History of Paris Saint-Germain FC

Paris Saint-Germain FC was founded in August 1970 after the merger of Paris Football Club and Stade Saint-Germain. PSG made an immediate impact, winning promotion to Division 1 and claiming the Division 2 title in their first season. Their momentum was soon checked, however, and the club split in 1972. Paris FC remained in the top flight, while PSG were administratively relegated to Division 3. Following back-to-back promotions, PSG quickly returned to the premier division in 1974 and moved into the Parc des Princes.

The club's first trophies arrived in the 1980s. Steered by players such as Safet Sušić, Luis Fernandez and Dominique Rocheteau, the Parisians claimed two consecutive French Cup titles in 1982 and 1983 followed by their maiden league championship in 1986, after which they went into decline. But a takeover by television giants Canal+ in 1991 revitalised PSG. Led by David Ginola, George Weah and Raí, the club won nine trophies and reached five consecutive European semi-finals during the 1990s. Most notably, Paris claimed a second league title in 1994 and its crowning glory, the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1996 with legend Luis Fernandez now as coach.

At the start of the 21st century, the Red and Blues struggled to rescale the heights despite the magic of Ronaldinho and the goals of Pauleta. Five more trophies arrived in the form of three French Cups, one French League Cup and one UEFA Intertoto Cup, but the capital side became better known for lurching from one high-profile crisis to another. As a result, Canal+ sold the club to Colony Capital in 2006. The situation, however, only got worse and PSG spent the 2006–07 and 2007–08 campaigns staving off relegations.

The fortunes of Paris Saint-Germain changed dramatically when Qatar Sports Investments (QSI) purchased the club in 2011. Since then, Paris have spent heavily on the signings of world-class players such as Zlatan Ibrahimović, Thiago Silva, Edinson Cavani, Ángel Di María and, most notably, Neymar and Kylian Mbappé, the world's two most expensive transfers in football history. As a result, PSG have dominated French football, winning 27 trophies: seven league titles, six French Cups, six French League Cups and eight French Super Cups. They have also become a regular in the knockout stages of the Champions League, reaching the final for the first time ever in 2020 and winning their first Champions League title in 2025.[1]

Merger and split (1970–1973)

Thanks to the support of 20,000 subscribers eager to see a great club reborn in Paris, a group of Parisian businessmen, including Guy Crescent and Pierre-Étienne Guyot, convinced the management of Stade Saint-Germain, led by club president Henri Patrelle, to join their project.[2][3] As a result, Paris Saint-Germain Football Club were formed on 17 June 1970, following the merger of Crescent and Guyot's virtual side, Paris FC, with the team from Saint-Germain-en-Laye, 15km west of Paris, which had just been promoted to Ligue 2.[2][4] Guyot was elected as the club's first president on 26 June 1970.[5] PSG retain the creation of the club's association on 12 August 1970 as its foundation date.[2][6] The merger was made official by the Official Journal of the French Republic and the French Football Federation (FFF) a fortnight later, on 27 August 1970.[2][4]

Paris FC contributed financial backing, while Stade Saint-Germain provided the sporting infrastructure: Ligue 2 status, the Camp des Loges training center, the club's first manager Pierre Phelipon, and most of the players, including Bernard Guignedoux, Michel Prost and Camille Choquier.[7] PSG bolstered their squad by signing French national team captain Jean Djorkaeff.[8] Their first official match was a 1–1 draw against Poitiers on 23 August 1970. Guignedoux scored the club's first goal from a free kick.[9] PSG would go on to win the Ligue 2 title and achieve promotion to Ligue 1 in their first season.[2][3][10]

Despite a respectable 16th-place finish in the club's first top-flight season, the Council of Paris threatened to withdraw its financial support unless the club changed its name to Paris FC, permanently stripping it of its Saint-Germain roots.[2][3] Former Stade Saint-Germain president and PSG vice-president Patrelle refused, and on 20 June 1972, the club was split in two again.[3][11] Crescent, who had replaced Guyot as club president, left for Paris FC, who retained their Ligue 1 place.[3][12] Patrelle took PSG, who had now lost all of their star players and were administratively relegated to Division 3.[2][3]

Bound by professional contracts to Paris FC, most of the club's players, including team captain Djorkaeff and Guignedoux, continued to play in Ligue 1, while manager Phelipon left following the expiry of his contract.[7][9][13] Only Choquier, Patrice Py, Jean-Louis Leonetti, Bernard Béréau and Jean-Louis Brost remained at PSG for the 1972–73 season.[14] The club took the place of its reserve team in Division 3 and rebuilt its squad with many emerging players from the PSG Youth Academy.[7]

Led by new manager Robert Vicot, PSG started life in Division 3 with a young but talented squad that would star in the club's next consecutive promotions.[7][15] Among them were Éric Renaut, Othniel Dossevi, Michel Marella, Jacques Laposte and, above all, Christian André, the main architect of the club's promotion to Ligue 2 thanks to his 27 goals in 35 matches.[16][17] PSG finished second in Group West, six points behind Quevilly, narrowly missing out on promotion.[7] However, Quevilly had to be dissolved due to financial problems shortly after the end of the season and PSG took its place in Ligue 2 by default.[2][8]

Daniel Hechter years (1973–1978)

Return to Ligue 1

During its first three years of existence, PSG were fan-owned, using a system similar to that of Spanish clubs. Everything changed in 1973, when Henri Patrelle, seeking financing, handed control to a group of wealthy French businessmen. Led by fashion designer Daniel Hechter, who replaced Patrelle as PSG president, and entrepreneur Francis Borelli, they acquired the club following its promotion.[2][3] With their financial backing, PSG surprised national football by appointing French legend Just Fontaine as sporting director and signing several prestigious players, including Jean Deloffre, Louis Cardiet, Jacky Bade and Jean-Pierre Dogliani, considered the club's first star.[7][8][18]

The first PSG game at the Parc des Princes was against Red Star on 10 November 1973, during the 1973–74 season. They won 3–1, with Othniel Dossevi scoring the club's first goal at the stadium.[19] PSG also began their tradition of brilliant Coupe de France performances, reaching the quarter-finals. Better still, they finished second in Group B, four points behind Red Star, qualifying for the Ligue 1 promotion play–offs against Valenciennes.[2][7] PSG lost 2–1 in the first leg, but staged a stunning 4–2 comeback win at the Parc des Princes on 4 June 1974 to secure promotion to the top flight. Overcome with emotion, Fontaine collapsed on the pitch, suffering a heart attack. Fortunately, he recovered and was carried in the players' arms to celebrate. Since then, PSG have always played in the first division of French football.[2][20]

Ironically, in 1974, Paris FC were relegated to Ligue 2 just as PSG were promoted to the top division, handing over their stadium, the Parc des Princes, to their rival Parisian club. PSG has played there ever since.[2][7][15] Hechter opened his checkbook again For the 1974–75 season, Hechter once again reached for his checkbook, paying a then-record €205k to bring Algerian star Mustapha Dahleb from Sedan to Paris in July 1974.[8][21] Despite the incredible goalscoring partnership of Dahleb and his teammate François M'Pelé (50 goals between them), PSG were still not competitive enough to challenge for the league title and finished in a disappointing 15th place.[7][22]

The club's performance in the Coupe de France was the highlight of the season.[7] PSG thrashed Sochaux 5–0 on aggregate in the round of 16, setting them up to face Olympique de Marseille in the quarter-finals.[23] The Parisians visited the Stade Vélodrome as clear underdogs. Marseille were leading by two goals until M'Pelé suddenly scored twice to revive PSG's qualification hopes.[24] Enraged by the result, OM fans attacked the PSG bus after the final whistle. M'Pelé believes this cup match is the true origin of the rivalry between both clubs.[24][25] In the second leg, PSG won 2–0 and reached the semi-finals, a first for a Parisian club since Stade Français in 1965, before narrowly losing to Lens.[7][22][26]

Big signings, mid-table team

Despite an ambitious recruitment drive in the 1975–76 season, which included the signing of established players such as Humberto Coelho and Jean-Pierre Tokoto, the league campaign ended in a lowly 14th-place finish, marked by a rift between manager Fontaine and captain Dogliani. Fontaine, who had replaced Vicot earlier in the season, stripped Dogliani of the captain's armband. On the bright side, PSG reached the quarterfinals of the Coupe de France for the third consecutive season.[27] The club also inaugurated its first Youth Academy center in November 1975 at the Camp des Loges. François Brisson, Jean-Marc Pilorget, Lionel Justier and Thierry Morin were among the first players to come through the academy, making their first-team debuts in a league loss against Stade de Reims at the Parc des Princes in December 1975.[28]

A new chapter began in the 1976–77 season; the club's first star, Dogliani, retired, while Velibor Vasović replaced Fontaine.[29] Vasović, the first foreigner to ever manage PSG, arrived in the French capital with the aim of playing in Europe the following season.[30][31] However, despite Dahleb's exceptional scoring output (26 goals), the Parisians finished in ninth place after a disastrous start to the campaign.[30] After failing to qualify for Europe, Vasović resigned near the end of the season. Former PSG goalkeeper Ilija Pantelić took charge of the last four league matches.[31]

Jean-Michel Larqué, who had hung up his boots to become manager for the 1977–78 season, was forced to step back into the fold to fill the void left by the failed transfer of Lyon playmaker Serge Chiesa. Larqué was the club's second and final player-manager to date, the other being Phelipon.[13][32] Despite several star signings, including Argentine striker Carlos Bianchi, who finished Ligue 1's top scorer that season with 37 goals in 38 matches, and defenders Jean-Pierre Adams and Ramón Heredia, PSG finished in 11th place.[7][33] Bianchi was Hechter's last major signing.[7]

In January 1978, the FFF banned Hechter for life for organizing a ticket-selling scheme at the Parc des Princes.[18][34][35] PSG beat Marseille 5–1 in his final match at the stadium as club president that month. Dahleb offered Hechter the match ball after the final whistle, and he was triumphantly carried in the arms of the players as the fans chanted his name.[34] The following day, Francis Borelli, previously vice president, assumed the presidency.[7][34][36]

Francis Borelli years (1978–1991)

Climbing the league table

Despite a disappointing first season, the club gave Larqué a vote of confidence in the 1978–79 season, signing French international mainstays Dominique Baratelli and Dominique Bathenay in the hope that PSG would finally get closer to the top of the league. But the campaign was another failure.[37] In August, after a catastrophic start to the season, Larqué resigned to focus on his role as a player at the club.[32][37]

Pierre Alonzo took over until November 1978, when he unexpectedly resigned. His replacement, Vasović, had yet to arrive and PSG visited Monaco early that month. Club president Borelli announced the starting lineup that day. This is the only time PSG have played an official match without a manager on the bench. They lost 2–1.[37][38] Bianchi claimed his second consecutive Ligue 1 top scorer title before moving from 13th-placed PSG to French champions Strasbourg.[37] M'Pelé also left the club with an impressive scoring tally of 97 goals, including 28 in the Coupe de France.[39][40]

Vasović's second spell in Paris got off to a promising start in the 1979–80 season.[41] PSG signed Portuguese playmaker João Alves, who guided the Parisians to their best league debut since 1974, with a draw away to Lyon and a home win against Marseille in his first two matches.[41][42] A week later, Alves suffered a near-career-ending injury at Sochaux in August 1979, keeping him sidelined for five months. Alves returned in early 1980 but never fully regained fitness.[42] In October 1979, PSG also lost their manager. Vasović was forced to resign as he was not officially qualified to coach in France. Former PSG goalkeeper Choquier took over until the end of the month, before Georges Peyroche arrived in the French capital in November 1979.[31][41] Against all odds, Peyroche excelled and led PSG to seventh place, the highest league finish in the club's history at the time.[41]

PSG sold Alves to Benfica in the 1980–81 season, but instead signed Saint-Étienne winger Dominique Rocheteau to play as a striker alongside Nambatingue Toko and Boubacar Sarr. With Dahleb as the playmaker, the club enjoyed its most promising season to date.[43] PSG finished fifth in the league, just missing out on European competitions, but cemented themselves as a top-flight side under Peyroche.[36][43][44] Despite being eliminated on away goals, another highlight was the club's historic 5–3 Coupe de France victory against Nantes at the Parc des Princes.[43]

Cup double and European debut

Peyroche made some changes to the squad in the 1981–82 season with the signings of Raymond Domenech, Michel N'Gom, Daniel Sanchez and Ivica Šurjak. The Parisians attempted to qualify for Europe via Ligue 1 but fell short at the end of the season, finishing in seventh place.[45] Reaching their first Coupe de France final against Michel Platini's Saint-Étienne gave them another shot.[20][36][44] Toko opened the scoring for PSG in the 58th minute after a cross from Šurjak. Platini equalised in the 78th minute, forcing extra time, and then doubled his personal tally, giving Saint-Étienne the lead in the 99th minute.[20] Rocheteau, following another assist from Šurjak, scored an unexpected equalizer against his former team in the final seconds of the match.[19][20]

PSG fans invaded the pitch in joy, while Borelli knelt and kissed the turf of the Parc des Princes. After a 30-minute interruption, a penalty shoot-out sealed PSG's first major title. Baratelli saved Saint-Étienne's last attempt and Pilorget converted the winning penalty.[19][20][36] This success opened the doors to Europe for PSG for the first time in their history, securing a place in the 1982–83 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup.[10][46] PSG were the first Parisian club to play in Europe since the 1960s, when Racing Paris and Stade Français participated in the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup.[47]

Expectations were enormous, and PSG strengthened their squad with Kees Kist, Osvaldo Ardiles and Yugoslavian magician Safet Sušić, who remains to this day one of the greatest players in the club's history. They joined an already well-rounded squad, featuring experienced players Bathenay, Rocheteau, Dahleb and Toko, as well as promising young academy products Luis Fernandez, Jean-Claude Lemoult and Pilorget.[48][49]

PSG made their European debut against Lokomotiv Sofia in the first round.[46][50] Despite a 1–0 loss in Bulgaria, PSG played brilliantly at home, winning 5–1. Toko's stunning half-volley sealed their qualification.[47][48] After a comfortable victory over Swansea City, a record 49,575 fans packed the Parc des Princes for their quarter-final clash with Waterschei.[36][51][52] PSG's 2–0 victory was well-earned, thanks to Fernandez's outstanding performance and opening goal. They could have scored more and would later regret it, losing the return leg 3–0 in extra time.[52][53]

Domestically, the results were equally satisfying. PSG achieved their first podium finish, in third place, and won their second cup title, beating Nantes in the 1983 Coupe de France final.[8][36][54] Pascal Zaremba scored early for PSG, but Nantes, chasing the league and cup double, came from behind to lead at halftime. In the second half, PSG turned the score around: Sušić equalized and set up Toko for the winning goal, giving PSG a 3–2 victory.[44][54] The campaign ended on a sad note, as Peyroche left the club to take a sabbatical.[49]

First league title

PSG qualified for the Cup Winners' Cup after successfully defending their Coupe de France title.[52][55] Their first-round opponent were Glentoran, whom they beat 4–2 on aggregate to set up a tie against Juventus, who formed the backbone of Italy's 1982 FIFA World Cup winners and were reinforced by Platini and Zbigniew Boniek.[36][52][56] PSG held their own, drawing both legs but bowing out due to the away goals rule against the eventual champions. They came very close to eliminating Juve in the second leg in Turin: a Sušić free kick hit the post and Pilorget missed a clear chance just before the final whistle.[36][52]

However, the Parisians struggled to maintain their domestic form under Lucien Leduc in the 1983–84 season. The two-time Coupe de France winners were eliminated early on, and a subsequent poor run of form toward the end of the season led to Leduc's resignation, as PSG faced the prospect of missing out on European football. Replaced by Peyroche, back after a ten-month absence, Paris bounced back and defeated Toulouse in the final game of the season. Sušić's goal, the only goal of the match, secured PSG a fourth-place finish, synonymous with UEFA Europa League action next season.[49][36]

Deprived of Dahleb, who left after ten years at the club, Paris endured a difficult 1984–85 season.[57] Peyroche was sacked by Borelli in March 1985 due to poor results, but his replacement, Christian Coste, failed to turn things around, and PSG finished the league in 13th place.[7][44][57] They still managed to reach the 1985 Coupe de France final, their third in four years, but lost to Monaco.[7][36][57] Paris were also shocked by unlikely finalists Videoton in the second round of the Europa League. They lost both matches, the first a resounding 4–2 defeat at the Parc des Princes.[58] Sušić's five assists in PSG's 7–1 home win over Bastia in September 1984 were the highlight of the season, and is a club record that still stands today.[57]

PSG were crowned Ligue 1 champions for the first time in their history in the 1985–86 season under Gérard Houllier, who had replaced Coste, with a memorable 26-match unbeaten run en route to the title.[7][36][59] They dominated the championship from start to finish thanks in large part to players such as Sušić, Bathenay, Fernandez, Rocheteau and Joël Bats, who formed the backbone of the team.[7][44] PSG were the first Parisian club to win the league in 50 years since Racing Paris in the 1935–36 season. They also came close to winning the league and cup double, narrowly losing in the Coupe de France semi-finals to eventual champions Bordeaux.[59]

Decline and Canal+ takeover

Key players such as Fernandez, Jean-Claude Lemoult and Thierry Morin left before the 1986–87 season, and PSG attempted to replace them with more attacking firepower. Houllier signed strikers Vahid Halilhodžić, Daniel Xuereb and Jules Bocandé, who joined Rocheteau in an extremely attacking, but unbalanced squad. The result was a seventh-place finish in the league, an early exit from the Coupe de France, and a disappointing first UEFA Champions League campaign, where the French champions fell at the first hurdle to underdogs Vítkovice.[44][60][61]

PSG's championship-winning side continued to crumble in the 1987–88 season with the departure of Rocheteau. World-class midfielders Gabriel Calderón and Ray Wilkins arrived in Paris, but they too failed to turn things around. Wilkins made only ten appearances before joining Rangers in December 1987. After a run of seven defeats in eight matches, Houllier stepped back and became the club's sporting director in October 1987.[62]

Erick Mombaerts was appointed manager, but he also failed to steer the ship and PSG ended the year in the relegation zone, prompting the return of Houllier in February 1988 for the second half of the campaign.[31][62] They bounced back just in time, with Daniel Xuereb scoring the only goal of the game away to Le Havre on the final day to avoid relegation with a dramatic 15th-place finish.[63] With top-flight status secured, Houllier left the club in June 1988 following the end of the season.[31]

PSG briefly recovered from the crisis under Tomislav Ivić in the 1988–89 season, challenging Marseille for the title.[36][64][65] The clash between both teams increased in importance and ferocity as Borelli accused their rivals of fixing matches.[66][67][68] In May 1989, the two teams met for the title decider at the Stade Vélodrome.[65][68] Played amid an electric atmosphere, the trophy looked set to go to league leaders Paris with the score tied at 0–0 and only a few seconds remaining.[68] But a 25-yard shot from Franck Sauzée stunned PSG goalkeeper Bats and Marseille secured the championship.[36][68][69]

The Parisians resumed their disappointing run of form in the 1989–90 season, finishing fifth in the league and putting in a mixed performance in the Europa League.[70] They narrowly defeated Kuusysi in the first round, but fell just one goal short of eliminating eventual champions Juventus in the second round.[36][71][72] During pre-season, youngster Daniel Bravo joined the club. He would go on to become one of PSG's most prominent figures in the 1990s. Meanwhile, Pilorget left after 14 years and a club-record 435 appearances.[70]

Poor results, highlighted by their ninth-place finish in the 1990–91 season, and their rivalry with Racing Paris in the 1980s for dominance in the capital, finally caught up with them.[73][74] The club's budget exploded, causing debt to spiral out of control under Borelli's mismanagement, ultimately leading to financial collapse.[3][73][44] In April 1991, with the club in serious danger of bankruptcy, PSG fans demanded Borelli's resignation.[7][44] In May 1991, following the end of the season, Borelli sold the club to French television giant Canal+.[44][75]

Canal+ years (1991–2006)

Third cup title and Marseille rivalry

The takeover by Canal+ revitalised PSG, which earned 40% of its revenue from televised matches, allowing it to become one of the richest clubs in France.[18][75] The Council of Paris facilitated the transition by paying off the club's 50 million franc debt (equivalent to €1.4 million), while Canal+ appointed Michel Denisot, journalist for the channel, as club president in place of Borelli, who was forced to resign.[3][75][76] Now enjoying serious investment, PSG aimed to immediately qualify for Europe and become French champions within three years.[7][75][76] The revolution began with the departure of eleven players including Jocelyn Angloma, Michel Bibard, Philippe Jeannol and PSG legend Sušić.[75][76][77]

Canal+ allocated a budget of 120 million francs to build a strong squad for the 1991–92 season and appointed Artur Jorge, famous for leading Porto to the Champions League trophy in 1987, as manager.[75][76][77] PSG went on a spending spree, signing Brazilian internationals Ricardo and Valdo, French veterans Paul Le Guen, Laurent Fournier, Bernard Pardo, Bruno Germain and Patrick Colleter, and promising youngster David Ginola. Despite criticism of Jorge's solid but unsavory style of play, PSG achieved their initial target of qualifying for the Europa League after finishing third in the league.[76][77] It was a fitting send-off for iconic goalkeeper Bats, who retired at the end of the season.[77]

Led by Bernard Lama, who replaced Bats in goal, talented Frenchmen Alain Roche and Vincent Guérin, and prolific Liberian goalscorer George Weah, the Parisians reached a European semi-final for the first time in their history in the 1992–93 season.[75][78] They fought their way to the quarter-finals against PAOK, Napoli and Anderlecht, before facing Real Madrid.[79] PSG lost 3–1 at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in the first leg, but staged their biggest ever comeback at the Parc des Princes, winning 4–1 with goals from Weah, Ginola, Valdo and a last-minute header from Antoine Kombouaré.[79] Their dream run ended against eventual champions Juventus. Weah put Paris ahead, but Roberto Baggio's hat-trick secured a 3–1 aggregate win for Juve.[80][81]

Back in France, the capital club defeated Nantes in the 1993 Coupe de France final, securing their third cup title without conceding a single goal throughout the competition, a record only matched by PSG themselves in 2017.[75][76][82] The victory came almost exactly ten years to the day after their last cup title in 1983, also won against Nantes.[83] It was the club's first trophy since 1986, as well as their first of the Canal+ era.[76][83] The campaign also marked the beginning of Le Classique, the rivalry between PSG and Marseille, as both teams battled each other on the pitch for the league crown. PSG lost the title decider against Marseille and finished second.[35][75] Shortly afterwards, however, Marseille were found guilty of match-fixing and were stripped of their title by the FFF.[84][85] Marseille and their fans have since accused the Parisian political elite of plotting against them to crown PSG as the kings of French football.[86][87]

Second league title and first European trophy

Brazilian playmaker Raí, widely considered the club's greatest ever player, joined PSG in the 1993–94 season, helping them to their second league title. Paris went on a remarkable 27-match unbeaten run, breaking the Ligue 1 record they had set in 1986. Ricardo's header from Valdo's corner in a 1–0 win over Toulouse in April 1994 sealed the title for PSG. At the final whistle, the Parc des Princes pitch was invaded for an impromptu, incident-free celebration.[75][88] In the Coupe de France, PSG achieved their biggest victory to date, defeating amateur side Côte Chaude 10–0 in the round of 64 in January 1994, but their hopes of a league and cup double were dashed by Lens in the quarter-finals.[88][89]

History would repeat itself in Europe. PSG defeated Real Madrid in the Cup Winners' Cup quarter-finals, becoming the only French team to win at the Bernabéu with a Weah goal, but they fell just short of the final once again. After drawing 1–1 at home to Arsenal, the Parisians needed to score in London, but surprisingly, Artur Jorge left Weah in the stands, where he watched his team lose 1–0. In Jorge's place, the club welcomed Luis Fernandez, who guided PSG to one of their best ever campaigns.[75][81][90]

Despite finishing third in the championship, the 1994–95 season was still a success for PSG. They clinched the domestic cup double, winning both the Coupe de France and the inaugural Coupe de la Ligue, and reached their first Champions League semi-finals.[75][91][92] Drawn into a lethal Group B alongside Bayern Munich, Spartak Moscow and Dynamo Kyiv, PSG became one of only seven teams to win all six of their group stage matches.[75][93] PSG then eliminated Johan Cruyff's Barcelona "Dream Team" in the quarter-finals, but could not overcome Milan. The Rossoneri had no problems and secured a 3–0 aggregate victory, thus burying PSG's European dream.[75][81][79][94]

Weah, Ricardo, Valdo and Ginola left the club before the 1995–96 season. In their place, PSG signed Patrice Loko, Julio Dely Valdés, Youri Djorkaeff and Bruno Ngotty, key figures in the club's European campaign. Domestically, the club endured a disappointing run, with early eliminations from both cup competitions and relinquishing the league title to Auxerre after a 3–0 defeat at the Parc des Princes against the eventual champions in March 1996. The only notable moment at the national level was PSG's penalty shootout victory over Nantes in the Trophée des Champions, the first edition of the French Super Cup officially organized by the FFF.[95]

The club's fortunes were completely different in the 1995–96 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup.[75][95] After easy wins over Molde and Celtic, PSG defeated tournament favorites Parma and Deportivo de La Coruña on their way to the decisive match against the revelation of the season, Rapid Wien. With Djorkaeff pulling the strings, Paris created chance after chance until the only goal of the match arrived on the half-hour mark. He touched a free kick to his right and Bruno Ngotty fired a low, powerful shot from thirty yards out. The ball deflected slightly off a defender, deceiving the Rapid goalkeeper before crashing into the net. PSG failed to double their lead despite numerous chances, but were very solid defensively and held on to become the second French club to win a major European competition, after arch-rivals Marseille's triumph in the 1992–93 UEFA Champions League, and the only French side to win this particular tournament.[92][96][97]

Cup Winners' Cup curse and cup double

With Ricardo replacing Fernandez as manager for the 1996–97 season, Cup Winners' Cup champions PSG faced Champions League winners Juventus in the two-legged 1996 UEFA Super Cup. The Bianconeri proved too strong and won 9–2 on aggregate, including a blushing a 6–1 victory at the Parc des Princes.[98] The Parisians recovered, beating the likes of Galatasaray, AEK Athens and Liverpool, to reach the 1997 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup final four months later against Barcelona, featuring a star-studded lineup led by Luís Figo and Ronaldo. The match saw PSG suffer the Cup Winners' Cup curse, becoming the eighth team to reach a second consecutive final and lose. At the 38-minute mark, Ronaldo was fouled inside area by last season's hero, Ngotty, and coolly converted the penalty.[75][99][100][101] Despite a squad overhaul, which saw Leonardo replace Bravo and Djorkaeff, PSG finished runners-up in the league, synonymous with Champions League football, but suffered early cup exits: defeats to Lyon at the first hurdle in the Coupe de la Ligue and to fourth-tier Clermont in the Coupe de France.[75][102]

Decline and revival (1998–2011)

PSG then went into decline following years of mismanagement.[10] The club's form dwindled as they slipped further down the table and eventually, a split from owners Canal+ became inevitable. After years of underachievement, Canal+ sold the club to Colony Capital, Butler Capital Partners and Morgan Stanley in 2006. Colony Capital eventually bought out Morgan Stanley's shares in the club to become 95% owners.[10]

Five more trophies arrived (three French Cups, one League Cup and one UEFA Intertoto Cup) and Parc des Princes faithful also got to marvel at the likes of Marco Simone, Jay-Jay Okocha, Nicolas Anelka, Ronaldinho, Gabriel Heinze, Juan Pablo Sorín, Mario Yepes and Pauleta.[10][103] However, the club became better known for lurching from one high-profile crisis to another.[10] Indeed, PSG spent the 2006–07 and 2007–08 seasons staving off relegations that were only very narrowly avoided.[7][10]

During the 2007–08 season, the club only avoided relegation on the final day. PSG struggled throughout the campaign and spent many games in the relegation zone. After a difficult season on and off the pitch, marked by poor results and violence between some fans, PSG avoided relegation to Ligue 2 on the final match after a 2–1 win at Sochaux. The savior was Ivorian striker Amara Diané who scored both PSG goals that night. Today, Diané is still a hero for most Parisian fans.[104]

Domestic hegemony and European title (2011–present)

Third league title

Paris Saint-Germain were transformed into a top team in 2011, when the club was purchased by Qatar Sports Investments (QSI) after two years of solid progress and stability under the stewardship of manager Antoine Kombouaré and president Robin Leproux.[10] The takeover made PSG not only the richest club in France but one of the wealthiest in the world.[105] QSI and new club president Nasser Al-Khelaifi pledged to form a team capable of winning the UEFA Champions League and making the club France's biggest name.[10][106]

Club legend Leonardo was brought back in a sporting director capacity and oversaw a spending spree in summer 2011 that has so far been unprecedented in Ligue 1 history.[10] Despite finishing behind Montpellier in 2011–12, the elusive league crown was finally brought back to Paris in 2012–13 driven by star player Zlatan Ibrahimović, team captain Thiago Silva and famous manager Carlo Ancelotti.[10][107] Zlatan's 30-goal haul almost single-handedly led the capital side to its first Ligue 1 title in 19 years, and third overall. However, PSG were unlucky to be eliminated from the UEFA Champions League on away goals Barcelona in the quarter-finals after drawing both games.[107]

National quadruples and European title

Big money signings continued with the arrivals of Edinson Cavani in 2013 and David Luiz in 2014.[108][109] Despite the departure of Carlo Ancelotti, PSG kept its winning ways under Laurent Blanc. The club secured a maiden domestic treble (Ligue 1, Coupe de la Ligue and Trophée des Champions) in the 2013–14 season, before claiming an unprecedented national quadruple (Ligue 1, Coupe de France, Coupe de la Ligue and Trophée des Champions) twice in a row in 2014–15 and 2015–16.[110][111] However, Blanc's teams were never able to advance past the quarterfinals of the UEFA Champions League, a goal that president Nasser Al-Khelaifi and ownership group QSI made clear was the ultimate benchmark for the club's success.[106]

Fresh from three consecutive UEFA Europa League titles with Sevilla, Unai Emery was hired by PSG for his European pedigree.[106] But with star player Zlatan Ibrahimović gone, the club endured a disappointing 2016–17 season.[112][113] Paris were pipped to the Ligue 1 title by Monaco, missing out on top spot for the first time in five years. Additionally, PSG surrendered a 4–0 first-leg lead over Barcelona with a historic 6–1 thrashing at Camp Nou in the last 16 of the UEFA Champions League.[113] Nevertheless, they secured another domestic cup treble, claiming the Trophée des Champions, the Coupe de la Ligue and the Coupe de France.[112][113]

In response, PSG assembled a fearsome attacking trio composed of Edinson Cavani and world-record signings Neymar and Kylian Mbappé in the 2017–18 campaign.[114] The capital club reclaimed the Ligue 1 title and successfully defended the three cups, clinching the domestic quadruple for the third time in four seasons.[111][115] But, with Parisian fans promised European glory in light of their massive expenditure, these victories on the national stage were not enough after their UEFA Champions League exit at the hands of Real Madrid in the round of 16.[116] As a result, Unai Emery left the club at the end of the season.[117]

Paris Saint-Germain again fell in the Champions League round of 16 in the 2018–19 season, suffering a shock 3–1 defeat at home to Manchester United after winning the first leg 2–0 at Old Trafford.[118] This season, they won the Ligue 1 for the 8th time in their history, but lost in the Coupe de France Final against Rennes.[119][120] PSG were eliminated from the Coupe de la Ligue in embarrassing fashion, as they lost 2–1 at home to Guingamp in the quarterfinals. However, the team defeated the same opposition by a margin of 9–0 ten days later in the league.[121][122]

In the 2019–20 season, PSG won the Ligue 1 title for the 9th time in their history, following the title being awarded to them based on PPG ratio as the season was ended prematurely due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[123] Once the lockdown ended, they also reclaimed the Coupe de France after defeating Saint-Étienne in the final,[124] and the last-ever Coupe de la Ligue with a penalty shootout win over Lyon in the final on 31 July.[125] In the 2019–20 UEFA Champions League, PSG reached the semi-finals for the second time since 1995, after a 2–1 win over Atalanta,[126] and then reached its first-ever final by defeating RB Leipzig 3–0.[127] In a tightly contested final, PSG lost to Bayern Munich 1–0.[128] In the 2020–21 season, PSG won the Coupe de France, but failed to retain the Ligue 1 title. However, the club did make the semi-finals of the Champions League for the second time in a row, notably eliminating Barcelona and Bayern Munich before falling short of the final at the hands of Manchester City.[129]

Ahead of the 2021–22 season, Paris Saint-Germain completed the signings of seven players; Gianluigi Donnarumma, Achraf Hakimi, Nuno Mendes, Lionel Messi, Danilo Pereira,[130] Sergio Ramos, and Georginio Wijnaldum. The club's summer transfer window was considered by many observers as one of the greatest in football history, with four of the seven players joining on free transfers.[131] Later in the season, PSG went on to reclaim the Ligue 1 title,[132] but fell short in the Champions League at the hands of Real Madrid in the round of 16, a tie amplified by the uncertainty surrounding Kylian Mbappé's future.[133] However, on 21 May 2022, Mbappé extended his contract with PSG until 2025,[134] despite speculations of a possible transfer to Real Madrid,[135] which prompted La Liga officials to file a complaint to UEFA regarding accumulating losses of PSG in the previous years.[136]

Unsatisfied with the club direction and lack of European success club president Nasser Al-Khelaifi promised changes heading into next season and stated the team would not win the UEFA Champions League as currently constructed.[137] The most significant change at PSG was the move away from a star-centric model to a team-first approach. With the departures of Messi, Neymar, and Mbappé, the club pivoted toward building a more cohesive, system-based team. Rather than investing in individuals with global commercial appeal, the club focused on recruiting players who fit a defined tactical philosophy and embraced a collective mindset. Off the pitch, the club's leadership also adopted a more sustainable and strategic vision. Rather than pursuing short-term global marketing wins, the board prioritized long-term footballing identity.[138][139] This included investing in player development, hiring a coach with a clear tactical identity, and cultivating a club culture based on work ethic, unity, and discipline. This philosophical reorientation allowed PSG to evolve into a team, rather than a collection of stars. This shift in recruitment and development began with new manager Luis Enrique and transfer market expert Luís Campos as football advisor.[140][141]

Under Enrique, PSG renewed their domestic supremacy in 2024–25, losing no matches in their first 28 and winning the Ligue 1 title with six matches to spare.[142] He also led them to winning their first Champions League against Inter Milan, beating them 5–0, helping PSG complete their first ever continental treble.[143] Enrique expressed that Ousmane Dembélé deserves the Ballon d'Or after delivering an "exceptional" performance in the Champions League final.[144] Despite not scoring in the 5–0 win, he assisted two of the goals. He contributed significantly throughout the treble-winning campaign, scoring 33 goals and assisting 15.[144] According to Lewis Jones of Sky Sports News, "What Luis Enrique has built and is building is so special."[145] Jones praises PSG as "perfect as it can be from a football team. Relentless without the ball and so dangerous with it", further stating that "Inter didn't stand a chance. They got run off the pitch. PSG are a beast. The first of many Champions Leagues, no doubt."[145] The win triggered celebratory riots in Paris.[146]

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