Hass avocado
| Persea americana 'Hass' | |
|---|---|
| Genus | Persea |
| Species | Persea americana |
| Cultivar | 'Hass' |
| Breeder | Rudolph Hass |
| Origin | First grown at La Habra Heights, California in 1926; patented 1935 in the US, Plant Patent No. 139 |
The Hass avocado is a variety of avocado with dark green, bumpy skin. It was first grown and sold by Southern California mail carrier and amateur horticulturist Rudolph Hass, who also gave it his name.[1]
The Hass avocado is a large-sized fruit[2] weighing 200 to 300 grams (7 to 10 oz). When ripe, the skin becomes a dark purplish-black and yields to gentle pressure.[3] When ripe, the flesh is pale green near the skin and becomes a deeper yellow-green towards the center.
Owing to its taste, size, shelf-life, high growing yield and in some areas, year-round harvesting, the Hass cultivar is the most commercially popular avocado worldwide. In the United States it accounts for more than 80% of the avocado crop and 95% of the California crop, and it is the most widely grown avocado in New Zealand.[1][3]
History
All commercial, fruit-bearing Hass avocado trees have been grown from grafted seedlings propagated from a single tree that was grown from a seed bought by Rudolph Hass in 1926 from A. R. Rideout of Whittier, California. At the time, Rideout was getting seeds from any source he could find, even restaurant food scraps. The cultivar this seed came from is not known. In 2019, the National Academy of Sciences published a genetic study concluding that the Hass avocado is a cross between Mexican (61%) and Guatemalan (39%) avocado varieties.[4]
In 1926, at his 1.5-acre grove at 430 West Road, La Habra Heights, California, Hass planted three seeds he had bought from Rideout, which yielded one strong seedling.[1] After trying and failing at least twice to graft the seedling with branches from Fuerte avocado trees (the leading commercial cultivar at the time), Hass thought of cutting it down but a professional grafter named Caulkins told him the young tree was sound and strong, so he let it be. When the tree began bearing odd, bumpy fruit, his children liked the taste. As the tree's yields grew bigger, Hass easily sold what his family did not eat to co-workers at the post office.[1] The Hass avocado had one of its first commercial successes at the Model Grocery Store on Colorado Street in Pasadena, California, where chefs working for some of the town's wealthy residents bought the new cultivar's big, nutty-tasting fruit for $1 each, a very high price at the time (equivalent to $18 in 2024).
Hass patented the tree in 1935 and made a contract with Whittier nurseryman Harold Brokaw to grow and sell grafted seedlings propagated from its cuttings,[1] with Brokaw getting 75% of the proceeds. Brokaw then specialized in the Hass and often sold out of grafted seedlings since, unlike the Fuerte, Hass yields are year-round and also more plentiful, with bigger fruit, a longer shelf life and richer flavor owing to higher oil content.[1]
By the early 21st century the US avocado industry took in over $1 billion a year from the heavy-bearing, high quality Hass cultivar, which accounted for around 80% of all avocados grown worldwide.[1]
The name "Hass" (rhymes with "pass") is sometimes confused with the name "Haas" in the United States due to the habit of some supermarkets using that spelling in the produce department to advertise the fruit.[5]
The mother tree
Owing to later suburban sprawl in Southern California, the mother tree stood for many years in front of a residence in La Habra Heights. The tree died when it was 76 years old and was cut down on 11 September 2002 after a ten-year fight with phytophthora (root rot), which often kills avocado trees.[6] Two plaques by the private residence at 426 West Road mark the spot where it grew. The wood was stored in a tree nursery and from this stock, a nephew of Rudolph Hass, Dick Stewart,[7] made keepsakes, jewelry and other gifts.[1]
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy | 206 kcal (860 kJ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
8.3 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
20.3 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1.8 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other constituents | Quantity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Water | 67 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| †Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[8] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies[9] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bearing pattern
Hass avocado trees, like some other cultivars, may only bear well every other year. After a year with low yield, often because of cold, for which the tree does not have much tolerance, yields may be very high the next year. However, the heavy crop can deplete stored carbohydrates, lowering the following season's yield and this can set the tree into a lifelong alternate bearing pattern. Southern California Hass Avocado groves have good soil and drainage, plentiful sunlight and cool gentle winds from the oceans which help the fruit grow. These conditions hold throughout the year, so there are always fresh harvests of Hass avocados in Southern California.[10]
Nutritional value
A raw, peeled Hass avocado is 67% water, 20% fat, 8% carbohydrates, and 2% protein (table). In a reference amount of 100 g (3.5 oz), a Hass avocado supplies 206 calories of food energy, and is a rich source (20% or higher of the Daily Value, DV) of folate and copper, with moderate content of vitamin B6 and potassium ( 15-19% DV, table).
Hass avocados contain phytosterols and carotenoids, including lutein and zeaxanthin.[11]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h "The Hass Mother Tree: 1926–2002". Avocado.org. Irvine, CA: California Avocado Commission. 2008. pp. "About Avocados: History" section. Archived from the original on 13 September 2008. Retrieved 27 September 2008.
- ^ California Avocado Society 1973-74 Yearbook 57: 70-71, What kind of fruit is the avocado? (PDF)
- ^ a b Zeldes, Leah A. (2 June 2010). "Eat this! The 'Hass' avocado, black and green and creamy". Dining Chicago. Chicago's Restaurant & Entertainment Guide, Inc. Archived from the original on 21 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2010.
- ^ "Scientists Crack the Genetic Code of the Hass Avocado". Modern Farmer. 12 August 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
- ^ Dillow, Gordon (29 March 1992). "Family Tree: Hass' 1st Avocado Seedling Still Stands and Bears Fruit". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 12 February 2025.
- ^ "Avocado Tree's Demise Is the Pits for Growers; Fitting farewell sought for 'mother'". Los Angeles Times, September 7, 2003.
- ^ Paul Wilkes, Rudolph Hass' Son In Law. Dick Stewarts' Cousin
- ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
- ^ "TABLE 4-7 Comparison of Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in This Report to Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in the 2005 DRI Report". p. 120. In: Stallings, Virginia A.; Harrison, Meghan; Oria, Maria, eds. (2019). "Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. pp. 101–124. doi:10.17226/25353. ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. NCBI NBK545428.
- ^ "Avocado Plant Varieties | California Avocado Commission". Archived from the original on 7 March 2010. Retrieved 24 January 2011. Also Here (Added 31 July 2024)
- ^ Dreher ML, Davenport AJ (2013). "Hass avocado composition and potential health effects". Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 53 (7): 738–50. doi:10.1080/10408398.2011.556759. PMC 3664913. PMID 23638933.