House of Shupago

Shupago
Шупаго
Circassian house of noble origin
Members of the House of Shupago
Country
EtymologyShu (шу) and pago (паго), meaning "pug-nosed horseman" in Circassian
FoundedUnknown
Traditions

The House of Shupago (Adyghe: Шупаго, Kabardian: Шупагуэ, Russian: Шупако) was a highly influential noble family from the Natukhaj tribe of Circassia. The family, which ruled over most of the Natukhaj, raised important military and political leaders during the Russo-Circassian War.[1][2][3] It had ties to some of influential Circassian families and played an active role as both a military and political family throughout the war. The Shupago family consisted of a total of 26 (33 according to different sources)[4] sub-branches.[2][3]

Name

In the book by Edouard Taitbout de Marigny, who visited Circassia, the name appears as Chipakoua or Soupa Koua; in John Longworth’s book, it is written as Chipakow; and in James Bell’s account, it appears as Tshûpako.[5][6][7] The word Shupago may have been derived from the combination of the Circassian words "шу" and "паго". The word "шу" means "horseman", while "паго" or "пакъэ" means "flat-nosed". Therefore, Shupago can be interpreted as "flat-nosed horseman".[8] It has also been used in the forms Tsupako (Цупако), Chupako (Чупако), Shupakua (Шупакуа), Syupako (Сюпако), Supako (Супако), and Shupako (Шупако).[1][4][9][10][11]

History

According to Lhuillier, the Shupago family migrated from the Crimean Peninsula with the Kabardians in the Late Middle Ages and settled among the Natukhaj on the Black Sea coast.[1][9] The family gained a large sphere of influence when they allied with the Natho's, a powerful dynasty of the Natukhaj.[12] The Shupago's had kinship ties with the Kudenet dynasty in Kabardia and the Berzeg dynasty in Ubykhia.[3][13][14] Sultan Khan-Giray, a Circassian ethnographer, described the House of Shupago as "the leading house of the Natukhaj's".[1] Mehmed Indariqo Shupago, the owner of Pshad and the head of the Shupago's, belonged to a sub-branch called Kiriakin, which was identified by a tamga resembling the cursive letter 'т' in the Russian alphabet.[4][5]

Construction of the Anapa Fortress

In the 1780s, the Ottomans wanted to build a fortress in Anapa, a strategically important location on the Black Sea coast within Natukhaj territory. However, the Natukhaj leaders, viewing this as a threat to their independence, were initially reluctant and hesitant to allow the construction. Later, due to gifts and trade opportunities offered by the Ottoman Empire, they began to cooperate and permitted the fortress to be built. The Ottomans then began construction on the lands of Zaneqo Mehmedgeri Bey—father of Seferbiy Zaneqo—who owned extensive territory in Anapa.[15][16] However, the House of Shupago and its supporters continued to oppose the construction and tried to stop the construction of the fortress.[15] While the Natukhaj were discussing the issue in the council, Ahmed Shupago said the following:[16]

Turkey is not like us. Turkey is a state, and it can go to war with another state. If, as a result of such a war, the fortress is taken by the victorious state, then all the land on which the fortress stands legally becomes the property of that state.

Gathering some groups of detachments, Ahmed Shupago launched attacks on the fortress under construction.[17] Because he repeatedly caused the destruction of the fortress under construction and halted its progress, he was given the title "Qalebat" by the Circassians, meaning "fortress destroyer."[18][19] The Qalebateqo family, a sub-branch of the House of Shupago, were descendants of Ahmed Shupago's family.[19] In 1796, Ahmed Shupago took part in the commoners' army during the Battle of Bziyiqo.

Russo-Circassian War

In the early 19th century, Qalebateqo Shupago, the ruler of Gelendzhik, attempted to unite the Circassians with a "national oath" and declared himself the leader of the Circassian Confederation, but recognition of his rule remained limited.[12][20][21] Mehmed Indariqo's reputation had been damaged due to reasons such as having engaged in trade with the Russians. After him, Hawduqo Mansur was chosen by members of the dynasty as the new leader because of his anti-Russian stance and leadership qualities. Hawduqo Mansur Shupago, the most influential figure of the dynasty, became the leader of the Circassian Confederation and was recognized as one of the most active commanders in the fight against the Russians.[10] The house had many allies and vassals by the first half of the 19th century.[1] The Shupago's resisted the Russian invasion and deployed warriors to various regions of Circassia.[3]

End of the Family Line

Starting especially from the 1860s, a large part of the Shupago lineage, along with other Natukhajs, was significantly reduced as a result of Russia's systematic extermination campaigns and deportations. According to oral sources, all the male members of the Shupago family were killed during World War II, and the remaining individuals gradually assimilated into other families.[22]

Notable members

Images

  • Members of Indariqo-Shupago family in the Pshad Valley (1818)
  • Hawduqo Mansur Shupago (1840s)
  • The tamga of Indariqo family[4]
  • The tamga of Hawduqo family

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Khotko Samir. Circassian Principalities In The 14. 15. Centuries Formation And Interrelation With Sub Ethnic Groups.
  2. ^ a b "Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Vol. 1 Issue 1" (PDF). The Royal Asiatic Society (1). The Royal Asiatic Society 0000: 105–116. 1834. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00013885. Retrieved 2025-01-30.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Samir, Hotko (2022-01-01). "Çerkesya'nın batı vilayeti Nathokuac". Jineps Gazetesi (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 2024-09-10. Retrieved 2025-01-30.
  4. ^ a b c d Гарданова, В. К. (1974). АДЫГИ, БАЛКАРЦЫ И КАРАЧАЕВЦЫ В И ЗВЕС ТИ Я Х ЕВРОПЕЙСКИХ АВТОРОВ XIII—XIX вв (in Russian). Nalçik. p. 302. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2025-01-31.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  5. ^ a b Marigny (chevalier.), Edouard Taitbout de (1837). Three Voyages in the Black Sea to the Coast of Circassia: Including Descriptions of the Ports, and the Importance of Their Trade: with Sketches of the Manners, Customs, Religion ... J. Murray.
  6. ^ Longworth, John Augustus (1840). A Year Among the Circassians. Colburn.
  7. ^ Bell, James Stanislaus (1840). Journal of a Residence in Circassia: During the Years 1837, 1838 and 1839 : in 2 Volumes. Moxon.
  8. ^ Jaimoukha, Amjad M. (1997). Kabardian-English Dictionary: Being a Literary Lexicon of East Circassian. Sanjalay Press.
  9. ^ a b Pashtova, Madina (2017-01-01). "Материалы II Международной научной конференции памяти М.И. Мижаева «Регионально-локальные традиции и формы идентичности черкесов Кавказа и диаспоры»". Вестник науки АРИГИ Т.М. Керашева. Специальный выпуск.
  10. ^ a b Хамидович, Хотко Самир (2015). ГЛАВА 6. ЗЕМЛИ ЧЕРКЕСИИ. НАСЕЛЕННЫЕ ПУНКТЫ И ТОПОНИМИКА (PDF) (in Russian).
  11. ^ Dr. Vasfi Güsar. Yeni Kafkas 1960. p. 17. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2025-02-03.
  12. ^ a b Özsaray, Yunus Emre (2012). KAFKAS TOPLUMLARINDA KURUMLAR: SOSYAL VE EKONOMİK ÖRGÜTLENME BİÇİMLERİNDE DEĞİŞİM (in Turkish). pp. 65–100. Archived from the original on 2023-10-24.
  13. ^ Nart, Çetaw (2018-04-01). "Ubıh senin derin ne renk?". Jineps Gazetesi (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 2025-01-29. Retrieved 2025-01-30.
  14. ^ "ÇERKES KAVMİ ETNOGRAFYASI" (in Turkish). 2013-03-03. Archived from the original on 2025-02-03. Retrieved 2025-02-03.
  15. ^ a b Kushhabiev, Anzor (September 2015). Osmanlı Belgelerine Göre 18. Yüzyılın Sonlarında Kuzey ve Batı Kafkasya'da Osmanlı Politikasının Bazı Yönleri (in Turkish). Translated by Topçu, Murat. p. 95. Archived from the original on 31 January 2025.
  16. ^ a b "А.В.Потто, «Кавказская война», т.1 - БЕДСТВЕННЫЙ ПОХОД БИБИКОВА НА АНАПУ". www.vehi.net. Retrieved 2025-02-03.
  17. ^ Yarlykapov, Akhmet (2014-01-01). Ногайцы: XXI век. История. Язык. Культура. От истоков - к грядущему. p. 80. Archived from the original on 2025-01-31.
  18. ^ Макси́дов, Анато́лий Ахме́дович (1998). Калибатовы: фамильная энциклопедия (in Russian). Nalçik.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  19. ^ a b В.Н, Ковешников (2024-11-10). "Загадки названий: Калалы, Калаус, Калабатка". viktor-dnk.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2025-02-03. Retrieved 2025-02-03.
  20. ^ Samir, Khotko (2014). КАВКАЗСКАЯ ВОЙНА: УРОКИ ИСТОРИИ И СОВРЕМЕННОСТЬ (in Russian). Maykop.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  21. ^ "Эволюция традиционной политической культуры западных адыгов в период Кавказской войны". Адыгэ Хэку (in Russian). 2009-10-24. Archived from the original on 2025-01-31. Retrieved 2025-01-31.
  22. ^ Circassian Genealogy (2022-08-05), "Род Супако – Павший Во Имя Свободы", retrieved 2025-04-29
  23. ^ Güzar, Vasfi (1959). Yeni Kafkas. p. 13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 January 2025. Retrieved 31 January 2025.
  24. ^ Сивер, А.В. (2003). СОЦИАЛЬНОЕ УСТРОЙСТВО КАК ФАКТОР ЭТНИЧЕСКОЙ ИДЕНТИФИКАЦИИ АДЫГОВ-ШАПСУГОВ (in Russian). p. 23. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2025-01-31.
  25. ^ Aydemir, İzzet (1988). Kuzey Kafkasya'lıların Göç Tarihi (in Turkish). Ankara. p. 186. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2025-01-31.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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