Kleines Schulerloch inscription
| The inscription in Kleines Schulerloch cave | |
|---|---|
| Type | Runic inscription |
| Discovered | 1937 Kleines Schulerloch cave, Altmühl valley, Kelheim, Lower Bavaria, Bavaria, Germany |
| Classification | Possible falsification |
| Culture | Viking Age |
The Kleines Schulerloch inscription is a runic inscription of debated authenticity discovered in 1937 in the Kleines Schulerloch cave in the Altmühl valley (near Essing, Bavaria).[1] It was brought to the attention of scholarship in 1952. If authentic, it dates to the period AD 535–675.[2] It reads
- birg : leub : selbrade,
probably meaning "Birg, beloved of Selbrad", next to a drawing of an ibex or stag scratched into the stone from perhaps the same time, but whose the authenticity is also debated.[1] The inscription was generally considered to be fake shortly after its discovery.[3]
The discovery of a parallel inscription in grave 172 of the Unterer Stollen cemetery in Bad Krozingen in 2001, reading
- boba : leub | agirike
revived discussions regarding the authenticity of the Kleines Schulerloch inscription. Still, in 2003, Looijenga concluded that the inscription is an obvious falsification.[4] In 2012, Findell, accepting the Bad Krozingen inscription as genuine, noted that most scholars still objected to its authenticity and considered the Kleines Schulerloch inscription to be at least "suspect".[3] In a recent analysis, Philipp Simon concludes, "I tentatively suggest that the state of evidence indicates that the Kleines Schulerloch monument is indeed an authentic runic residue from the Early Mediaeval Period." He considers the strongest argument against authenticity to be that it is the only known south Germanic runic inscription on stone.[5]
References
- A. Bammesberger, G. Waxenberger (eds.), Das fuþark und seine einzelsprachlichen Weiterentwicklungen, Walter de Gruyter (2006), ISBN 978-3-11-019008-3, 137–393.
- Philipp M. Simon, Reassessing Alleged Runic Forgeries: Constructing an Analysis Scaffold Using the Example of the Runic Inscription in the "Kleines Schulerloch", Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, Volume 144, De Gruyter, 2024. doi:10.1515/9783111450889
Notes
- ^ a b Findell, Martin (2012). Phonological Evidence from the Continental Runic Inscriptions. Berlin and Boston: Walter de Gruyter. p. 425. ISBN 978-3-11-028925-1. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
- ^ Simon 2024, p. 160.
- ^ a b Findell, Martin (2012). Phonological Evidence from the Continental Runic Inscriptions. Berlin and Boston: Walter de Gruyter. p. 494. ISBN 978-3-11-028925-1. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
- ^ Looijenga, Tineke (2003). Texts and Contexts of the Oldest Runic Inscriptions. Leiden: BRILL. p. 223. ISBN 90-04-12396-2. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
- ^ Simon 2024, p. 159.
External links
- Die Eiszeitzeichnung vom kleinen Schulerloch (photo of inscription), archived from the original location
- Inscriptions suspected to be falsifications: Kleines Schulerloch (in German), from the Runenprojekt of the University of Kiel, including an extensive list of references