Koelreuteria
| Koelreuteria Temporal range:
| |
|---|---|
| Koelreuteria paniculata | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Sapindales |
| Family: | Sapindaceae |
| Subfamily: | Sapindoideae |
| Genus: | Laxm.[1] |
| Type species | |
| Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm.[3] | |
| Species[2] | |
| |
Koelreuteria /kɛlrʊˈtɪəriə/,[4] also known as chinese lantern tree,[5] is a genus of three species of flowering plants in the family Sapindaceae, native to southern and eastern Asia, as well as the island of Fiji. Many fossil species are also known, suggesting that this genus had a wider range in the past.[6]
Description
They are medium-sized deciduous trees growing to 10–20 m (33–66 ft) tall, with spirally arranged pinnate or bipinnate leaves. The flowers are small and yellow, produced in large branched panicles 20–50 cm (8–20 in) long. The fruit is a three-lobed inflated papery capsule 3–6 cm long, containing several hard nut-like seeds 5–10 mm diameter.
Taxonomy
It was published by Erik Laxmann in 1772.[2] The type species is Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm.[3]
Evolution
Fossil remains of Koelreuteria are known from the Early Eocene of North America and the Pliocene of Europe, suggesting that they originally had a circumboreal distribution. Climactic changes led to their extirpation from North America after the Eocene and in Europe after the Neogene, leaving only the East Asian species. K. elegans arrived to Fiji and Taiwan via long-distance dispersal.[6]
Species
The genus has three accepted species:[2]
- Koelreuteria bipinnata Franch. (Chinese flame tree)
- Koelreuteria elegans (Seem.) A.C.Sm. (Taiwanese goldenrain tree)
- Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm. (goldenrain tree)
The following fossil species are also known:[6]
- †Koelreuteria allenii (Lesq.) W. N. Edwards (early to late Eocene of the western United States)
- †Koelreuteria dilcheri Qi Wang, Manchester, H.-J. Gregor, S. Shen et Z. Y. Li (Eocene of the western United States)
- †Koelreuteria kvacekii Chen et al (early-mid Eocene of the Tibetan Plateau, China)[7]
- †Koelreuteria lunpolaensis Jiang et al (Oligocene of Tibetan Plateau, China)[8]
- †Koelreuteria macroptera (Kováts) W. N. Edwards (late Oligocene to early Pliocene of Europe)
- †Koelreuteria miointegrifoliola Hu et R. W. Chaney (Miocene of eastern Asia)
- †Koelreuteria quasipaniculata Li et al (Miocene of the Tibetan Plateau, China)[9]
- †Koelreuteria taoana Qi Wang, Manchester, H.-J. Gregor, S. Shen et Z. Y. Li (Eocene of northeastern China and eastern Russia)
- †Koelreuteria yuanmouensis Li, Yin, Mehrotra et Cheng (Pliocene of China)[10]
Etymology
The genus was named after Joseph Gottlieb Kölreuter (1733-1806),[3] from Karlsruhe, Germany, by Erich Laxmann.
Uses
Koelreuteria are commonly used as focal points in landscape design in regions where they thrive.
In some areas, notably parts of eastern North America, they have become invasive species.
Notes
- ^ "Koelreuteria Laxm". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2006-03-29. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
- ^ a b c "Koelreuteria Laxm". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
- ^ a b c Koelreuteria | International Plant Names Index. (n.d.). Retrieved February 8, 2024, from https://www.ipni.org/n/36452-1
- ^ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
- ^ "Golden Rain Tree". MDC Teacher Portal. Retrieved 2022-11-09.
- ^ a b c Wang, Qi; Manchester, Steven R.; Gregor, Hans-Joachim; Shen, Si; Li, Zhen-yu (2013). "Fruits of Koelreuteria (Sapindaceae) from the Cenozoic throughout the northern hemisphere: Their ecological, evolutionary, and biogeographic implications". American Journal of Botany. 100 (2): 422–449. doi:10.3732/ajb.1200415. ISSN 1537-2197.
- ^ Chen, Pei-Rong; Del Rio, Cédric; Huang, Jian; Liu, Jia; Zhao, Jia-Gang; Spicer, Robert A.; Li, Shu-Feng; Wang, Teng-Xiang; Zhou, Zhe-Kun; Su, Tao (2022). "Fossil Capsular Valves of Koelreuteria (Sapindaceae) from the Eocene of Central Tibetan Plateau and Their Biogeographic Implications". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 183 (4): 307–319. doi:10.1086/719401. ISSN 1058-5893.
- ^ Jiang, Hui; Su, Tao; Wong, William Oki; Wu, Feixiang; Huang, Jian; Shi, Gongle (2019-05-15). "Oligocene Koelreuteria (Sapindaceae) from the Lunpola Basin in central Tibet and its implication for early diversification of the genus". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 175: 99–108. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2018.01.014. ISSN 1367-9120.
- ^ Li, Xiangchuan; Xiao, Liang; Lin, Zhicheng; He, Wenlong; Yang, Qiang; Yao, Yunzhi; Ren, Dong; Guo, Junfeng; Guo, Shuangxing (2016-11-01). "Fossil fruits of Koelreuteria (Sapindaceae) from the Miocene of northeastern Tibetan Plateau and their palaeoenvironmental, phytogeographic and phylogenetic implications". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 234: 125–135. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2016.09.002. ISSN 0034-6667.
- ^ Cheng, Ye-Ming; Yin, Ya-Fang; Mehrotra, R. C.; Li, Cheng-Sen (2012-01-01). "A new fossil wood of Koelreuteria (Sapindaceae) from the Pliocene of China and remarks on the phytogeographic history of Koelreuteria". IAWA Journal. 33 (3): 301–307. doi:10.1163/22941932-90000095. ISSN 0928-1541.
References
Media related to Koelreuteria at Wikimedia Commons