn al-Husayn ibn Qasi, governor of Silves and a rebel leader against the Almoravid dynasty. These are the only ruins of such Muslim fortress to have been identified in Portugal, excavated by Portuguese archaeologists since 2001.[155]
Church of Nossa Senhora da Anunciação Mértola, Alentejo Portugal Second-half of the 12th century Unique and most identifiable former mosque in Portugal, in what was then the Almohad Caliphate, although a mixture of Almohad and Manueline post-Gothic architecture. Rebuilt in the second half of the 12th century with some elements from the 9th century.[156]
Giralda Seville, Andalusia Spain 1248 Only the minaret remains, built in the then Almohad Caliphate. Mosque comparable in size to Great mosque of Cordoba,[157] mostly destroyed by earthquake in 1365. Minaret used as a church bell tower was built higher in the 16th century.
Church of São Clemente Tavira, Algarve Portugal Second-half of the 13th century Only parts of the original minaret remain, built in the Kingdom of Portugal, incorporated in the church bell tower. It's 22.7 m (74 ft) tall and 4.2 m (14 ft) wide. Across it lies an old Muslim cemetery of Jardim dos Amuados.[158]
Mosque of Tórtoles Tarazona, Aragon Spain 15th-century Almost unaltered in the later centuries; built in the then Crown of Aragon.[159]
San Sebastian Minaret (Alminar De San Sebastian) Ronda, Andalusia Spain Only the minaret of the medium-size mosque in Plaza Abul Beka neighborhood remains in the then Almohad Caliphate. Minaret was expanded and used as a bell tower. The mosque was converted to a church but destroyed in the 1600s during Morisco Revolts. Ronda was a Muslim city for 700 years. The city had 7 or 8 mosques; none survive today.[160]

Russia

 Russia
Building Image Location First built Tradition Notes
Juma Mosque Derbent, Dagestan 700-900 (approximate) Then part of the Abbasid Caliphate[81]

Scandinavia

Scandinavia
Building Image Location Country First built Tradition Notes
Järvenpää Mosque Finland 1942 A mosque of the community of Finnish Tatars. It is considered to be the oldest mosque in Scandinavia. Finland's first Muslim cemetery was established in the 1830s for Russian troops.[161]
Nusrat Djahan Mosque Hvidovre, outside Copenhagen Denmark 1967 Ahmadiyya The first purpose-built mosque in Scandinavia.[161]
Islamic Cultural Centre Norway Oslo Norway 1974 Sunni Deobandi Founded by Pakistani-Norwegians aided by Danish Muslims. Followed by the first Shi'i mosque, Anjuman-e Hussain, in 1975; and the first Sunni Barelvi mosque in 1976.
Nasir Mosque Gothenburg Sweden 1976
Stockholm Sweden 2000 Converted from Katarinastation, a former power station.[162]
Reykjavík Mosque Reykjavík Iceland 2002 Not a purpose-built mosque, but serves as an interim gathering site.[163]

United Kingdom and Ireland

United Kingdom and Ireland
Building Image Location Country First built Tradition Notes
Liverpool Mosque and Muslim Institute Liverpool, England United Kingdom 1891 Several sources state that a mosque was founded in 1860 at 2 Glynrhondda Street, Cardiff, Wales. This has been rejected by an academic paper as a transcription error.[164][165]
Dublin Mosque and Islamic Centre Dublin Ireland 1976 Later,[143] followed by the first purpose-built mosque was built in Ballyhaunis in 1987.

Western Europe

See also: List of mosques in France and List of mosques in Germany
Western-Central Europe (excluding the British Isles, Nordic countries, and countries that are also in Eastern Europe)
Building Image Location Country First built Tradition Notes
Père Lachaise Ottoman Mosque Paris France 1856 The first in Metropolitan France, served for burial prayers for Ottoman diplomats, North African military personnel, and Turkish and Arab students. It fell into disrepair when France and the Ottoman Empire went to war in 1914.[166]
Grand Mosque of Paris Paris France 1926 Built in the Moroccan style and honored Muslim French veterans of World War I.[167]
Wünsdorf Mosque Wünsdorf, Berlin Germany 1915 Erected by the Imperial German Army administration for Muslim Allied prisoners of war in the POW camp in Wünsdorf, later used as refugee camp. In 1930 torn down due to lack of a congregation.
Mobarak Mosque The Hague Netherlands 1955 The first known purpose-built mosque in the Netherlands.
Centre Islamique de Genève Geneva Switzerland 1961 Founded by Said Ramadan, known as the Little Mosque of Geneva.

Oceania

See also: List of mosques in Oceania and List of mosques in Australia

Australasia

Australasia
Building Image Location Country First built Tradition Notes
Marree Mosque Marree, South Australia Australia 1861 / 1882 Small structure in the South Australian desert built by Australia's "Afghan" camel-drivers, has been restored.[168][74]
Central Adelaide Mosque Adelaide, South Australia Australia 1888 The oldest major city mosque in the country.[168]
Ponsonby Mosque Auckland New Zealand 1980 Cornerstone laid in 1979; the first Islamic centre in the country was installed in an Auckland house bought in 1959.[169]

Melanesia

Melanesia
Building Image Location Country First built Tradition Notes
Hidayatullah Sanoek Mosque Sanoek, South Waigeo, Raja Ampat Regency, West Papua Indonesia 1505 (approximate) The oldest surviving mosque in Oceania[170]
Vitogo, Nausori, and Tavua Fiji 1922 (approximate) A number of wooden mosques were built by local Islamic assemblies around 1922.[171]
Port Moresby Papua New Guinea 2000 Islam was introduced to the island in the 1970s,[172] and the first Islamic centre established in 1988.[74]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Mentioned in: Quran 2:144–217;[3] Quran 5:2;[4] Quran 8:34;[5] Quran 9:7–28;[6] Quran 17:1;[2] Quran 22:25;[7] Quran 48:25–27.[8]
  2. ^ According to historian Oleg Grabar, "It is only at a relatively late date that the Muslim holy space in Jerusalem came to be referred to as al-haram al-sharif (literally, the Noble Sacred Precinct or Restricted Enclosure, often translated as the Noble Sanctuary and usually simply referred to as the Haram). While the exact early history of this term is unclear, we know that it only became common in Ottoman times, when administrative order was established over all matters pertaining to the organization of the Muslim faith and the supervision of the holy places, for which the Ottomans took financial and architectural responsibility. Before the Ottomans, the space was usually called al-masjid al-aqsa (the Farthest Mosque), a term now reserved to the covered congregational space on the Haram, or masjid bayt al-maqdis (Mosque of the Holy City) or, even, like Mecca's sanctuary, al-masjid al-ḥarâm,"[22]

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