Hinduism in Asia

Hinduism by country
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Hinduism is an Indian religion and in terms of followers, it is one of the largest religions in Asia. In 2022, the total number of Hindus in Asia is more than 1.2 billion, more than 22.8% of Asia's total population. [1] About 99.2% of the world's Hindus live in South Asia.[2] with India having 94% of the global Hindu population.[3] Other Asian nations with a notable Hindu population include Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and the United Arab Emirates.[4][5][6][7]

History

Further information: History of Hinduism and India
See also: History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia

The roots of Hinduism started and emerged in the Indus river basin at the Indus Valley civilisation, nearly 3,000 BCE and spread through the Indian subcontinent,[8] though the history of Hinduism overlaps or coincides with the development of religion in the Indian subcontinent since the Iron Age, with some of its traditions tracing back to prehistoric religions such as those of the Bronze Age Indus Valley civilization. It has thus been called the oldest religion in the world.[9]

Hinduism spread in South and Southeast Asia through Hindu rulers and dynasties, and the reign of the Gupta Empire (the Gupta era) was considered the Golden period for Hinduism and the religion also spread to Central Asia (including Afghanistan) through the Silk route.[10][11][12] There were also many Hindu colonies in West Asia due to significant trade with this parts of the world.[13] Though with the Spread of Islam and Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent, Afghanistan and Southeast Asia, especially in Indonesia, Hinduism started declining and shrunk in these regions.[14][15]

Demographics

A Balinese Hindu family after puja at Bratan temple in Bali, Indonesia
Natarajan Temple
A Sadhu in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh

Central Asia

Country Total pop Hindus %age Hindus pop
Kazakhstan 18,744,548 0.01% 12,732
Kyrgyzstan 6,019,480 <0.01% <1,000
Tajikistan 8,734,951 <0.01 <1,000
Turkmenistan 5,851,466 <0.01 <1,000
Uzbekistan 32,653,900 0.01% 2,778
Total 72,004,345 <0.01% 16,000 (approx)

East Asia

Country Total pop Hindus %age Hindus pop
China 1,425,178,782 0.1% 20,000
Hong Kong 7,448,900 1.6% 119,182
Macau 658,900 <0.01% <1,000
Japan 126,420,000 <0.01% 30,000
North Korea 25,610,672 <0.01% <1,000
South Korea 51,635,256 0.04% 24,414
Mongolia 3,231,200 <0.01% <1,000
Taiwan 23,577,488 <0.01% 1,900
Total 1,633,202,416 0.09% (approx) 1,551,037

Middle-East

See also: Hinduism in Arab states
Country Total pop Hindus %age Hindus pop
Bahrain 1,496,300 9.8% 144,286
Kuwait 4,226,920 7.1%[α] 300,667
Oman 4,651,706 5.7% 182,679
Qatar 2,561,643 13.8% 358,800
Saudi Arabia 33,413,660 1.1% 303,611
Arab Emirates 9,582,340 7.5%[β] 660,000
Yemen 28,915,284 0.7% 200,000
Total 84,847,853 2.52% 2,140,574

South Asia

Main article: Hinduism in South Asia
Country Total pop Hindus %age Hindus pop
Afghanistan 37,466,414 <0.01% <1,000
Bangladesh 165,158,616 7.95% 13,130,109
Bhutan 742,737 22.6% 185,700
India 1,320,000,000 79.8% 1,053,000,000
Maldives 369,031 0.01% <1,000
Nepal 28,901,790 81.3% 23,500,000
Pakistan 224,864,293 2.14% 4,678,078
Sri Lanka 21,200,000 12.6% 2,671,000
Total 2,032,080,415 68% 1,068,728,901

Southeast Asia

Main article: Hinduism in Southeast Asia
Country Total pop Hindus %age Hindus pop
Brunei Darusalem 374,577 0.035% 131
Cambodia 13,995,904 0.3% 41,988
Indonesia 259,000,000 1.74% 4,646,357[γ]
Malaysia 30,949,962 6.3% 1,949,850
Myanmar 50,279,900 0.5% 252,763
Philippines 102,000,000 <0.1% 30,634 (2015)[20]
Singapore 5,600,000 5.0% 280,000
Thailand 65,068,149 0.1% 65,000
Vietnam 85,262,356 0.07% 20,000
Total 571,337,070 1.118% 6,386,614

West Asia

Country Total pop Hindus %age Hindus pop
Armenia 2,975,000 <0.01% <1,000
Azerbaijan 10,027,874 <0.01% <1,000
Iran 81,871,500 <0.01% 20,000
Iraq 39,339,753 <0.01% <1,000
Israel 8,930,680 0.12% 11,500
Lebanon 6,093,509 <0.01% <1,000
State of Palestine 4,816,503 <0.01% <1,000
Syria 18,284,407 <0.01% <1,000
Turkey 80,810,525 <0.01% <1,000
Total 253,149,751 0.018% 46,000 (est)

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The estimates vary depending on whether temporary workers – with no residency nor right to openly practice their religion – are included or not. The official Kuwaiti government census data does not count Hindus as residents or citizens of Kuwait.
  2. ^ In the United Arab Emirates, only Sunni Muslims can become citizens, non Muslims there are working as work-class laborers and employees on a particular time and contract basis.[16]
  3. ^ The lower number is based on Pew Research estimate and is primarily concentrated in the island of Bali, Indonesia and nearby provinces of Indonesia. The higher number is based on a 2010 estimate by the Ministry of Religious Affairs of the Government of Indonesia.[17] The largest Hindu organization in Indonesia Parisada Hindu Dharma Indonesia states that the Indonesian census greatly underestimates Hindu population, because predominantly Muslim nation of Indonesia does not recognize all forms of Hinduism, and only recognizes monotheistic Hinduism under its constitution.[18][19]

References

Citations

  1. ^ Johnson, Todd M.; Crossing, Peter F. (14 October 2022). "Religions by Continent". Journal of Religion and Demography. 9 (1–2): 91–110. doi:10.1163/2589742x-bja10013. ISSN 2589-7411.
  2. ^ Pechilis, Karen; Raj, Selva J. (2013). South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-44851-2.
  3. ^ https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/09/21/population-growth-and-religious-composition/
  4. ^ "Table: Religious Composition by Country, in Numbers". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 18 December 2012. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
  5. ^ Reyaz, M. (30 May 2014). "[Analysis] Are there any takeaways for Muslims from the Narendra Modi government?". DNA India. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
  6. ^ "Gorkhas to march for restoration of Nepal's Hindu nation status". Hindustan Times. 10 August 2017. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
  7. ^ "Hinduism - The spread of Hinduism in Southeast Asia and the Pacific". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
  8. ^ Brodd 2003.
  9. ^ Klostermaier 2007, p. 1.
  10. ^ Flood, Gavin D. (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge University Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0.
  11. ^ Klostermaier 2007, p. 78-81.
  12. ^ Michaels 2004, p. 40.
  13. ^ Pillalamarri, Akhilesh. "The Origins of Hindu-Muslim Conflict in South Asia". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
  14. ^ Werner, Karel (11 August 2005). A Popular Dictionary of Hinduism. Routledge. p. 728. ISBN 978-1-135-79753-9.
  15. ^ Brodd 2003, p. 57; Michaels 2004, pp. 147–158.
  16. ^ Marsh 2015e, p. 3.
  17. ^ Indonesia: Religious Freedoms Report 2010, US State Department (2011), Quote: "The Ministry of Religious Affairs estimates that 10 million Hindus live in the country and account for approximately 90 percent of the population in Bali. Hindu minorities also reside in Central and East Kalimantan, the city of Medan (North Sumatra), South and Central Sulawesi, and Lombok (West Nusa Tenggara). Hindu groups such as Hare Krishna and followers of the Indian spiritual leader Sai Baba are present in small numbers. Some indigenous religious groups, including the "Naurus" on Seram Island in Maluku Province, incorporate Hindu and animist beliefs, and many have also adopted some Protestant teachings."
  18. ^ F.K. Bakker (1997), Balinese Hinduism and the Indonesian State: Recent Developments, Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, Deel 153, 1ste Afl., Brill Academic, pp. 15–41
  19. ^ Martin Ramstedt (2004). Hinduism in Modern Indonesia: A Minority Religion Between Local, National, and Global Interests. Routledge. pp. 7–12. ISBN 978-0-7007-1533-6.
  20. ^ "Philippines, Religion And Social Profile". thearda.com. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2021.

Bibliography

Media related to Hinduism in Asia at Wikimedia Commons

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