Hydrops martii

Hydrops martii
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Family: Colubridae
Genus: Hydrops
Species:
H. martii
Binomial name
Hydrops martii
(Wagler, 1824)
Synonyms[2]
  • Elaps martii
    Wagler 1824
  • Calopisma martii
    (Wagler, 1824)
  • Homalopsis martii
    (Wagler, 1824)
  • Hydrops triangularis martii
    (Wagler, 1824)
  • Hydrops callostictus
    Günther, 1868

Hydrops martii, also known commonly as the Amazon water snake and cobra d'água in Brazilian Portuguese, is a species of snake belonging to the subfamily Dipsadinae of the family Colubridae. The species is native to northern South America.

Taxonomy

The species, Elaps martii, named after German botanist Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius (1794–1868),[3]: 170  was first described by German herpetologist Johann Georg Wagler in 1824.[4][2] The species was reassigned to the genus Hydrops by Wagler in 1930.[5]

Elaps martii Wagler, 1824, is the type species of the genus Hydrops Wagler, 1830. Hydrops is the type genus of the tribe Hydropsini Zaher et al., 2009, which consists of the genera Helicops, Hydrops, and Pseudoeryx.[2]

Description

Hydrops martii may attain a total length (tail included) of 1.2 m (3.9 ft). It has smooth dorsal scales, which are arranged in 17 rows at midbody.[6]

Geographic distribution

Hydrops martii is found in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.[2] In Brazil, this species has been found in the Amazonas,[7][8] Amapá,[9] Maranhāo,[8] Pará,[7][8] and Roraima states.[8] H. martii has also been recorded in the Loreto and Ucayali departments of Peru, and has only been documented in the Guainía department of Colombia.[7]

Habitat

The preferred natural habitat of Hydrops martii is floodplains within rainforest, at altitudes from sea level to 300 m (980 ft).[1]

Behavior

The species Hydrops martii spends the majority of its time in small streams, but it is believed that it may come onto land for foraging.[10]

Biology

Sexual dimorphism

Males of Hydrops martii are reported to be smaller than females.[11]

Reproduction

The species H. martii is oviparous, and clutch size ranges from 7 to 23 eggs.[12] The breeding season of this species is not well known, but pregnant females have been found by researchers in March, July, September, and October.[12]

Diet

Hydrops martii has only been reported to eat fish and is therefore is thought to be a fish specialist.[10][13][14] Stomach contents of H. martii most commonly contained fish belonging to the orders Gymnotiformes, Synbranchiformes, and Siluriformes.[12] Confirmed fish species include Callichthys callichthys (cascarudo), Pimelodella cristata (commonly referred to as a bagre in Brazil),[15] Hoplias malabaricus (wolf fish), and Erythrinus erythrinus (red wolf fish).[14] The family Synbranchidae, consisting of swamp eels, has also been found in its diet.[13]

Foraging is normally done during the evening and night, following the activity of its prey.[13][14][16][17]

As prey

H. martii has been found in the stomach of Serrasalmus rhombeus (redeye piranha)[18] and has also been reported to be eaten by Micrurus lemniscatus (South American coral snake),[19] caimans,[20] and aquatic fishes and snakes.[12]

Defensive behavior

Defensive behavior has not yet been reported in H. martii.[10]

References

  1. ^ a b Ortega, A.; Cisneros-Heredia, D.F.; Calderón, M.; Nogueira, C. de C.; Gagliardi, G.; Schargel, W.; Rivas, G (2019). "Hydrops martii ". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T176818A44950341. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d "Hydrops martii (WAGLER, 1824)". Reptile Database. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  3. ^ Beolens, B.; Watkins, M.; Grayson, M. (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. xiii + 296. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5.
  4. ^ Spix, Johann Baptist von; Wagler, Johann Georg (1824). Serpentum Brasiliensium species novae, ou Histoire naturelle des espèces nouvelles de serpens, recueillies et observées pendant le voyage dans l'intérieur du Brésil dans les années 1817, 1818, 1819, 1820, exécuté par ordre de sa Majesté le Roi de Baviére. Munich: F.S. Hübschmann. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.4269. viii + 75 pp. + Plates I–XXVI. (Elaps martii, new species, pp. 3–4 + Plate II, figure 2. (in Latin and French).
  5. ^ Wagler, Johann Georg (1830). Natürliches System der Amphibien mit vorangehender Classification der Säugethiere und Vögel. Ein Beitrag zur vergleichenden Zoologie. Munich, Stuttgart and Tübingen: J.G. Cotta. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.108661. vi + 354 pp. + one plate. (Hydrops martii, new combination, p. 170). (in German and Latin).
  6. ^ Arteaga, Alejandro; Bustamante, Lucas; Vieira, Jose (2024). Reptiles of Ecuador: Life in the middle of the world. Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Edition Chimaira. ISBN 978-3899731408. 1,073 pp.
  7. ^ a b c Roze, JA (1957). "Resumen de una revisión del género Hydrops Wagler ". Acta Biológica Venezuélica. 2: 51–95. (in Spanish).
  8. ^ a b c d Albuquerque, NR de (2000). "The status of Hydrops martii (Wagler, 1824) (Serpentes: Colubridae)". Boletim Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Serie Zoologia. 16: 153–162.
  9. ^ Entiauspe-Neto, Omar; Abegg, Arthur Diesel; Tavares Pinheiro, Rodrigo; Borges, Leandro Malta; Loebmann, Daniel (2017-10-20). "Hydrops martii (Wagler, 1824) (Serpentes, Dipsadidae): first record in Amapá; state, northern Brazil". Check List. 13 (5): 659–661. doi:10.15560/13.5.659. ISSN 1809-127X.
  10. ^ a b c Santos-Costa, Maria Cristina dos; Maschio, Gleomar Fabiano; Prudente, Ana Lúcia da Costa (2015-04-10). "Natural history of snakes from Floresta Nacional de Caxiuanã, eastern Amazonia, Brazil". Herpetology Notes. 8: 69–98. ISSN 2071-5773.
  11. ^ Silva, Fernanda Magalhães; Prudente, Ana Lúcia da Costa; Machado, Fabio Andrade; Santos, Marina Meireles; Zaher, Hussam; Hingst-Zaher, Erika (2018). "Aquatic adaptations in a Neotropical coral snake: A study of morphological convergence". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 56 (3): 382–394. doi:10.1111/jzs.12202. hdl:11336/49469. ISSN 1439-0469.
  12. ^ a b c d Albuquerque, Nelson; Camargo, Mauricio (2004). "Hábitos alimentares e comentários sobre a predação e reprodução das espécies do gênero Hydrops Wagler, 1830 (Serpentes: Colubridae)". Comunicaçoes do Museu de Ciências, Tecnologia. 17 (1): 21–32. (in Portuguese).
  13. ^ a b c Bartlett, Richard D.; Bartlett, Patricia (2003). Reptiles and amphibians of the Amazon: an ecotourist's guide. Gainesville, Fla. Tallahassee, Fla. Tampa, Fla.: Univ. Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-2623-7.
  14. ^ a b c Cunha, Osvaldo Rodrigues; Nascimento, Francisco Paiva do (July 1993). "Ofídios da Amazônia. As cobras da região Leste do Pará". Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. 9 (1): 1–191. (in Portuguese).
  15. ^ "Pimelodella cristata summary page". FishBase. Retrieved 2025-04-15.
  16. ^ Dixon, James R.; Soini, Pekka (1977). "The Reptiles of the Upper Amazon basin, Iquitos Region, Peru, Part 2: Crocodilians, Turtles and Snakes". Milwaukee Public Museum Contributions in Biology and Geology (4): 1–71.
  17. ^ Mattison, Christopher, ed. (1995). The Encyclopedia of Snakes. A Blandford Book. London: Blandford. ISBN 978-0-7137-2380-9.
  18. ^ Tavares-Pinheiro, Rodrigo; Esteves-Silva, Pedro Hugo; Brito Oliveira, Marcos Sidney; Figueiredo, Vinícius A.M.B. de; Tavares-Dias, Marcos; Costa-Campos, Carlos Eduardo (2020). "Predation on the Amazon water snake Hydrops martii (Squamata: Dipsadidae) by the redeye piranha Serrasalmus rhombeus (Serrasalmidae)". Herpetology Notes. 13: 553–554.
  19. ^ Cunha, Osvaldo Rodrigues da; Nascimento, Francisco Paiva do (1978). "Ofídios da Amazônia X – As cobras da região leste do Pará ". Série zoologia (in Brazilian Portuguese). ISSN 0077-2240.
  20. ^ Da Silveira, Ronis; Magnusson, William E. (1999). "Diets of Spectacled and Black Caiman in the Anavilhanas Archipelago, Central Amazonia, Brazil". Journal of Herpetology. 33 (2): 181–192. doi:10.2307/1565713. ISSN 0022-1511. JSTOR 1565713.

Further reading

  • Boulenger, G.A. (1894). Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History).Volume II., Containing the Conclusion of the Colubridæ Aglyphæ. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xi + 382 pp. + Plates I–XX. (Hydrops martii, p. 187).
  • Freiberg, M. (1982). Snakes of South America. Hong Kong: T.F.H. Publications. ISBN 0-87666-912-7. 189 pp. (Hydrops martii, p. 100).
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