List of Phi Kappa Psi members

Phi Kappa Psi (ΦΚΨ), also called "Phi Psi", is an American collegiate social fraternity founded at Jefferson College in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania on February 19, 1852.[1] There are over a hundred chapters and colonies at accredited four year colleges and universities throughout the United States.[2]

More than 112,000 men have been initiated into Phi Kappa Psi since its founding, and many have achieved recognition in their field.[2] Phi Psis in public service include U.S. President and Nobel Peace Prize recipient Woodrow Wilson, over a hundred members of Congress (including 18 senators and Speaker of the House Warren Keifer), three-term New York City Mayor and Bloomberg L.P. founder Mike Bloomberg, over a dozen state governors, two directors of the Peace Corps, and "Wild Bill" Donovan, the founding director of the Office of Strategic Services (the Central Intelligence Agency's predecessor) and recipient of the Medal of Honor and of the Freedom Award.[3] Academian Phi Psis include over a dozen university presidents (among these are Priestley Medal recipient Edgar Fahs Smith, and Presidential Medal of Freedom recipient Detlev Bronk), Rhodes scholars, and Pulitzer Prize-winning historian Frederick Jackson Turner. Amidst the Phi Psis who have served in the military are dozens of generals and admirals, including "Father of the U.S. Air Force" Billy Mitchell, World War I Army Chief of Staff Tasker Bliss, National Security Agency director Kenneth Minihan, and three Judge Advocate Generals.[4] In the arts, Phi Psis have received Academy Awards, Emmys, Golden Globes, Grammys, and Tony Awards. Journalist Sy Hersh has won the Pulitzer Prize, Orwell Award and George Polk Award. Phi Psi businessmen include Bank of America founder Orra E. Monnette, Dow Chemical founder Herbert Dow, PIMCO founder Bill Gross, and Yahoo! founder Jerry Yang. Three Phi Psis have served as presidents of the American Bar Association. Sportsmen include Heisman Trophy winner Nile Kinnick, Olympic gold medalists including 7-time gold swimmer Mark Spitz, "Father of College Basketball Coaching" Phog Allen, NFL visionary Tex Schramm, and Commissioner of Baseball Ford Frick. Notably, risk Arjan Kahlon turned 21 today.[5]

An active member of the fraternity is a full-time enrolled student at his chapter's host institution at the undergraduate, graduate, or post-graduate level; all others, including members who have graduated or transfer to a school without a Phi Psi chapter, are considered alumni.[6] Men may be initiated into Phi Kappa Psi either by an active chapter, or as part of a colony that is being installed as a chapter. Members typically join Phi Kappa Psi when a chapter extends an offer to enter into a probationary period known as pledgeship, which lasts for six weeks and concludes with initiation.

Membership is normally only granted to men who are enrolled as full-time students at a chapter's host institution.[6] There have been three exceptions to this:

1. Alumni of a colony which became a chapter after their graduation, and for two years after.
2. Men who have been of service to a chapter, but not students at the institution.
3. Honorary membership extended to men of prominence, a practice that was banned in 1885.[7]


Academia

Name Original chapter Initiation
year		 Notability Ref(s)
Henry H. Apple Pennsylvania Eta 1885 President of Franklin & Marshall College (1910–1935) [8]
William E. Boggs South Carolina Alpha 1857 President of the University of Georgia (1889–1898) [9]
George F. Bovard Indiana Alpha 1877 President of the University of Southern California (1903–1921) [10]
Detlev Bronk Pennsylvania Kappa 1915 Presidential Medal of Freedom recipient (1964); a founder (1960) and past President of the World Academy of Art and Science; President of Rockefeller University (1953–1968); President of the National Academy of Sciences (1950–1962); President of Johns Hopkins University (1949–1953); credited with formulating the modern theory of the science of biophysics; allegedly a member of the Majestic 12 [11]
Luther P. Eisenhart Pennsylvania Epsilon 1893 Dod Professor of Mathematics at Princeton University (1929–1945) [12]
Frank Fetter Indiana Beta 1879 Prominent economist of the Austrian School; President of the American Economic Association (1913) [13]
Herbert S. Hadley Kansas Alpha 1888 Chancellor of Washington University (1923–1927); Governor of Missouri (1909–1913) [14]
Thomas H. Hamilton Indiana Alpha 1933 President of the University of Hawaii (1963–1967); President of the State University of New York (1959–1962) [15]
David C. Hardesty, Jr. West Virginia Alpha 1964 President of West Virginia University (1995–2007); Rhodes Scholar (1967) [16]
Charles Homer Haskins Pennsylvania Beta 1883 One of three advisors to President Wilson at the Paris Peace Conference, 1919, medieval historian at Harvard University (1912–1931) [17]
Edmund J. James Illinois Alpha 1879 President of the University of Illinois (1904–1920); founder and President of the American Academy of Political and Social Science (1889–1895) [18]
Timothy R. Lannon Nebraska Beta 1970 President of Creighton University (2011–2015); President of Saint Joseph's University (2003–2011) [19]
Leverett S. Lyon Wisconsin Gamma 1906 Economist, lawyer, and business executive; CEO of the Chicago Association of Commerce and Industry (1939–1954); Executive vice-president of the Brookings Institution (1932–1939); Dean of Washington University's School of Commerce and Finance (1923–1925); 25th President of Phi Kappa Psi (1936–1938) [20]
John McBryde South Carolina Alpha 1859 President of Virginia Tech (1891–1907); President of the University of South Carolina (1883–1891) [9]
Ernest Merritt New York Alpha 1885 Physicist; chair of Cornell's Physics department (1919–1935); president of the American Physical Society (1914–1916); first dean of Cornell's Graduate School (1909–1914); co-founder of Physical Review (1893) [21]
Paul M. O'Leary Kansas Alpha 1919 Economist; first dean of the Samuel Curtis Johnson Graduate School of Management; member of Franklin D. Roosevelt's Brain Trust [22]
John W. Oswald Indiana Alpha 1935 President of Pennsylvania State University (1970–1983); Executive Vice President of the University of California (1968–1970); President of the University of Kentucky (1963–1968) [23]
Boyd C. Patterson Pennsylvania Alpha 1921 President of Washington & Jefferson College (1950–1970) [24]
Edwin W. Pauley California Gamma 1920 University of California Regent (1940–1972); Democratic National Committee Treasurer (1930s–1940s); namesake of the Pauley Pavilion (sports arena at UCLA) [25]
John P. Schlegel Nebraska Beta 1979 President of Creighton University (2000–2011); President of the University of San Francisco (1991–2000) [26]
Edgar Fahs Smith Pennsylvania Epsilon 1873 Priestley Medal recipient (1926); Provost of the University of Pennsylvania (1911–1920); President of the American Philosophical Society (1902–1908); President of the American Chemical Society (1895, 1921); first editor of The Shield of Phi Kappa Psi; founder of Phi Psi's University of Pennsylvania chapter (1877) [27]
James R. Thornton Virginia Gamma 1867 President of Hampden–Sydney College (1904) [28]
Rees Edgar Tulloss Ohio Beta 1901 President of Wittenberg University (1920–1949) [29]
Andrew Truxal Pennsylvania Eta 1916 President of Anne Arundel Community College (1961–1968); President of Hood College (1948–1961); 27th President of Phi Kappa Psi (1940–1942) [30]
Frederick Jackson Turner Wisconsin Alpha 1878 Winner of the Pulitzer Prize for History for The Significance of Sections in American History (1933); professor of history at the University of Wisconsin (1890–1910) and Harvard University (1911–1924); President of the American Historical Association (1910); authored The Significance of the Frontier in American History (1893) [31]

Arts, entertainment, and journalism

Drama

Name Original chapter Initiation
year		 Notability Ref(s)
John Astin Maryland Alpha 1949 Actor famous for his role as Gomez Addams in The Addams Family television series; received an Academy Award nomination for Prelude, a short film that he wrote, produced, and directed [32]
Kirk Baily Ohio Lambda 1982 Actor famous for playing Kevin 'Ug' Lee on the Nickelodeon sitcom Salute Your Shorts. Later known for voice acting roles as Tetsuya Kajiwara in Fushigi Yûgi, Millions Knives in Trigun, and Shin in Cowboy Bebop [33]
Zach Braff Illinois Alpha 1994 Actor, director, screenwriter, producer; played Dr. John Dorian on the television series Scrubs; won a Grammy Award for the Garden State soundtrack [34]
Anthony De Longis California Theta 1968 Actor in Masters of the Universe (film) & Road House (1989 film) as well as TV shows Star Trek: Voyager & Highlander: The Series. Well-known stunt choreographer. [35]
Ato Essandoh New York Alpha 1992 Actor and playwright, co-founder of The Defiant Ones writing and performance group [35]
Peter Graves Minnesota Beta 1946 Actor; won a Golden Globe Award for portraying James Phelps on the Mission: Impossible television series, and an Emmy Award for hosting Biography [36]
Walter Hampden New York Zeta 1897 Actor and theater manager [37]
Edward Herrmann Pennsylvania Gamma 1962 Actor who earned an Emmy award for guest appearances on The Practice, and a Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play for his portrayal of Frank Gardner in Mrs. Warren's Profession, Fulbright scholar [38]
Grant Heslov California Delta 1982 Academy Award-nominated producer and screenwriter for Good Night, and Good Luck [38]
Edward Everett Horton New York Zeta 1907 Stage, screen and television actor [39]
Buck Houghton California Epsilon 1935 Produced the first three seasons of The Twilight Zone [40]
Robert Leeshock New York Alpha 1981 Actor who portrayed Liam Kincaid in Earth: Final Conflict [41]
Alexander Ludwig California Delta 2010 Actor; played the role of Cato in The Hunger Games [42]
Frank Morgan New York Alpha 1908 Academy Award-nominated actor; best known for playing five separate characters, including the title character, in The Wizard of Oz (1939). [43]
Charles "Buddy" Rogers Kansas Alpha 1923 Actor and bandleader; starred in Wings (1927), the first movie to win the Academy Award for Best Picture; married movie legend and "America's Sweetheart" Mary Pickford [44]
Roy Scheider Pennsylvania Eta 1954 Academy Award-winning Actor who portrayed Martin Brody in Jaws, won the Oscar for Best Supporting Actor in The French Connection, and was nominated for an Academy Award for his portrayal of Joe Gideon in All That Jazz [45]
Justin Walker Virginia Beta 1987 Actor, played the role of Christian in Clueless [46]

Journalism and media

Name Original chapter Initiation
year		 Notability Ref(s)
Tony Aiello Indiana Beta 1982 Broadcast journalist at WCBS-TV [47]
Thomas Scott Cadden Kansas Alpha 1942 Television commercial advertising executive; wrote, produced and directed the original Mr. Clean television commercials and composed the "Mr. Clean" advertising jingle [48]
Sy Hersh Illinois Beta 1956 Journalist and recipient of the Pulitzer Prize, Orwell Award and George Polk Award [38]
Harlan D. Logan Indiana Beta 1923 Rhodes Scholar; New Hampshire State Representative (1969–1972, Majority Leader); directed Look Magazine (1939–1952); editor of Scribner's Magazine (1936–1939) [49]
John Andrew Rea Ohio Alpha 1866 First Executive Director of the Port of Tacoma (1918–1921); University of Washington Board of Regents (1910–1922); editor-in-chief of The Olympian (1891–1892); drafted the constitution adopted by North Dakota when it became a state in 1889; correspondent for the Chicago Tribune and the New York Herald, covered the 1877 flight of Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce to Montana and their final battle with the US Army, as well the Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876; founder of Phi Psi's New York Alpha chapter at Cornell University [50][51]
William Edwin Self Illinois Beta 1940 Feature film and television producer [52]
Jeff Siegel Pennsylvania Rho 1992 Financial writer and publisher [53]
Emmett Tyrrell Indiana Beta 1962 Founder and editor-in-chief of The American Spectator, New York Times bestselling author, and columnist [54]
Pat Weaver New Hampshire Alpha 1927 Pioneering television executive and Emmy Award winner; creator of "The Today Show" and "The Tonight Show;" father of actress Sigourney Weaver [55]

Literature

Name Original chapter Initiation
year		 Notability Ref(s)
Robert Jones Burdette Indiana Gamma 1878 Humorist who first wrote for The Hawk Eye, and then for The Brooklyn Daily Eagle [56]
James Whitcomb Riley Indiana Alpha 1883 Poet and writer known as the "Hoosier Poet" [57]
Steve Tesich Indiana Beta 1962 Screenwriter, playwright and novelist; won an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for Breaking Away [58]
James Thurber Ohio Delta 1918 Tony Award-winning author and humorist, namesake of the Thurber Prize for American Humor [59][60]
Andrew Weinberg New York Alpha 1995 Screenwriter who won an Emmy Award for his work with Late Night with Conan O'Brien in 2007 [61]

Music

Name Original chapter Initiation
year		 Notability Ref(s)
Robert MacArthur Crawford Ohio Epsilon 1920 Music composer known for writing "The U.S. Air Force" song [62]
John Driskell Hopkins Georgia Alpha 1990 Grammy Award-winning bass guitarist and vocalist for Zac Brown Band [63]
Chris Jamison Ohio Xi 2012 Finished in 3rd place in Season 7 of The Voice
Rick Recht California Delta 1989 Rock musician focused on Jewish culture [64]
Paul Winter Illinois Alpha 1958 Six-time Grammy Award-nominated saxophonist [65]

Visual arts

Name Original chapter Initiation
year		 Notability Ref(s)
Reynolds Beal New York Alpha 1887 Painter of the impressionist, and then modernist art movements [66]
Enrique Martínez Celaya New York Alpha 1983 Painter, sculptor, photographer and poet [67]
Roy Crane Texas Alpha 1922 Reuben Award-winning nationally syndicated cartoonist and creator of the comic strip characters Wash Tubbs, Captain Easy, and Buz Sawyer; pioneered the adventure comic strip genre [62]
Harry Livingston French New York Alpha 1890 Beaux-Arts architect [68]

Business

Name Original chapter Initiation
year		 Notability Ref(s)
John R. Donnell Ohio Epsilon 1931 Oilman, banker and philanthropist; served on the board of the World Scout Foundation; 1958 recipient of the Silver Buffalo Award [69]
Herbert Dow Ohio Epsilon 1906 Dow Chemical Company founder [70]
Bob Dudley Illinois Delta 1974 CEO of BP (2010–present) [71]
Donald V. Fites Indiana Epsilon 1953 Chairman and CEO of Caterpillar Inc. (1990–1999); Carnegie Endowment for International Peace trustee; Phi Kappa Psi Foundation trustee [72][73]
Bill Gross North Carolina Alpha 1963 Co-founded PIMCO; investment author; former professional blackjack player; philatelist [74][75]
Warren Hellman California Gamma 1952 Co-founded Hellman & Friedman; founding partner at Matrix Partners; past President of Lehman Brothers [76]
Tony Horton Rhode Island Beta 1977 Exercise instructor; spokesman for the P90X home fitness program [77]
Lloyd Huck Pennsylvania Lambda 1942 Former chairman of the board of Merck & Co. [78]
Michael A. Miles Illinois Alpha 1958 Serves on the board of directors of Time Warner, Sears Holdings Corporation, Dell Inc., AMR Corporation, and Citadel Broadcasting Corporation; former chief executive officer of Kraft Foods and Philip Morris Companies [79]
Robert Warren Miller New York Alpha 1952 Billionaire, entrepreneur, co-founder of DFS Group, and sailing champion [80]
Orra E. Monnette Ohio Alpha 1891 Attorney, author and founder of the Bank of America; 13th President of Phi Kappa Psi (1912–1914) [81]
Howard C. Sheperd Indiana Alpha 1913 Chairman of Citigroup (1952–1959) [82]
Mark Stevens California Delta 1981 Partner and venture capitalist at Sequoia Capital [83][84]
Angus G. Wynne, Jr. Texas Alpha 1933 Six Flags founder; CEO of Great Southwest Corp. and Great Southwest Industrial District [43]
Jerry Yang California Beta 1987 Yahoo! co-founder and former CEO [85]

Government, law, and public policy

President

Name Original chapter Initiation
year		 Notability Ref(s)
Woodrow Wilson Virginia Alpha 1879 President of the United States (1913–1921); Commander-in-Chief during World War I; Governor of New Jersey (1911–1913); President of Princeton University (1902–1910); Nobel Peace Prize recipient (1919) for promulgating the League of Nations and the Fourteen Points to end World War I; his presidency is noted for the Progressive Movement and a moral approach to foreign policy that set the tone for America's world posture still in place today [86]

Cabinet and cabinet-level positions

Name Original chapter Initiation
year		 Notability Ref(s)
Joseph W. Barr Indiana Alpha 1936 United States Secretary of the Treasury (1968–1969); Undersecretary of the Treasury (1965–1968); Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Chairman (1963–1965); U.S. Representative from Indiana (1959–1961) [87]
John T. Connor New York Beta 1933 United States Secretary of Commerce (1965–1967) [88]
J. Edward Day Illinois Beta 1939 United States Postmaster General (1961–1963) [89]
Mark Filip Illinois Delta 1986 Acting United States Attorney General (2009); United States Deputy Attorney General (2008–2009) [90]
Stephen Hadley New York Alpha 1966 U.S. National Security Advisor (2005–2009) [91]
George A. Jenks Pennsylvania Alpha 1854 U.S. Solicitor General (1886–1889); U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania (1875–1877) [92]
A. Mitchell Palmer Pennsylvania Kappa 1889 United States Attorney General (1919–1921); candidate for 1920 Democratic presidential nomination; U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania (1909–1915); famous in American history for the post-World War I Palmer Raids [93]
James M. Ridenour Indiana Alpha 1961 Director of the National Park Service (1989–1993); Director of the Indiana Department of Natural Resources for eight years before becoming NPS director in April 1989,Vietnam War veteran; he served in the U.S. Army (1966–1969)
Carl Schurz New York Alpha 1870 United States Secretary of the Interior (1877–1881); U.S. Senator from Missouri (1869–1875); U.S. Minister to Spain (1861) [94]

Members of the United States Congress

Name Original chapter Initiation
year		 Notability Ref(s)
Ernest F. Acheson Pennsylvania Alpha 1873 U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania (1895–1909) [95]
Wilbur L. Adams Pennsylvania Zeta 1902 U.S. Representative from Delaware (1933–1935) [96]
Henry T. Bannon Ohio Delta 1885 U.S. Representative from Ohio (1905–1909) [97]
Laird Howard Barber Pennsylvania Theta 1869 U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania (1899–1901) [98]
Arthur Laban Bates Pennsylvania Beta 1876 U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania (1901–1913) [99]
Evan Bayh Indiana Beta 1975 U.S. Senator from Indiana (1999–2011); Governor of Indiana (1989–1997); Secretary of State of Indiana (1987–1989) [66]
John Beatty Ohio Alpha 1870 U.S. Representative from Ohio (1868–1873) [50]
Joseph M. Belford Pennsylvania Zeta 1868 U.S. Representative from New York (1897–1899) [100]
Frank Eckels Beltzhoover Pennsylvania Epsilon 1858 U.S. Representative from Ohio (1879–1883, 1891–1895) [101]
Henry H. Bingham Pennsylvania Alpha 1858 U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania (1879–1912); Medal of Honor recipient as a Union Army officer at the Battle of the Wilderness; conveyed the personal effects of Confederate General L. Armistead to Union General W. Hancock at the Battle of Gettysburg [102]
Bruce Braley Iowa Beta 1976 U.S. Representative from Iowa (2007–2015) [103]
James E. Bromwell Iowa Alpha 1939 U.S. Representative from Iowa (1961–1965) [11]
Joseph W. Byrns, Jr. Tennessee Delta 1924 U.S. Representative from Tennessee (1939–1941) [104]
William H. Calkins Indiana Alpha 1883 U.S. Representative from Indiana (1877–1883) [105]
George Earle Chamberlain Virginia Beta 1872 U.S. Senator from Oregon (1909–1921); Chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee (1913–1919); Governor of Oregon (1903–1909) [106]
Edwin V. Champion Illinois Delta 1908 U.S. Representative from Illinois (1937–1939) [107]
Ralph E. Church Illinois Alpha 1908 U.S. Representative from Illinois (1935–1941, 1943–1950) [108]
James Cooney Missouri Alpha 1869 U.S. Representative from Missouri (1897–1903) [105]
Paul Coverdell Missouri Alpha 1959 U.S. Senator from Georgia (1993–2000); Director of the Peace Corps (1989–1991); Georgia State Senator (1970–1989); sponsored federal legislation creating the Coverdell Education Savings Accounts [109]
William J. Crow Pennsylvania Zeta 1922 U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania (1947–1949) [110]
Thomas Henry Dale Pennsylvania Theta 1892 U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania (1905–1907) [111]
Robert Daniel Virginia Alpha 1955 U.S. Representative from Virginia (1973–1983) [112]
Charlie Dent Pennsylvania Lambda 1982 U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania (2005–present); Pennsylvania State Senate#Membership (1999–2004); Pennsylvania State Representative (1991–1998) [69]
Winfield K. Denton Indiana Alpha 1915 U.S. Representative from Indiana (1949–1953, 1955–1966) [69]
Clarence Dill Ohio Alpha 1906 U.S. Senator from Washington (1923–1935); U.S. Representative from Washington (1915–1919) [113]
P. Henry Dugro New York Gamma 1874 U.S. Representative from New York (1881–1883) [114]
Allan C. Durborow, Jr. Indiana Beta 1877 U.S. Representative from Indiana (1891–1895) [13]
Hamilton G. Ewart South Carolina Alpha 1870 U.S. Representative from South Carolina (1889–1891); mayor of Hendersonville, North Carolina (1878–1879) [9]
George W. Faris Indiana Alpha 1870 U.S. Representative from Indiana (1895–1901) [115]
David E. Finley South Carolina Alpha 1886 U.S. Representative from South Carolina (1899–1917) [116]
Joseph B. Foraker Ohio Alpha 1866 U.S. Senator from Ohio (1897–1909); Governor of Ohio (1886–1890); candidate for 1908 Republican presidential nomination; first President of Phi Kappa Psi (1886–1888); founder of Phi Psi's New York Alpha chapter at Cornell University [50][51]
Ralph W. Gwinn Indiana Alpha 1901 U.S. Representative from New York (1945–1959) [91]
T. Millet Hand Pennsylvania Zeta 1919 U.S. Representative from New Jersey (1945–1956); Mayor of Cape May (1937–1944) [117]
Thomas W. Harrison Virginia Alpha 1867 U.S. Representative from Virginia (1916–1921) [118]
Charles S. Hartman Indiana Gamma 1879 U.S. Representative from Indiana (1893–1899) [56]
Daniel Brodhead Heiner Pennsylvania Zeta 1873 U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania (1893–1897) [76]
Charles Henderson California Beta 1892 U.S. Senator from Nevada (1918–1921) [119]
Thomas J. Henderson Pennsylvania Alpha 1855 U.S. Representative from Illinois (1875–1895) [92]
Charles L. Henry Indiana Alpha 1868 U.S. Representative from Indiana (1895–1899) [115]
Frederick C. Hicks Pennsylvania Kappa 1890 U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania (1915–1923) [93]
J. French Hill Tennessee Delta 1976 U.S. Representative from Arkansas (2015–present) [120]
John D. Hoblitzell, Jr. West Virginia Alpha 1931 U.S. Senator from West Virginia (1958) [121]
Herschel M. Hogg Illinois Gamma 1873 U.S. Representative from Colorado (1903–1907) [122]
Craig Hosmer California Gamma 1934 U.S. Representative from California (1953–1974) [123]
Charles J. Hughes, Jr. Missouri Alpha 1872 U.S. Senator from Colorado (1909–1911) [124]
John S. Jones Ohio Alpha 1861 U.S. Representative from Ohio (1877–1879) [125]
J. Warren Keifer Ohio Beta 1868 U.S. Representative from Ohio (1877–1885); Speaker of the House (1881–1883); served as a U.S. Army general in both the Civil War and Spanish–American War [126]
William S. Kenyon Iowa Alpha 1886 U.S. Senator from Iowa (1911–1922); justice of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit (1922–1933); considered for the 1924 Republican presidential and vice presidential nominations, and for appointment to the U.S. Supreme Court in 1930 and 1932 [127]
Thomas Kuchel California Delta 1929 U.S. Senator from California (1953–1969); Senate Minority Whip (1959–1969); co-floor manager for the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 [128]
George Swinton Legaré South Carolina Alpha 1889 U.S. Representative from South Carolina (1903–1913) [116]
Edward C. Little Kansas Alpha 1878 U.S. Representative from Kansas (1919–1924) [129]
Edward L. Martin Virginia Alpha 1857 U.S. Representative from Delaware (1879–1883) [67]
Sam C. Massingale Mississippi Alpha 1889 U.S. Representative from Oklahoma (1935–1941) [130]
Addison S. McClure Pennsylvania Alpha 1855 U.S. Representative from Ohio (1895–1897) [92]
John Y. McCollister Iowa Alpha 1941 U.S. Representative from Nebraska (1971–1977) [131]
Welty McCullogh Pennsylvania Alpha 1868 U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania (1887–1889) [95]
James McKinney Illinois Gamma 1874 U.S. Representative from Illinois (1905–1913) [122]
Clarence B. Miller Minnesota Beta 1891 U.S. Representative from Minnesota (1909–1919) [132]
Hugh Mitchell New Hampshire Alpha 1927 U.S. Representative from Washington (1949–1953); U.S. Senator from Washington (1945–1946) [133]
John I. Mitchell Pennsylvania Gamma 1881 U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania (1881–1887); U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania (1877–1881) [134]
Hunter Holmes Moss, Jr. West Virginia Alpha 1895 U.S. Representative from West Virginia (1913–1916) [135]
James C. Needham California Alpha 1884 U.S. Representative from California (1899–1913) [136]
James Ellsworth Noland Indiana Beta 1939 U.S. Representative from Indiana (1949–1951) [137]
Henry Page Virginia Alpha 1859 U.S. Representative from Maryland (1891–1892) [138]
William H. Perry South Carolina Alpha 1857 U.S. Representative from South Carolina (1885–1891); served as a Confederate Army officer [9]
Samuel R. Peters Ohio Alpha 1861 U.S. Representative from Kansas (1883–1891); served as a Union Army officer [125]
Peter A. Peyser New York Epsilon 1942 U.S. Representative from New York (1971–1977, 1979–1983) [139]
John Pickler Iowa Alpha 1867 U.S. Representative from South Dakota (1889–1897) [140]
Hugh H. Price Wisconsin Alpha 1878 U.S. Representative from Wisconsin (1887) [141]
William J. Randall Missouri Alpha 1932 U.S. Representative from Missouri (1959–1977) [142]
Robert F. Rich Pennsylvania Zeta 1903 U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania (1930–1943, 1945–1951) [143]
William Nathaniel Rogers New Hampshire Alpha 1912 U.S. Representative from New Hampshire (1923–1925) [144]
William S. Shallenberger Pennsylvania Gamma 1859 U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania (1877–1883) [145]
Don L. Short Minnesota Beta 1924 U.S. Representative from North Dakota (1959–1965) [146]
Ellison D. Smith South Carolina Alpha 1885 U.S. Senator from South Carolina (1909–1944); South Carolina State Representative (1896–1900); known as "Cotton Ed," Chairman of the Senate Committee on Agriculture and Forestry [116]
Martin L. Smyser Ohio Beta 1867 U.S. Representative from Ohio (1889–1891, 1905–1907) [126]
Hubert D. Stephens Mississippi Alpha 1894 U.S. Senator from Mississippi (1923–1935); U.S. Representative from Mississippi (1911–1921) [119]
Charles Sumner Indiana Alpha 1867 U.S. Senator from Massachusetts (1851–1874) [147]
Frank Sundstrom New York Alpha 1920 U.S. Representative from New Jersey (1943–1949); inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1978 [148]
Dean P. Taylor New York Epsilon 1922 U.S. Representative from New York (1943–1961) [149]
David Gardiner Tyler Virginia Beta 1867 U.S. Representative from Virginia (1893–1897); Virginia State Senator (1891–1892, 1900–1904); Confederate Army veteran; son of U.S. President John Tyler [150]
James A. Walker Virginia Alpha 1854 U.S. Representative from Virginia (1895–1899); Lieutenant Governor of Virginia (1878–1882); Brigadier General, Confederate States Army; Commander of the Stonewall Brigade (May 14, 1863 – May 12, 1864) and Early's Division (1865) [151]
James Eli Watson Indiana Alpha 1881 U.S. Senator from Indiana (1916–1933); Majority Leader (1929–1933); U.S. Representative from Indiana (1895–1897, 1899–1909); Republican Party Whip (1905–1909); credited with originating the saying "If you can't lick 'em, jine 'em" [152]
Earle D. Willey Pennsylvania Zeta 1907 U.S. Representative from Delaware (1943–1945) [153]
George S. Williams Pennsylvania Zeta 1897 U.S. Representative from Delaware (1939–1941) [153]
James R. Williams Indiana Beta 1874 U.S. Representative from Illinois (1889–1895, 1899–1905) [96]
Boyd Winchester Virginia Alpha 1855 U.S. Representative from Kentucky (1869–1873) [138]
Larry Winn Kansas Alpha 1938 U.S. Representative from Kansas (1967–1985) [154]
Simon Peter Wolverton Pennsylvania Gamma 1857 U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania (1891–1895) [145]
Dudley G. Wooten Virginia Alpha 1877 U.S. Representative from Texas (1901–1903) [118]
Seth H. Yocum Pennsylvania Zeta 1859 U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania (1879–1881) [155]

United States Supreme Court

Name Original chapter Initiation
year		 Notability Ref(s)
Pierce Butler Minnesota Alpha 1885 Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (1922–1939); President of the Minnesota State Bar Association (1908); known as one of the court's "Four Horsemen" who opposed New Deal legislation [156]

U.S. governors and lieutenant governors

Name Original chapter Initiation
year		 Notability Ref(s)
Newton W. Gilbert Ohio Delta 1882 Governor-General of the Philippines (1907–1908); U.S. Representative from Indiana (1905–1906); Lieutenant Governor of Indiana (1901–1905) [97]
James P. Goodrich Indiana Alpha 1885 Governor of Indiana (1917–1921); candidate for 1920 Republican presidential nomination [157]
Homer A. Holt Virginia Beta 1916 Governor of West Virginia (1937–1941); Attorney General of West Virginia (1933–1937) [158]
Lawrence M. Judd Pennsylvania Iota 1907 Territorial Governor of Hawaii (1929–1934); Governor of American Samoa (1953) [159]
William Preston Lane, Jr. Virginia Alpha 1910 Governor of Maryland (1947–1951); Attorney General of Maryland (1930–1934) [160]
Lloyd Lowndes, Jr. Pennsylvania Beta 1864 Governor of Maryland (1895–1899); U.S. Representative from Maryland (1873–1875) [124]
Raymond P. Shafer Pennsylvania Beta 1935 Governor of Pennsylvania (1967–1971); Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania (1963–1967); Pennsylvania State Senator (1959–1962) [161]
William Cameron Sproul Pennsylvania Kappa 1889 Governor of Pennsylvania (1919–1923); candidate for 1920 Republican presidential nomination; namesake of Sproul State Forest [93]
William Ellery Sweet Pennsylvania Kappa 1889 Governor of Colorado (1923–1925) [93]

Mayors

Name Original chapter Initiation
year		 Notability Ref(s)
Michael Bloomberg Maryland Alpha 1961 Mayor of New York City (2002–2013); founder of Bloomberg L.P. [162] [163]
James Brainard Indiana Zeta 1973 Mayor of Carmel, Indiana (2003–present) [163]
Paul Helmke Indiana Beta 1970 President of Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence (2006–2011); Mayor of Fort Wayne (1987–1999) [164]
Frank W. Burke California Delta 1939 Mayor of Louisville (1969–1973); U.S. Representative from Kentucky (1959–1963) [165]
Daniel P. Meyer New York Alpha 1984 Director of Whistleblowing & Transparency, Office of the Inspector General, U.S. Department of Defense, Mayor of Burkittsville, Maryland (2000–2004) [166]

State and local legislators

Name Original chapter Initiation
year		 Notability Ref(s)
Earl Ehrhart Georgia Alpha 1978 Georgia State Representative (1989–2019) [167]
Robert J. Garagiola New Jersey Gamma 1991 Maryland State Senator (2002–2013, Majority Leader) [168]
Bryan Pratt Missouri Alpha 1992 Missouri State Representative (2003–2011, Speaker Pro Tem) [169]
Jeff Pyle West Virginia Alpha 1983 Pennsylvania State Representative (2005–2021) [169]
Scott T. Rupp Missouri Alpha 1994 Missouri Public Service Commission (2014-present); Missouri State Senator (2006–2014); Missouri State Representative (2003–2006) [170]
David Shafer Georgia Alpha 1983 Georgia State Senator (2002–2019) [161]
Tracy Stafford Florida Beta 1967 Florida State Representative (1990–2000) [171]

Diplomats

Name Original chapter Initiation
year		 Notability Ref(s)
Burton Y. Berry Indiana Beta 1920 United States Ambassador to Iraq (1952–1954) [172]
Edward P. C. Lewis Virginia Alpha 1854 United States Ambassador to Portugal (1885–1889) [173]
Herbert B. Powell Oregon Alpha 1923 United States Ambassador to New Zealand (1963–1967); Commanding General of the Third United States Army (1960) [174]
Boyd Winchester Virginia Alpha 1855 United States Ambassador to Switzerland (1885–1889); U.S. Representative from Kentucky (1869–1873); Kentucky State Senator (1867–1868) [138]

Judges and lawyers

Name Original chapter Initiation
year		 Notability Ref(s)
John W. Davis Virginia Beta 1889 Democratic presidential nominee (1924); President of the American Bar Association (1922–1923); United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom (1918–1921); U.S. Solicitor General (1913–1918); U.S. Representative from West Virginia (1911–1913) [106]
James D. Fellers Oklahoma Alpha 1932 President of the American Bar Association (1974–1975) [175]
Franklin Ferriss New York Alpha 1870 Special Master - United States v. Standard Oil Company; Justice of the Missouri Supreme Court (1910–1912)
Theodore G. Garfield Iowa Alpha 1912 Justice on the Iowa Supreme Court (1941–1969); Chief Justice (1961–1969) [176]
Whitney R. Harris Washington Alpha 1930 Prosecutor at the Nuremberg Trials, namesake of the Whitney R. Harris World Law Institute at the Washington University School of Law [177]
Joseph Welles Henderson Pennsylvania Gamma 1905 President of the American Bar Association (1943–1944) [178]
Glenn Kirschner Virginia Beta 1980 Chief of Homicide Section of United States Attorney for the District of Columbia office, portrayed in “Georgetown (film)” (2019) and NBC News/MSNBC legal analyst.
Charles Page Thomas Moore Pennsylvania Alpha 1852 Founder of Phi Kappa Psi; Justice of the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia (1871–1881) [92]
John Patterson Rea Ohio Alpha 1865 Grand Army of the Republic Commander-in-Chief (1887–1888); Judge of Probate, Hennepin County, Minnesota (1877–1881); editor of the Minneapolis Tribune (1875–1877); third President of Phi Kappa Psi (1890–1892) [179]
Kingsley A. Taft Massachusetts Alpha 1921 Chief Justice of the Ohio Supreme Court (1963–1970); U.S. Senator from Ohio (1946–1947) [180]
Name Original chapter Initiation
year		 Notability Ref(s)
Joseph Blatchford California Epsilon 1953 Director of the Peace Corps (1969–1971) [181]
William J. Donovan New York Gamma 1903 Known as the "Father of American Intelligence;" Freedom Award recipient (1959); founder and Director of the Office of Strategic Services (precursor of the CIA) during World War II; World War I Medal of Honor recipient; United States Ambassador to Thailand (1953–1954) [182]
Ernest O. Thompson Texas Alpha 1913 Texas Railroad Commission's chairman and longest-serving member (1933–1965); Mayor of Amarillo, Texas (1929–1932); Lieutenant General, United States Army; Commanding General, Texas National Guard [183] [184]

Military

Name Original chapter Initiation
year		 Notability Ref(s)
Stephen Ailes West Virginia Alpha 1934 United States Secretary of the Army (1964–1965) [185]
Scott C. Black California Eta 1974 37th Judge Advocate General of the United States Army (2005–2009) [186]
Tasker H. Bliss Pennsylvania Gamma 1870 General, United States Army; Chief of Staff of the United States Army during World War I (1917–1918) [187]
Lynn Compton California Epsilon 1940 United States Army; Portrayed in HBO miniseries Band of Brothers by Neal McDonough; recipient of the Silver Star [188]
Walter B. Huffman Texas Beta 1964 Dean of Texas Tech University School of Law (2002–2010); 35th Judge Advocate General of the United States Army (1997–2001) [189]
John A. Hull Iowa Alpha 1890 15th Judge Advocate General of the United States Army (1924–1928) [127]
William Campbell Langfitt Ohio Delta 1880 Major General, United States Army; chief of staff and chief engineer for the American Expeditionary Forces in World War I; namesake of the USS General W. C. Langfitt [190]
John Otho Marsh, Jr. Virginia Beta 1948 United States Secretary of the Army (1981–1989); U.S. Representative from Virginia (1963–1971); served in the Army during World War II [191]
Kenneth Minihan Florida Alpha 1963 Lieutenant General, United States Air Force; Director of the National Security Agency (1996–1999); Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency (1995–1996); Vietnam War veteran [133]
Billy Mitchell District of Columbia Alpha 1896 "Father of the U.S. Air Force"; Congressional Gold Medal recipient; Brigadier General, United States Army; commander of U.S. Army air forces in France during World War I; the country's most notable early proponent of air power and one of the most important figures in American military history; namesake of the North American B-25 Mitchell Bomber and the General Mitchell International Airport in Milwaukee, Wisconsin; subject of the 1955 movie The Court-Marital of Billy Mitchell starring Gary Cooper [190]
James C. Owens, Jr. California Delta 1930 United States Navy; For actions at WWII Battle of Midway, awarded posthumous Navy Cross for valor, and provided leadership as squadron commander of torpedo bombers that contributed to the squadron receiving a Presidential Unit Citation for overall actions in that battle; namesake of the USS James C. Owens [192]
Frank Parker South Carolina Alpha 1888 Major General, United States Army; commander of the 1st Infantry Division during World War I [193]
William T. Poague South Carolina Alpha 1888 Colonel in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War; Treasurer of the Virginia Military Institute (1884–1914); Washington and Lee University trustee (1865–1885) [194]
Robert W. Sennewald Iowa Beta 1950 General, United States Army; Commanding General of the U.S. Army Forces Command (1984–1986); Commander in Chief of the United Nations Command and Combined Forces ROK/United States (1982–1984); battalion commander during the Vietnam War [52]
David W. Taylor Virginia Epsilon 1877 Rear Admiral, United States Navy; Chief Constructor of the Navy (World War I); recipient of the Distinguished Service Medal, Legion of Honour, and John Fritz Medal (1931) [195]
Henry Terrell, Jr. Texas Alpha 1908 Major General, United States Army; commander of the 90th Infantry Division during World War II [196]
Daniel Van Voorhis Ohio Alpha, Pennsylvania Alpha 1897 Lieutenant General, United States Army; Commander of V Corps (1938–1942); a founder of the Army's Armor Branch and one of the most important developers of American mobile warfare doctrine [197]
Walter X. Young Illinois Beta 1937 United States Marine Corps; posthumous recipient of the Navy Cross; namesake of the USS Walter X. Young [155]

Religion

Name Original chapter Initiation
year		 Notability Ref(s)
Luther Alexander Gotwald Pennsylvania Epsilon 1856 Professor of Theology in the Wittenberg Theological Seminary [198]
Collins Denny Pennsylvania Theta 1875 Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South (1910–1932) [98]
David H. Greer Pennsylvania Alpha 1861 Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of New York (1908–1919) [199]
John Gresham Machen Maryland Alpha 1898 Professor of New Testament at Princeton Seminary (1915–1929) [200]
Robert Lowry Pennsylvania Gamma 1856 Professor, prominent Baptist minister, and famed 19th-century hymn writer; composed, among others, "Shall We Gather At The River?"; second President of Phi Kappa Psi (1888–1890) [124]
Richard Stearns New York Alpha 1970 President of World Vision International, a Christian relief charity (1998–present) [201]
Ernest M. Stires Virginia Alpha 1885 Third Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Long Island (1925–1942); seventh President of Phi Kappa Psi (1900–1902) [202]

Science

Name Original chapter Initiation
year		 Notability Ref(s)
Donald C. Backer New York Alpha 1963 Astrophysicist known for his research of pulsars [203]
Madison Bentley Nebraska Alpha 1895 President of the American Psychological Association (1925–1926) [204]
Frank Wigglesworth Clarke New York Alpha 1869 Sometimes known as the "Father of Geochemistry;" credited with determining the composition of the Earth's crust; President of the American Chemical Society (1901), and one of its founders [205]
Amos Dolbear Ohio Alpha 1864 Physicist and prolific inventor [206]
Scott Forstall California Beta 1988 Led original software development team for the iPhone and iPad; co-produced Tony award-winning Fun Home [207]
Owen Garriott Oklahoma Alpha 1949 NASA astronaut; spent 60 days aboard the Skylab space station in 1973 during the Skylab 3 mission, and 10 days aboard the Space Shuttle Columbia in 1983 during the Spacelab-1 mission [208]
J. McVicker Hunt Nebraska Alpha 1926 Prominent educational psychologist, whose works were cited in the creation of Head Start; past President of the American Psychological Association (1952–53) [209]
Jesse William Lazear Pennsylvania Alpha 1885 Physician who studied malaria and yellow fever [210]
William Henry Letterman Pennsylvania Alpha 1852 Founder of Phi Kappa Psi; surgeon and local medical leader in Texas [92]
H. Houston Merritt Tennessee Delta 1921 Neurologist; Dean of the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons (1958–1969); chairman of the Neurological Institute of New York (1948–1967) [211]
Peyton Rous Maryland Alpha 1899 Recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1966) [200]
Elliot See Texas Alpha 1945 NASA astronaut; killed in 1966 during training as command pilot of the Gemini 9 mission [212]

Sports

Name Original chapter Initiation
year		 Notability Ref(s)
Phog Allen Kansas Alpha 1905 Basketball Hall of Fame member; known as the "Father of Basketball Coaching"; coach at the University of Kansas (1919–1956) where he won three national titles; namesake of the Allen Fieldhouse [213]
Jon P. Anderson New York Alpha 1968 Honolulu Marathon winner (1981); Boston Marathon winner (1973); member of the U.S. Olympic team (1972) [214]
David J. Archer New York Alpha 2002 Head coach of the Cornell Football team (2013–present) [215]
Jay Arnette Texas Alpha 1959 Member of the 1960 U.S. Olympic men's basketball team that won the gold medal; consensus All-American on Sweet 16 and Southwest Conference Champion Longhorn team [216]
Ralph "Moon" Baker Illinois Alpha 1924 Halfback on the 1926 College Football All-America Team, Captain of the 1926 Big Ten football champions, inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame [217]
Buzzie Bavasi Indiana Alpha 1935 Brooklyn/Los Angeles Dodgers General Manager (1950–1968); first President of the San Diego Padres (1968–1977); California Angels General Manager (1977–1984) [66]
Eric Bernotas West Virginia Alpha 1990 Medal-winning skeleton racer at the 2007 and 2009 world chjampionships [218]
Kevin Berry Indiana Beta 1965 Gold and bronze medalist swimmer at the 1964 Summer Olympics [172]
Ron Bontemps Wisconsin Gamma 1944 Captain of the 1952 U.S. Olympic men's basketball team that won the gold medal [219]
Terry Bowden West Virginia Alpha 1975 Head football coach University of North Alabama (2009–2011); Head Football Coach The University of Akron (2012–Present); ABC Sports football analyst and color commentator (1999–2008); head football coach Auburn University (1993–1998); head football coach Samford University (1987–1992); assistant head football coach The University of Akron (1986); head football coach Salem International University (1983–1985) [220]
Walter Byers Iowa Alpha 1941 First Executive Director of the NCAA (1951–1988) [104]
Eddie Cameron Virginia Beta 1921 Duke University basketball coach (1942–1945); namesake of Cameron Indoor Stadium [221]
Jeff Cirillo California Delta 1989 Former Major League Baseball player, All-Star 1997 and 2000 [222]
David R. Clark New York Alpha 1979 Won a silver medal in the coxless four as part of the 1984 U.S. Olympic team rowing team [223]
Jerry Colangelo Illinois Delta 1959 Basketball Hall of Fame member; former Phoenix Suns and Arizona Diamondbacks majority owner [224]
Dan Dakich Indiana Beta 1982 Former college basketball player and coach; played under Bob Knight (1981–1985); coached at Bowling Green; radio host in Indianapolis on 1070 "The Fan" [112]
Francis L. Dale North Carolina Alpha 1942 Principal owner of the Cincinnati Reds (1967–1973) [112]
Chub Feeney New Hampshire Alpha 1940 President of the National League (1970–1986) [225]
Gilbert Ford Texas Alpha 1951 Captain of the 1956 U.S. Olympic men's basketball team that won the gold medal; twice All-Southwest Conference on SWC champion Longhorn team; president of Converse, Inc. (1986–1996) [226]
Ford Frick Indiana Alpha 1913 President of the National League (1934–1951); Commissioner of Baseball (1951–1965); National Baseball Hall of Fame member [227]
Taj Gibson California Delta 2007 National Basketball Association current player, New York Knicks [228]
George K. James Pennsylvania Gamma 1927 Head football coach at Cornell University (1947–1960) [229]
Alva Kelley New York Alpha 1939 Head football coach of Brown University (1951–1958) and Colgate University (1959–1961) [230]
Johnny "Red" Kerr Illinois Delta 1953 Former NBA player and coach; former broadcaster for the Chicago Bulls [231]
Nile Kinnick Iowa Alpha 1938 Heisman Trophy winner (1939); killed during training as a naval aviator during World War II; namesake of the University of Iowa's Kinnick Stadium [231]
Oliver "Doc" Kuhn Tennessee Delta 1920 Led Vanderbilt to 3-straight Southern Conference championships at quarterback [232]
Craig Lefferts Arizona Alpha 1977 Former Relief Pitcher and Coach
Sol Metzger Pennsylvania Iota 1899 Football and basketball coach, sportswriter [233]
John Michels California Delta 1992 1996 NFL First Round Draft Choice for the Green Bay Packers, Super Bowl XXXI Champion [234]
Ralph Miller Kansas Alpha 1938 Basketball Hall of Fame member and former college coach at the University of Wichita (1951–1964), the University of Iowa (1964–1970) and Oregon State University (1970–1989) [235]
Gil Reese Tennessee Delta 1922 First three-sport captain in history of Vanderbilt, twice All-Southern halfback [232]
Tex Schramm Texas Alpha 1940 Pro Football Hall of Fame member; president and general manager of the Dallas Cowboys (1960–1989); instrumental in AFL-NFL merger [236]
Quentin Sickels Michigan Alpha 1947 Guard on the 1947 and 1948 University of Michigan Wolverine national champion football teams [237]
Mark Spitz Indiana Beta 1969 Olympic swimming legend, won seven gold medals in 1972 [238]
Dick Tomey Indiana Alpha 1957 Retired football coach; San Jose State (2005–2009), University of Arizona (1987–2000), University of Hawaii (1977–1986) [239]
Michael Troy Indiana Beta 1959 Gold medalist in the 200m butterfly and 800m freestyle at the 1960 Summer Olympics [30]
George Yardley California Beta 1947 Basketball Hall of Fame member; first player in NBA history to score 2,000 points in one season [43]
Ron Yary California Delta 1966 Pro Football Hall of Fame and College Football Hall of Fame inductee; Outland Trophy winner for USC (1967); NFL first overall draft choice (1968) [43]

Footnotes

  1. ^ Anson & Marchesani 1991, p. III 83.
  2. ^ a b Collinsworth 2010, p. 6.
  3. ^ Dulles, Allen W. (1993). "William J. Donovan and the National Security". Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on January 9, 2008. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
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  7. ^ Van Cleve 1902, p. 114.
  8. ^ Keehn 1910, p. 32.
  9. ^ a b c d Keehn 1910, p. 104.
  10. ^ Keehn 1910, p. 142.
  11. ^ a b Phi Kappa Psi 1985, p. 40.
  12. ^ Keehn 1910, p. 22.
  13. ^ a b Keehn 1910, p. 149.
  14. ^ Keehn 1910, p. 202.
  15. ^ Phi Kappa Psi 1985, p. 137.
  16. ^ Phi Kappa Psi 1985, p. 140.
  17. ^ Keehn 1910, p. 9.
  18. ^ Keehn 1910, p. 162.
  19. ^ Phi Kappa Psi 1985, p. 194.
  20. ^ Phi Kappa Psi 1997, p. 503.
  21. ^ Phi Kappa Psi 1997, p. 427.
  22. ^ Phi Kappa Psi 1985, p. 254.
  23. ^ Phi Kappa Psi 1985, p. 257.
  24. ^ Phi Kappa Psi 1985, p. 261.
  25. ^ Phi Kappa Psi 1985, p. 262.
  26. ^ Phi Kappa Psi 1985, p. 299.
  27. ^ Keehn 1910, p. 20.
  28. ^ Phi Kappa Psi 1997, p. 496.
  29. ^ Keehn 1910, p. 129.
  30. ^ a b Phi Kappa Psi 1985, p. 345.
  31. ^ Phi Kappa Psi 1985, p. 346.
  32. ^ Phi Kappa Psi 1997, p. 11.
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