Icebreakers of Russia

There is a disagreement as to whether the Russia first "true" icebreaker was Pilot (manufactured in Great Britain in 1862, whose ice-breaking capabilities were enhanced in Russia in 1864) or genuinely first 1898 Arctic ice-faring icebreaker Yermak.[1]

Classification

In Russia, icebreakers are classified in several ways, according to different criteria:[2][3]

  • By purpose
    • Leader icebreakers: The most powerful icebreakers that head ship caravans
    • Line icebreakers: For guiding and towing of ships on sea routes, for freeing ice-stuck ships
    • Auxiliary icebreakers: for work in ports, river mouths, and for emergency rescue operations
  • By ice passability:
    • heavy icebreakers can break through ice up to 2 m thick
    • medium icebreakers, for ice from 1 to 1.5 m thick
    • light icebreakers, for ice less than 1 m thick
  • By power type:
  • By operating method
    • Ice-cutting. These ships existed in 19th-20th centuries, and for them the term "icecutter" was used in Russia[4]
    • Ice-breaking
  • By operational area
    • River icebreakers
    • Marine icebreakers
    • Port icebreakers

The official classification of a particular vessel may be found in the database of the Russian Maritime Register of Shipping.[3]

The following lists include icebreakers owned and/or operated by either governmental or commercial entities. Ships known to be currently in service are presented in bold.[5][6]

Nuclear-powered icebreakers

The following ships are nuclear-powered icebreakers;

Diesel-powered icebreakers

The following ships are/were fitted with diesel engines for powering their propulsion;

  • Wind class
    • Severny Veter (1944–1951; ex-USCGC Staten Island; returned to the United States)
    • Severniy Polyus (1945–1951; ex-USS Westwind; returned to the United States)
    • Admiral Makarov (1945–1949; ex-USCGC Southwind; returned to the United States)
  • Kapitan Belousov class
    • Kapitan Belousov (1954–1991; sold to Ukraine)[19]
    • Kapitan Voronin (1955–1996; broken up)[20]
    • Kapitan Melekhov (1956–1994; broken up)[21]
  • Moskva class
    • Moskva (1959–1998; broken up)[22]
    • Leningrad (1960–1993; broken up)[23]
    • Kiev (1965–1993; broken up)[24]
    • Murmansk (1968–1995; broken up)[25]
    • Vladivostok (1969–1997; broken up)[26]
  • Civilian variants of Dobrynya Nikitich class (Project 97A)
  • Ermak class
  • Kapitan M. Izmaylov class
    • Kapitan M. Izmaylov (1976–)
    • Kapitan Kosolapov (1976–)
    • Kapitan A. Radzhabov (1976–1992; transferred to Azerbaijan)
  • Kapitan Sorokin class
  • Kapitan Chechkin class
    • Kapitan Chechkin (1977–)
    • Kapitan Plakhin (1977–)
    • Kapitan Chadaev (1978–)
    • Kapitan Krutov (1978–)
    • Kapitan Bukaev (1978–)
    • Kapitan Zarubin (1978–)
  • Mudyug class
  • Kapitan Evdokimov class
    • Kapitan Evdokimov (1983–)
    • Kapitan Babichev (1983–)
    • Kapitan Chudinov (1983–)
    • Kapitan Borodkin (1983–)
    • Avraamiy Zavenyagin (1984–)
    • Kapitan Mecaik (1984–)
    • Kapitan Deminov (1984–)
    • Kapitan Moshkin (1986–)
  • Tor (2000–; purchased from Sweden)[40]
  • Karu (2002–2020; ex-Karhu, ex-Kapitan Chubakov; purchased from Estonia; broken up)
  • Dudinka (2006–; ex-Apu; purchased from Finland)
  • Project 21900
  • Project 21900M
  • Ob (2019–)[43]
  • Georgiy Sedov (2019–; ex-Antarcticaborg; purchased from Kazakhstan)
  • Viktor Chernomyrdin (2020–)[44]
  • Project 21900M2
    • Unnamed Project 21900M2 icebreaker (construction stopped as of 2021)[45]
    • Unnamed Project 21900M2 icebreaker (2028– (current estimate); under construction)[46]
  • Project 23620
    • Unnamed Project 23620 icebreaker (2024– (original plan); ordered)[47][48]
    • Unnamed Project 23620 icebreaker (2024– (original plan); ordered)[47]
  • Project 22740M
    • Unnamed Project 22740M icebreaker (under construction)[49]
    • Unnamed Project 22740M icebreaker (under construction)[50]

Steam-powered icebreakers

The following icebreakers were powered by steam;

  • Pilot (built in 1862; modified and operated as an icebreaker: 1864–1890; broken up?)
  • Ledokol 1 (1890–1915; later converted to a gunboat)[51][52][53]
  • Ledokol 2 (1895–1923; handed over to Latvia)[51]
  • Saratovskiy Ledokol (1895–1968; sunk)[54]
  • Nadeshnyy (1897–1924; later converted to a gunboat)[51]
  • Yermak (1899–1963; scrapped, despite efforts to preserve it as a museum piece[55])
  • Gaydamak (1898–1930; broken up)[51]
  • Ledokol 3 (1899–1923; broken up)[51][56]
  • Ledokol IV (1907–1942; sunk by Germans)[51]
  • A. Sibiryakov (1909–1942; sunk by Germans)
  • Vaygach (1909–1918; sank in 1918)
  • Taymyr (1909–1950s?; broken up)
  • Silatch (1910–1918, 1922–late 1950s; broken up)
  • Malygin (1912–1940; sunk in 1940)
  • Volynets (1914–1918, 1940–1985; ex-Tsar' Mikhail Fyodorovich, ex-Wäinämöinen, ex-Suur Tõll; sold to Estonia in 1987)
  • Fyodor Litke (1914–1958; ex-CGC Earl Grey; broken up)
  • Georgiy Sedov (1915–1967; ex-Beothic (1909–1915); broken up)
  • Sadko (1915–1941; ex-Lintrose (1912–1915); sank in 1941)
  • Mikula Seleaninovich (1916–1918)[51]
  • Ledokol V (1916–1941; sank in 1941)[57]
  • Ledokol VI (1916–1961; broken up)[58]
  • Ledokol VII (1916–1954; broken up)[59]
  • Ledokol VIII (1917–1961; broken up)[60]
  • Ledokol IX (1917–1932; sank in White Sea)[61]
  • Krasin (1917–1971; extensively rebuilt in 1953–1960, now a museum ship in St. Petersburg)
  • Lenin (1917–1968; broken up)
  • Stepan Makarov (1917–1941; sunk)
  • Toros (1929–1964)[51]
  • Sibir (1938–1973; ex-I. Stalin (−1961); broken up)
  • Admiral Lazarev (1938–1967; ex-L. Kaganovich (−1951); broken up)
  • Admiral Makarov (1941–1967; ex-V. Molotov (−1956); broken up)
  • A. Mikoyan (1941–1968; broken up)
  • Malygin (1945–1970; ex-Voima; broken up)
  • Sibiryakov (1945–1972; ex-Jääkarhu; broken up)
  • Alyosha Popovich (1945–1970; ex-Eisvogel; decommissioned and abandoned off Russky Island)
  • Ilya Muromets (1946–1979; ex-Eisbär; broken up in 1981)[62]
  • Peresvet (1951–1980; ex-Castor; decommissioned and abandoned off Reyneke Island)

References

  1. ^ Понкратов Д. В., Мартинес Х. П. (2020). "Как выглядел "Пайлот"?". Гангут (in Russian) (120): 3–12. ISSN 2218-7553.
  2. ^ Ледокол
  3. ^ a b Классификация Российского морского регистра судоходства (Classification of the Russian Maritime Register of Shipping)
  4. ^ ЛЕДОРЕЗ, citing Военно-морской словарь. — Moscow, 1990.
  5. ^ Ilmari Aro (17 November 2008). "THE WORLD ICEBREAKER AND ICEBREAKING SUPPLY VESSEL FLEET" (PDF). Baltic Icebreaking Management. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
  6. ^ Major icebreakers of the world. USCG Office of Waterways and Ocean Policy. Retrieved 2012-11-25.
  7. ^ a b c Russia prepares to dismantle first nuclear icebreaker ever. Bellona, 14 November 2016. Retrieved 2016-11-16.
  8. ^ Russian nuclear icebreaker Rossiya taking last voyage along Norway’s coast. Bellona, 11 April 2013. Retrieved 2016-11-16.
  9. ^ Northern Sea Route. Rosatom. Retrieved 2016-12-20.
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  15. ^ "Балтзавод заложил атомоход проекта 22220 "Чукотка"" (in Russian). PortNews. 16 December 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  16. ^ "Пятый серийный атомный ледокол проекта 22220 получит название «Ленинград»". Media Paluba (in Russian). 19 January 2024. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
  17. ^ "На Балтийском заводе начата резка металла для универсального атомного ледокола Сталинград проекта 22220" [Metal cutting for the universal nuclear icebreaker Stalingrad of Project 22220 has begun at the Baltic Shipyard]. Neftegaz.ru (in Russian). 7 May 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.
  18. ^ "Срок выпуска атомного ледокола «Россия» сдвинули на 2030 год" [The release date of the nuclear-powered icebreaker Rossiya has been pushed back to 2030]. Kommersant (in Russian). 20 May 2024. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
  19. ^ "Kapitan Belousov (5181598)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
  20. ^ "Kapitan Voronin (5181689)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
  21. ^ "Kapitan Meheklov (5181639)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
  22. ^ "Moskva (5242495)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
  23. ^ "Leningrad (5206104)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
  24. ^ "Kiev (6424040)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
  25. ^ "Murmansk (6723678)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
  26. ^ "Vladivostok (6822786)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
  27. ^ "Василий Прончищев". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
  28. ^ "Афанасий Никитин". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
  29. ^ "Харитон Лаптев". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
  30. ^ "Пояр". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
  31. ^ "Ерофей Хабаров". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
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  33. ^ "Vlad". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
  34. ^ "Семён Челюскин". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
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  36. ^ "Fyodor Litke (7020085)". Equasis. Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy. Retrieved 2012-11-25.
  37. ^ "Иван Москвитин". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
  38. ^ "Semyon Dezhnev (7119446)". Equasis. Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy. Retrieved 2012-11-25.
  39. ^ "Ермак". FleetPhoto (in Russian). Retrieved 12 January 2024.
  40. ^ "Tor (5418197)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
  41. ^ Vyborg Shipyard starts building hull of 21900M icebreaker "Novorossiysk" for Rosmorport (photo). PortNews, 8 May 2014. Retrieved 2014-05-11.
  42. ^ FSUE Rosmorport takes delivery of Novorossiysk, icebreaker built by Vyborg Shipyard (photo). PortNews, 26 December 2016. Retrieved 2016-12-26.
  43. ^ "The icebreaker "Ob" built for work in Sabetta will be delivered to the customer". Sever-Press. 18 October 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
  44. ^ "Acceptance/delivery certificate signed for Victor Chernomyrdin icebreaker". PortNews. 30 September 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
  45. ^ "Sietas (Германия) заложила ледокол мощностью 18 МВт для ФГУП "Росморпорт"". PortNews. 29 October 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
  46. ^ "IAA PortNews' interview with Aleksandr Solovyov, General Director of Vyborg Shipyard". PortNews. 7 October 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
  47. ^ a b "Onego Shipyard to build Project 23620 LNG-fueled icebreaker duo for Rosmorport". PortNews. 20 July 2021. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
  48. ^ "Reconstruction plan of the Onega Shipbuilding and Ship Repair Plant". VPK. 19 July 2021. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
  49. ^ "Судостроители Петрозаводска заложили первый в истории Карелии ледокол" (in Russian). Интернет-газета «СТОЛИЦА на Onego.ru». 12 May 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  50. ^ "Заложен второй мелкосидящий ледокол проекта 22740М" (in Russian). Sudostroenie.info. 15 November 2023. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
  51. ^ a b c d e f g h Andrienko, Vladimir Grigorievich (2017), Ледокольный флот России 1860–е – 1918 гг., Litres, ISBN 978-545-76850-6-2
  52. ^ Портовые и многоцелевые ледоколы. Retrieved 2018-12-25.
  53. ^ Holmen VIII. Tugboatlars.se. Retrieved 2018-12-26.
  54. ^ Ледокол "Саратов" планируют поднять со дна Волги в декабре. Retrieved 2015-10-09.
  55. ^ Сначала срезали имя, потом сняли орден
  56. ^ Ledokol 3 1899. Tyne Built Ships. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
  57. ^ "Ledokol V (18155)". Scottish Built Ships database. Caledonian Maritime Research Trust. Retrieved 2018-12-26.
  58. ^ "Ledokol VI (23869)". Scottish Built Ships database. Caledonian Maritime Research Trust. Retrieved 2018-12-26.
  59. ^ Ledokol VII 1916. Tyne Built Ships. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
  60. ^ "Ledokol VIII (23878)". Scottish Built Ships database. Caledonian Maritime Research Trust. Retrieved 2018-12-26.
  61. ^ Ledokol IX 1917. Tyne Built Ships. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
  62. ^ Илья Муромец (Eisbar). FESCO. Retrieved 2018-12-24.
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