Hydrogen therapy

Hydrogen therapy is the use of molecular hydrogen (H2) for therapeutic purposes. H2 has therapeutic benefits due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects,[1] as well as due to its role as an inducer of gene expression.[2]

H2 is not cytotoxic or explosive below 4% concentration.[3] H2 can rapidly cross cell membranes, including mitochondrial and nuclear membranes, as well as the blood–brain barrier.[2]

H2 directly neutralizes hydroxyl radicals (•HO) and directly scavenges peroxynitrite (ONOO−).[3] H2 accumulates more in the lipid phase of cells and tissues than in the aqueous phase, where it can suppress lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fats.[3]

H2 indirectly induces expression of antioxidant enzymes by activation of the Nrf2 transcription factor.[2]

In a rat model of ischemia and reperfusion, inhalation of H2-gas markedly suppressed brain injury.[4]

Clinical trials in human patients

In patients with metabolic syndrome, H2 was shown to protect against low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation, stimulated cholesterol efflux from macrophage foam cells, and protected endothelial cells from apoptosis.[2] Lipid and glucose metabolism was significantly improved in patients with type 2 diabetes administered hydrogen-rich saline.[3]

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis given H2-water for four weeks showed significant improvement of symptoms.[2]

Patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) administered 2.4% H2-containing steam showed significant reduced inflammation in the airways.[3]

A randomized clinical trial in which healthy adults drank H2-rich water for four weeks reduction of DNA damage, and reduced markers of inflammation, but only in those over 30 years of age.[5]

Clinical trials have shown the benefit of hydrogen therapy for traumatic brain injury, mild cognitive impairment, and symptom relief as well as neuronal improvement in patients with Alzheimer's disease.[6]

Hydrogen-rich water has demonstrated improvements in patients with liver disease,[7] and has been shown to improve lipid and glucose metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes.[8]

References

  1. ^ Wu C, Zou P, Yang L (2023). "Molecular Hydrogen: an Emerging Therapeutic Medical Gas for Brain Disorders". Molecular Neurobiology. 60 (4): 1749–1765. doi:10.1007/s12035-022-03175-w. PMID 36567361.
  2. ^ a b c d e Ohta S (2014). "Molecular hydrogen as a preventive and therapeutic medical gas: initiation, development and potential of hydrogen medicine". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 144 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.04.006. PMID 24769081.
  3. ^ a b c d e Fu Z, Zhang J, Zhang Y (2022). "Role of Molecular Hydrogen in Ageing and Ageing-Related Diseases". Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2022: 2249749. doi:10.1155/2022/2249749. PMC 8956398. PMID 35340218.
  4. ^ Ohsawa I, Ishikawa M, Ohta S (2007). "Hydrogen acts as a therapeutic antioxidant by selectively reducing cytotoxic oxygen radicals". Nature Medicine. 13 (6): 688–694. doi:10.1038/nm1577. PMID 17486089.
  5. ^ Sim M, Kim C, Shin D (2020). "Hydrogen-rich water reduces inflammatory responses and prevents apoptosis of peripheral blood cells in healthy adults: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 12130. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1012130S. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-68930-2. PMC 7376192. PMID 32699287.
  6. ^ Hu Q, Li Y, Zhao C (2024). "The Molecular Biological Mechanism of Hydrogen Therapy and Its Application in Spinal Cord Injury". Drug Design, Development and Therapy. 18: 1399–1414. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S463177. PMC 11068043. PMID 38707612.
  7. ^ Shi J, Duncan B, Kuang X (2021). "Hydrogen treatment: a novel option in liver diseases". Clinical Medicine. 21 (2): e223 – e227. doi:10.7861/clinmed.2020-0370. PMC 8002796. PMID 33762390.
  8. ^ Zhang Y, Tan S, Wang T (2018). "Hydrogen Therapy in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases: from Bench to Bedside". Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry. 47 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1159/000489737. PMID 29763888.
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