Haplogroup B (mtDNA)

This article is about the human mtDNA haplogroup. For the human Y-DNA haplogroup, see Haplogroup B-M60.
Haplogroup B
Possible time of origin50,000 YBP
Possible place of originSoutheast Asia
AncestorR11'B B4'5'R11B6'R24
DescendantsB2,B4, B5, B6
Defining mutations8281-8289d[1]

In human mitochondrial genetics, haplogroup B is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

Origin

Haplogroup B is believed to have arisen in Asia some 50,000 years before present. Its ancestral haplogroup was Eurasian haplogroup R.

The greatest variety of haplogroup B is in China. It is therefore likely that it underwent its earliest diversification in mainland East or South East Asia.[2]

Distribution

Basal B was found in Upper Paleolithic Tianyuan man.[3]

Haplogroup B is now most common among populations native to Southeast Asia,[4] as well as speakers of Sino-Tibetan languages and Austronesian languages.

A subclade of B4b (which is sometimes labeled B2) is one of five haplogroups found among the indigenous peoples of the Americas, the others being A, C, D, and X.

Because the migration to the Americas by the ancestors of indigenous Americans is generally believed to have been from northeastern Siberia via Beringia, it is surprising that Haplogroup B and Haplogroup X have not been found in Paleo-Siberian tribes of northeastern Siberia.[5] However, Haplogroup B has been found among Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic populations of Siberia, such as Tuvans, Altays, Shors, Khakassians, Yakuts, Buryats, Mongols, Negidals, and Evenks.[6] This haplogroup is also found among populations in China, Indonesia, Iran,[6] Iraq,[7] Japan, Korea, Laos,[8] Madagascar, Malaysia, Melanesia, Micronesia, Mongolia, the Philippines, Polynesia, Thailand, and Vietnam.[9][10]

Although haplogroup B in general has been found in many Siberian population samples, the subclade that is phylogenetically closest to American B2, namely B4b1, has been found mainly in populations of southern China and Southeast Asia, especially Filipinos and Austronesian speakers of eastern Indonesia (approx. 8%) and the aborigines of Taiwan and Hainan (approx. 7%).[11][12][13] However, B4b1 has been observed in populations as far north as Turochak and Choya districts in the north of Altai Republic (3/72 = 4.2% Tubalar),[14] Miyazaki and Tokyo, Japan (approx. 3%),[15] South Korea (4/185 = 2.2%),[10] Tuva (1/95 = 1.1% Tuvan),[14] and Hulunbuir (1/149 = 0.7% Barghut).[16]

Table of Frequencies of MtDNA Haplogroup B

Population Frequency Count Source Subtypes
Carolinian (Saipan) 1.000 17 B4a1a1a=15, B4a1a(xB4a1a1a)=2
Hawaiians 0.994 160 [17] B4a1a1, B4a1a1a1, B4a1a1a3
Dingban Yao (Mengla, Yunnan) 0.600 10 B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=3, B4a=1, B4e=1, B4f=1
Iu Mien (Mengla, Yunnan) 0.481 27 B4a=7, B4b1=5, B5a=1
Bapai Yao (Liannan, Guangdong) 0.429 35 B5a=7, B4e=3, B4b1=2, B4a=1, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=1, B(xB4, B5)=1
Filipino 0.422 64 [11] B4a1a(xB4a1a1)=8, B5b=7, B4b1=6, B4c1b=4, B4a1a1=1, B5a=1
Tu Yao (Hezhou, Guangxi) 0.390 41 B5a=7, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=6, B4a=3
Guoshan Yao (Jianghua, Hunan) 0.375 24 B5a=7, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=2
Cham (Bình Thuận, Vietnam) 0.369 168 [18] B5a=27, B4c2=18, B4c1b2=3, B4h=3, B4a1(xB4a1a)=2, B4g=2, B5b2a=2, B4a(xB4a1)=1, B4a1a=1, B4b1=1, B4c1b(xB4c1b2)=1, B5b1=1
Huatou Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi) 0.368 19 B5a=3, B4a=2, B4b1=1, B4e=1
Filipino (Luzon) 0.367 177 [11] B4a1a(xB4a1a1)=20, B5b=18, B4b1=13, B4c1b=10, B5a=2, B4a(xB4a1a)=1, B7=1
Hmong (Wenshan, Yunnan) 0.333 39 B5a=8, B4a=5
Dong (Tianzhu County, Guizhou) 0.321 28 B4a=6, B5a=2, B4c=1
Kinh (Vietnamese) 0.317 139 B4=24, B5=19, B6=1
Mien (Shangsi, Guangxi) 0.313 32 B4a=5, B5a=3, B4e=2
Kim Mun (Malipo, Yunnan) 0.300 40 B5a=5, B4a=3, B4e=2, B4b1=1, B5(xB5a, B5b)=1
Dai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.293 41 B5a=4, B(xB4, B5a, B5b)=4, B4a=3, B4(xB4a)=1
Bunu (Dahua & Tianlin, Guangxi) 0.280 25 B4a=5, B5a=2
Filipino (Visayas) 0.277 112 [11] B4a1a(xB4a1a1)=11, B4b1=8, B4c1b=7, B5b=5
Lanten Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi) 0.269 26 B4a=3, B5a=2, B4b1=1, B4f=1
Laos 0.262 214 [8] B5a=26, B4g=7, B4c2=6, B4a'g*=3, B4a1*=3, B4b1a2a=2, B4e=2, B4*=1, B4a1b=1, B4b1*=1, B4b1a1'2*=1, B4c1b=1, B5b=1, B6=1
Wuzhou Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi) 0.258 31 B4a=4, B5a=3, B4b1=1
Lahu (Simao, Yunnan) 0.250 32 B4a=5, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=3
Pan Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi) 0.250 32 B5a=4, B4a=2, B4f=1, B5b=1
Yi (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.250 16 B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B4a=1, B5(xB5a, B5b)=1, B5a=1
Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan) 0.244 45 B4a=5, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=3, B5a=3
Filipino (Mindanao) 0.243 70 [11] B4a1a(xB4a1a1)=7, B4b1=5, B5b=3, B4a(xB4a1a)=1, B4a1a1=1
Lowland Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi) 0.238 42 B4a=3, B4b1=3, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=2, B5a=1, B5b=1
Han (Taiwan) 0.234 111 B4+C16261T+G16129A!=6, B5a1=3, B4+C16261T=2, B4b1a2=2, B4b1b'c=2, B4c1b2a(xB4c1b2a2)=2, B4g=2, B4a1a(xB4a1a1a)=1, B4a4=1, B4b1a3=1, B4c1b+A16335G=1, B4c1c=1, B5b(xB5b2a)=1, B5b2a=1
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou) 0.226 31 B4a=3, B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=2, B4b=1, B5a=1
Bai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.211 19 B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2, B4a=1, B5a=1
Han (Taipei, Taiwan) 0.209 91 B4(xB4f)=13, B5=6
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou) 0.206 102 B4a=5, B4b1=5, B5a=5, B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c, B4e, B4f, B4g)=3, B5b=2, B4c=1
Korean (South Korea) 0.204 103 [6] B4=13, B5=8
CHS (Han from Hunan & Fujian) 0.200 55 B5=6, B4=5
Lahu (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.200 15 B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B4a=1, B4b1=1
Han (Southern California) 0.192 390 B=75
Dai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.190 21 B4a=2, B4(xB4a)=1, B5b=1
Han (Southwest China; pool of 44 Sichuan, 34 Chongqing, 33 Yunnan, and 26 Guizhou) 0.190 137 B4b'd=9, B4a=6, B5a=4, B4c=3, B(xB4a, B4b'd, B4c, B5a, B5b, B6)=2, B5b=1, B6=1
Tujia (western Hunan) 0.188 64 B4a=5, B5b=3, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2, B5a=2
Hmong (Jishou, Hunan) 0.184 103 B5a=6, B4a=5, B4b1=3, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=2, B4e=1, B4f=1, B5b=1
Hani (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.182 33 B5a=2, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B4a=1, B4b1=1, B5b=1
Xiban Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi) 0.182 11 B4a=1, B4b1=1
Korean (Seoul & Daejeon, South Korea) 0.180 261 B(xB5)=32, B5=15
Han (Taiwan) 0.179 1117 B=200
CHD (Han from Denver, Colorado) 0.178 73 B4=12, B5=1
Hui (Xinjiang) 0.178 45 B4a=4, B5a=2, B4b1=1, B6=1
Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan) 0.175 40 B4(xB4a, B4b1)=5, B4a=1, B4b1=1
Tujia (Yanhe County, Guizhou) 0.172 29 B4b=3, B5a=2
Thailand 0.171 105 B(xB5a1)=13, B5a1=5
Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan) 0.171 35 B5a=4, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2
Aini (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.160 50 B4a=4, B(xB4, B5)=2, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B5a=1
Chinese (Shenyang, Liaoning) 0.156 160 B4(xB4f)=15, B5=10
Daur (Evenk Autonomous Banner) 0.156 45 B4(xB4a, B4b)=4, B4a=3
Korean (Seoul National University Hospital) 0.155 633 B=98
Yi (Hezhang County, Guizhou) 0.150 20 B4b=1, B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=1, B6=1
Mongolian (Ulan Bator) 0.149 47 [6] B4=5, B5=2
Korean (South Korea) 0.148 203 B4(xB4f)=24, B5=6
Korean (South Korea) 0.146 185 [10] B4a=11, B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=7, B4b1=4, B5a=2, B5b=2, B4c=1
Vietnamese 0.143 42 [10] B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=3, B4a=1, B4b(xB4b1)=1, B5a=1
Okinawa 0.141 326 B4(xB4f)=28, B4f=10, B5=8
CHB (Han from Beijing Normal University) 0.140 121 B4=14, B5=3
JPT (Japanese from Tokyo) 0.136 118 B4=11, B5=5
Tujia (Yongshun, Hunan) 0.133 30 B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2, B5a=2
Japanese (Hokkaidō) 0.129 217 B4(xB4f)=18, B4f=5, B5=5
Japanese (Tōkai) 0.124 282 B4(xB4f)=26, B5=9
Japanese (Gifu) 0.121 1617 B=196
Negidal 0.121 33 [14] B5b2=4
Japanese (Tōhoku) 0.119 336 B4(xB4f)=24, B5=15, B4f=1
Korean (northern China) 0.118 51 [10] B4a=2, B4b(xB4b1)=2, B5a=1, B5b=1
Telengit (Altai Republic) 0.113 71 [6] B4=8
Jino (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.111 18 B4a=1, B5a=1
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet) 0.111 54 B4a=5, B5b=1
Japanese (northern Kyūshū) 0.109 256 B4(xB4f)=19, B5=8, B4f=1
Japanese 0.109 211 B4b1=14, B5b=4, B5a=2, B4a=1, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B5(xB5a, B5b)=1
Evenk (New Barag Left Banner) 0.106 47 B4b=4, B5b=1
Korean (Arun Banner) 0.104 48 B4b=2, B5b=2, B4(xB4a, B4b)=1
Mongol (New Barag Left Banner) 0.104 48 B4b=3, B4a=1, B5a=1
Han (Beijing) 0.100 40 [10] B(xB4, B5a, B5b)=2, B4b(xB4b1)=2
Nu (Gongshan, Yunnan) 0.100 30 B4(xB4a, B4b1)=3
Thai 0.100 40 [10] B5a=3, B(xB4, B5a, B5b)=1
Yi (Luxi, Yunnan) 0.097 31 B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2, B(xB4, B5)=1
Japanese (Miyazaki) 0.090 100 [15] B4b1a1=3, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2, B4a=2, B5b=2
Khakassian (Khakassia) 0.088 57 [6] B4=5
Han (Xinjiang) 0.085 47 B5a=2, B4b1=1, B5b=1
Kyrgyz (Sary-Tash, Kyrgyzstan) 0.085 47 B5a=2, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4c)=1, B4a=1
Mongolian (Ulan Bator) 0.085 47 [10] B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=2, B4a=1, B5b=1
Tuvan 0.084 95 [14] B4a1c2=4, B5=2, B4(xB4a1c2, B4b1a, B4d1a)=1, B4b1a=1
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet) 0.083 24 B=2
Barghut (Hulunbuir) 0.081 149 [16] B4c1a2(xB4c1a2a)=4, B4f1=2, B5b(xB5b2)=2, B4c1a2a=1, B4b1a3a1a=1, B4d1=1, B5b2=1
Chamorro (85 Guam, 14 Saipan, & 6 Rota) 0.076 105 B4a1a1a=7, B4b1=1
Manchurian 0.075 40 [10] B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=2, B4a=1
Uzbek (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.075 40 B=3
Uyghur (Penjim, Panfilov District, Almaty Province, Kazakhstan) 0.073 55 B5a=3, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4c)=1
Buryat 0.071 126 B4(xB4a, B4b)=5, B5b=2, B(xB4, B5a, B5b)=1, B4b=1
Khamnigan (Buryatia) 0.071 99 [6] B4=5, B5=2
Dungan (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.063 16 B=1
Persian (eastern Iran) 0.061 82 [6] B4=4, B5=1
Nogai (Dagestan) 0.061 33 B=2
Tibetan (Nagchu, Tibet) 0.057 35 B=2
Kazakh (Kegen Valley, Almaty Province, Kazakhstan) 0.055 55 B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4c)=1, B4a=1, B5b=1
Lisu (Gongshan, Yunnan) 0.054 37 B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B5(xB5a, B5b)=1
Tharu (Chitwan, Nepal) 0.053 133 B5a=7
Uzbek (Xinjiang) 0.052 58 B4b1=2, B4c=1
Bukharan Arab (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.050 20 B=1
Filipino (Palawan) 0.050 20 B4a1a=1
Tajik (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.050 20 B=1
Turkmen (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.050 20 B=1
Shor (Kemerovo Oblast) 0.049 82 [6] B4=4
Va (Simao, Yunnan) 0.045 22 B4(xB4a)=1
Altai Kizhi 0.044 90 [6] B4=3, B5=1
Bai (Dali, Yunnan) 0.044 68 B5a=2, B4b1=1
Tofalar 0.043 46 [14] B4a1c2=2
Kyrgyz (Bakay-Ata, Kyrgyzstan) 0.042 48 B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4c)=1, B5b=1
Tubalar 0.042 72 [14] B4b1a=3
Evenk (Krasnoyarsk Krai) 0.041 73 [6] B4=3
Kazakh (Kosh-Agach, Altai Republic) 0.041 98 [16] B5b2=3, B4c1b=1
Buryat (Kushun, Nizhneudinsky, Irkutsk Oblast) 0.040 25 [14] B4d1a=1
Kazakh (Xinjiang) 0.038 53 B4a=2
Teleut (Kemerovo Oblast) 0.038 53 [6] B4=2
Kalmyk (Kalmykia) 0.036 110 [6] B4=3, B5=1
Tibetan (Chamdo, Tibet) 0.034 29 B4a=1
Buryat (Buryatia) 0.034 295 [6] B4=9, B5=1
Lahu (Lancang, Yunnan) 0.029 35 B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1
Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan) 0.028 36 B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1
Va (Ximeng & Gengma, Yunnan) 0.028 36 B5a=1
Yakut (Yakutia) 0.028 36 [6] B4=1
Tharu (Morang, Nepal) 0.025 40 B5a=1
Tibetan (Deqin, Yunnan) 0.025 40 B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1
Oroqen (Oroqen Autonomous Banner) 0.023 44 B4(xB4a, B4b)=1
Uyghur (Xinjiang) 0.021 47 B(xB4, B5, B6)=1
Oirat Mongol (Xinjiang) 0.020 49 B4b1=1
Ainu 0.020 51 B4f1=1
Tuvinian (Tuva) 0.019 105 [6] B4=2
Tibetan (Qinghai) 0.018 56 B4a=1
Nogai (Nogaysky, Dagestan & Adyge-Khabalsky, Karachay-Cherkessia) 0.015 206 B=3
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet) 0.014 74 B4a=1
Yakut 0.012 423 B4(xB4b1)=3
B4b1=1
B5b2=1
Bashkir 0.009 221 B=2
Chukchi (Anadyr) 0.000 15 [6] –
Uyghur (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.000 16 –
Crimean Tatar (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.000 20 –
Iranian (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.000 20 –
Karakalpak (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.000 20 –
Kazakh (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.000 20 –
Kyrgyz (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.000 20 –
Hindu (Chitwan, Nepal) 0.000 24 –
Nganasan 0.000 24 [14] –
Tibetan (Diqing, Yunnan) 0.000 24 –
Kurd (northwestern Iran) 0.000 25 [6] –
Andhra Pradesh (tribal) 0.000 29 –
Tibetan (Shigatse, Tibet) 0.000 29 –
Batak (Palawan) 0.000 31 –
Ket 0.000 38 [14] –
Tajik (Tajikistan) 0.000 44 [6] –
Tibetan (Lhasa, Tibet) 0.000 44 –
Evenk (Buryatia) 0.000 45 [6] –
Udege (Gvasiugi, Imeni Lazo, Khabarovsk Krai) 0.000 46 [14] –
Itelmen 0.000 47 [14] –
Chuvash 0.000 55 –
Nivkh (northern Sakhalin) 0.000 56 [14] –
Komi-Zyryans 0.000 62 –
Mansi 0.000 63 –
Chukchi 0.000 66 [14] –
Evenk (53 Stony Tunguska basin & 18 Tuguro-Chumikan) 0.000 71 [14] –
Tatar (Aznakayevo) 0.000 71 –
Komi-Permyaks 0.000 74 –
Siberian Eskimo 0.000 79 [14] –
Ulchi 0.000 87 [14] –
Mansi 0.000 98 [14] –
Udmurt 0.000 101 –
Mordvinian 0.000 102 –
Khanty 0.000 106 –
Yakut 0.000 117 –
Tatar (Buinsk) 0.000 126 –
Mari 0.000 136 –
Koryak 0.000 155 [14] –
Tatar 0.000 228 –

Subclades

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup B subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[1] and subsequent published research.

  • B'R11'R24
    • B4'5 – China (Han from Zhanjiang, Paleolithic remains from Tianyuan Cave), the Philippines (Ivatan)
      • B4
        • B4-T16217C* – Vietnam (Lô Lô), Japan
        • B4a'g'h'i'k'm (B4-C16261T)
          • B4-C16261T* – Thailand (Lao Isan in Chaiyaphum Province[19]), Cambodia (Takeo), Vietnam (Kinh), China (Han, Uyghur), Korea
          • B4a – Korea, Han Chinese (Denver), Tujia, Uyghur, Borneo (Bidayuh[20])
            • B4a1 (TMRCA 22,900 [95% CI 18,200 <-> 28,400] ybp[21])
              • B4a1a (TMRCA 9,700 [95% CI 9,000 <-> 10,500] ybp[21])
                • B4a1a* – Philippines (Ivatan, etc.), Malaysia, Papua New Guinea (Trobriand Islands), Ireland
                • B4a1a1 (A14022G, A16247G) – (TMRCA 7,000 [95% CI 6,600 <-> 7,500] ybp[21]) Vanuatu (Port Olry), Papua New Guinea (Siwai of Bougainville)[22] the Polynesian motif,[23][24][25][26] or "PM" (though sometimes referred to as its immediate precursor)
                  • B4a1a1a (16247) – (TMRCA 5,400 [95% CI 4,900 <-> 5,900] ybp[21]) Vanuatu (Banks and Torres), Cook Islands (also sometimes referred to as "the Polynesian motif")
                    • B4a1a1a1 – Solomon Islands (Ranongga, Malaita)
                      • B4a1a1a1a – Solomon Islands (Savo)
                        • B4a1a1a1a1 – Solomon Islands (Gela, Isabel)
                      • B4a1a1a1b – Solomon Islands (Gela, Simbo)
                      • B4a1a1a1c – Papua New Guinea (Nasioi and Nagovisi of Bougainville)
                      • B4a1a1a1d – Tonga
                    • B4a1a1a2 – Solomon Islands (Choiseul), Papua New Guinea (Lihir Island)
                      • B4a1a1a2a – Solomon Islands (Malaita)
                      • B4a1a1a2b – Papua New Guinea (Buin of Bougainville)
                    • B4a1a1a3 – Solomon Islands (Malaita, Makira)
                    • B4a1a1a4 – Papua New Guinea (South Coast), Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal)
                    • B4a1a1a5 – Solomon Islands (Malaita, Ontong Java)
                    • B4a1a1a6 – Solomon Islands (Malaita, Vella Lavella)
                    • B4a1a1a7 – Solomon Islands (Bellona)
                    • B4a1a1a8 – Solomon Islands (Tikopia), Fiji
                    • B4a1a1a9 – Solomon Islands (Tikopia)
                    • B4a1a1a10 – Solomon Islands (Savo, Ranongga)
                    • B4a1a1a11 – Solomon Islands (Simbo)
                      • B4a1a1a11a – Solomon Islands (Choiseul), Vanuatu (Banks and Torres)
                      • B4a1a1a11b – Solomon Islands (Bellona), Cook Islands
                    • B4a1a1a12 – Solomon Islands (Gela, Savo)
                    • B4a1a1a13 – Solomon Islands (Choiseul), Samoa
                    • B4a1a1a14 – Papua New Guinea (Buka)
                    • B4a1a1a15 – Tonga, Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
                    • B4a1a1a16 – Solomon Islands (Tikopia), Tonga
                    • B4a1a1a17 – Papua New Guinea (Buka, Siwai of Bougainville)
                    • B4a1a1a18 – Cook Islands
                    • B4a1a1a19 – Papua New Guinea (Lihir Island, Anem of New Britain)
                    • B4a1a1a20 – Tuvalu
                    • B4a1a1a21 – Solomon Islands (Malaita), Samoa
                    • B4a1a1a22 – Niue, Samoa
                    • B4a1a1a23 – Papua New Guinea (Torau of Bougainville), Solomon Islands (Isabel, Vella Lavella, Shortlands)
                  • B4a1a1b – Madagascar (Mikea, Merina) (Malagasy motif – a Polynesian motif found only among the Malagasy people)
                  • B4a1a1c – Cook Islands
                  • B4a1a1d – Solomon Islands (Isabel), Papua New Guinea (Kavieng)
                  • B4a1a1e – Solomon Islands (Ranongga, Malaita)
                  • B4a1a1f – Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal)
                  • B4a1a1g – Solomon Islands (Russell, Malaita)
                  • B4a1a1h – Solomon Islands (Bellona, Rennell)
                  • B4a1a1i – Solomon Islands (Ranongga, Savo)
                  • B4a1a1j – Solomon Islands (Russell, Guadalcanal)
                  • B4a1a1k – Tonga, Samoa
                    • B4a1a1k1 – Tonga, Samoa
                  • B4a1a1m – Tonga, Samoa, Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
                    • B4a1a1m1 – Cook Islands, Tuvalu
                  • B4a1a1n – Solomon Islands (Santa Cruz), Cook Islands
                  • B4a1a1o – Papua New Guinea (Madang), Solomon Islands (Tikopia), Samoa
                  • B4a1a1p – Solomon Islands (Gela)
                  • B4a1a1q – Indonesia (West New Guinea), Solomon Islands (Choiseul)
                  • B4a1a1r – Cook Islands
                  • B4a1a1s – Papua New Guinea (Torau and Nagovisi of Bougainville)
                  • B4a1a1t – Samoa, Cook Islands
                  • B4a1a1u – Fiji, Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
                  • B4a1a1v – Tonga, Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
                  • B4a1a1w – Papua New Guinea (Anem of New Britain)
                  • B4a1a1x – Tuvalu, Micronesia (Majuro Atoll)
                  • B4a1a1y – Solomon Islands (Vella Lavella)
                  • B4a1a1z – Papua New Guinea (Nakanai of New Britain)
                  • B4a1a1aa – Bougainville (Torau, etc.)
                  • B4a1a1ab – Solomon Islands (Ontong Java), Samoa
                  • B4a1a1ac – Solomon Islands (Kolombangara), Tuvalu
                  • B4a1a1ad – Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
                  • B4a1a1ae – Papua New Guinea (Kavieng)
                  • B4a1a1af – Papua New Guinea (Anem of New Britain)
                • B4a1a2 – Taiwan (Amis)
                • B4a1a3 – Taiwan (Ami)
                  • B4a1a3a – Taiwan (Siraya)
                    • B4a1a3a1 – Philippines (Ivatan), Malaysia (Kota Kinabalu), Spain, USA
                      • B4a1a3a1a – Taiwan (Amis)
                • B4a1a4 – Philippines (Ivatan), Orchid Island (Yami)
                • B4a1a5 – Philippines, Malaysia (Kota Kinabalu)
                  • B4a1a5a – Philippines (Kalangoya, Ivatan)
                • B4a1a6 – Philippines (Kalangoya, Ifugao)
                  • B4a1a6a – Philippines (Kalangoya, Ibaloi)
                • B4a1a7 – Taiwan (Amis)
              • B4a1b'e (TMRCA 20,000 [95% CI 15,300 <-> 25,700] ybp[21])
                • B4a1b'e* – China (Naxi, Nyingchi, etc.)
                • B4a1b – Korea, Japan
                  • B4a1b1 – Korea, Japan
                    • B4a1b1a – Korea, Japan
                • B4a1e – China, Taiwan (Makatao), Vietnam (Thái), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province, Lamphun Province, and Lampang Province,[19] Tai Yuan in Northern Thailand[27])
              • B4a1c (TMRCA 20,200 [95% CI 15,600 <-> 25,700] ybp) – India, China (Uyghur), Vietnam (Tay), Korea, Japan
                • B4a1c1 (TMRCA 17,400 [95% CI 10,700 <-> 26,600] ybp) – Japan
                  • B4a1c1a (TMRCA 13,800 [95% CI 8,200 <-> 21,800] ybp) – Japan, Korea, China
                    • B4a1c1a1 – Japan, Korea
                • B4a1c2'4'5 (TMRCA 17,100 [95% CI 11,800 <-> 23,900] ybp) – Vietnam (Cờ Lao)
                  • B4a1c2 – Tuvan, Tofalar
                  • B4a1c4 (TMRCA 13,400 [95% CI 11,000 <-> 16,300] ybp) – China (Mongol in Hulun Buir, Dai), Vietnam (Dao, Hà Nhì, Si La, Kinh, Nùng), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province, Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province, Nyaw in Nakhon Phanom Province, Lao Isan in four provinces of Northeast Thailand, Shan in Mae Hong Son Province, Htin in Phayao Province, Phuan in Suphan Buri Province[19])
                  • B4a1c5 – China (Fujian), Taiwan (Hakka)
                • B4a1c3 (TMRCA 16,100 [95% CI 10,100 <-> 24,500] ybp[21])
                  • B4a1c3a (TMRCA 3,600 [95% CI 1,650 <-> 6,800] ybp[21]) – Japan, Korea, Kazakh (Zhan Aul of Altai Republic[28]), Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan[29])
                  • B4a1c3b (TMRCA 11,500 [95% CI 5,600 <-> 21,200] ybp[21]) – Japan, Korea, China
              • B4a1d – Vietnam
            • B4a2 – Japan
              • B4a2a – Indonesia (Semende of Sumatra, Banjarmasin), Philippines, Taiwan (Makatao, Hakka)
                • B4a2a1 – Orchid Island (Yami), Philippines (Ivatan)
                • B4a2a2 – Taiwan (Atayal, Saisiat)
                • B4a2a3 – Taiwan (Paiwan, Hakka)
              • B4a2b – China (Han from Beijing)
                • B4a2b1 – China, Jamaica
                  • B4a2b1a – Japan
            • B4a3 – Tibet (Nagqu), Tianjin, Japan (Aichi), Iran (Fars), Kuwait
            • B4a4 – Ladakh, Northern Areas of Pakistan (Balti), Singapore, China (Han from Beijing, etc.), Korea, Russia, Germany
              • B4a4a - Yakut, Yukaghir
              • B4a4b - China
              • B4a4c - Thailand
                • B4a4c1 - Naxi, Uyghur
              • B4a4d - China
              • B4a4e - China
                • B4a4e1 - China, Taiwan
              • B4a4f - Japan
                • B4a4f1 - China
            • B4a5 – China (Han), Taiwan (Hakka), Vietnam (H'Mông, Dao, Cờ Lao)
          • B4g
            • B4g1 – China (especially Jiangsu and Zhejiang), Thailand
            • B4g2 – Orchid Island (Tao), China (Han from Hunan), Vietnam (Cờ Lao, Dao, Si La), Thailand (Tai Dam in Kanchanaburi Province,[19] Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province,[19] Lao Isan in Chaiyaphum Province,[19] Htin in Phayao Province[19])
          • B4h – China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Thailand (Phuan in Sukhothai Province[19])
            • B4h1 – China (Fujian, etc.), Taiwan, Thailand (Tai Dam in Kanchanaburi Province[19]), Japan
          • B4i – China
            • B4i1 – China (Han from Beijing, etc.)
          • B4k – China (Han from Beijing, etc.)
          • B4m – Korea, China, Taiwan (Minnan), Vietnam
        • B4b'd'e'j – Vietnam, Laos
          • B4b – Canada
            • B2 – Quechua, Guarani, Coreguaje, Waunana, Katuena, Ache, Gaviao, Xavante, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Argentina, USA (Yaqui, Hispanics, etc.), Dominican Republic
              • B2a – Northwestern Canada (Tsimshian), Mexico (Chihuahua)
                • B2a1 – USA (Jemez in New Mexico, Hispanics, etc.), Mexico
                  • B2a1a – USA (Hispanics)
                    • B2a1a1 – Mexico (Chihuahua)
                  • B2a1b – Mexico (Chihuahua), USA (Hispanic)
                • B2a2 – USA (New Mexico, Colorado, Mexican)
                • B2a3 – Mexico (Chihuahua, Durango), USA (Mexican)
                • B2a4
                  • B2a4a – Mexico (Sinaloa)
                    • B2a4a1 – Mexico (Chihuahua, Jalisco, Durango)
                • B2a5 – Pima, USA (Arizona, Utah, California)
              • B2b – Cayapa, Pomo, Xavante, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Argentina
                • B2b1 – Venezuela, Ecuador (Shuar of Gualaceo)
                • B2b2 – Bolivia (Beni), Argentina (Criollo of Gran Chaco), USA (Hispanic)
                  • B2b2a – Bolivia (Santa Cruz, Cochabamba)
                • B2b3 – Yanomama
                  • B2b3a – Puerto Rico, Venezuela, Kayapo
                • B2b4 – USA (Mexican)
              • B2c – Ecuador, USA (Hispanic), ancient Canada,[30] modern Canada[31]
                • B2c1 – Mexico (Mixe), USA (Hispanic, Mexican)
                  • B2c1a – USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
                  • B2c1b – USA (Hispanic, Mexican)
                  • B2c1c – USA (Mexican)
                • B2c2 – USA (Mexican)
                  • B2c2a – USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
                  • B2c2b – USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
              • B2d – Nicaragua (Chinandega), Ngöbe/Guaymi, Wayuu, Colombia, USA (Hispanic in New Jersey)
              • B2e – Colombia, Argentina, Waiwai
              • B2f – USA (Mexican)
              • B2g
                • B2g1 – Mexico, USA (Yaqui, Mexican, Hispanic)
                • B2g2
              • B2h – Ache
              • B2i
                • B2i1 – Kayapo
                • B2i2 – Chile
                  • B2i2a – Mapuche
                    • B2i2a1 – Chile
                      • B2i2a1a – Chile, Argentina
                      • B2i2a1b – Chile
                  • B2i2b – Chile
                    • B2i2b1 – Chile
              • B2j
              • B2k – Venezuela, USA (Mexican)
              • B2l – Venezuela, Ecuador
              • B2m
              • B2n
              • B2o – Colombia, Mexico (Maya), USA (Hispanic in Arizona)
                • B2o1 – Ecuador, Bolivia
                  • B2o1a – Colombia, Bolivia, Peru
              • B2p – USA (Mexican)
              • B2q – Ecuador, USA (Mexican)
              • B2r – USA (Hispanic, Mexican)
              • B2s – USA (Mexican)
              • B2t – Guatemala (Maya, la Tinta)
              • B2u
              • B2v
              • B2w
              • B2x
              • B2y – South America (Andes), Peru
                • B2y1 – USA
            • B4b1
              • B4b1* – Thailand (Phuan in Phrae Province),[19] Korea, Japan
              • B4b1a
                • B4b1a* – China, Tubalar,[14] Philippines, Indonesia
                • B4b1a-G207A (TMRCA 14,900 [95% CI 11,200 <-> 19,400] ybp[21]) – Japan
                  • B4b1a1 (TMRCA 3,000 [95% CI 2,100 <-> 4,200] ybp[21]) – Japan
                    • B4b1a1a – Japan, Korea
                    • B4b1a1b – Japan
                    • B4b1a1c – Japan, Korea
                  • B4b1a2 (TMRCA 11,900 [95% CI 10,300 <-> 13,600] ybp[21]) – Japan, Korea, China (Fujian), Taiwan, Philippines (Aeta of Bataan, etc.), Indonesia, Thailand (Khon Mueang in Lampang Province[19]), India
                    • B4b1a2a – Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai, Lamphun, and Lampang provinces, Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province, Tai Dam in Loei Province, Lao Isan in Ubon Ratchathani Province[19]), Vietnam (Gelao), China (Han from Zhanjiang), Korea, Japan
                    • B4b1a2b – Taiwan (Ami)
                      • B4b1a2b1 – Philippines (Maranao, Manobo)
                      • B4b1a2b2 – Taiwan (Bunun, Makatao)
                    • B4b1a2c – Philippines (Mamanwa)
                    • B4b1a2d – Philippines (Surigaonon)
                    • B4b1a2e – China (She people, etc.)
                    • B4b1a2f – Taiwan (Bunun, Tsou)
                    • B4b1a2g – Taiwan (Bunun)
                      • B4b1a2g1 – Taiwan (Bunun)
                    • B4b1a2h – Taiwan (Ami)
                    • B4b1a2i
                      • B4b1a2i* – Tuvalu, Banjar (Banjarmasin)
                      • B4b1a2i1
                        • B4b1a2i1*
                        • B4b1a2i1a
                          • B4b1a2i1a* – Nauru, Kiribati
                            • B4b1a2i1a1 – Tuvalu
                      • B4b1a2i2 – Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal)
                  • B4b1a3 (TMRCA 7,300 [95% CI 4,600 <-> 11,000] ybp[21]) – Han Chinese (Denver)
                    • B4b1a3* – Hazara (Pakistan)[32]
                    • B4b1a3a (TMRCA 3,300 [95% CI 2,100 <-> 4,900] ybp[21])
                    • B4b1a3b
                      • B4b1a3b* – Buryat[16]
                      • B4b1a3b1 – Uyghur
              • B4b1b'c
                • B4b1b – Japan, Korean, China (Lanzhou[34]), Vietnam
                • B4b1c – China, Taiwan, South Korea, Japan (TMRCA 14,900 [95% CI 9,800 <-> 21,700] ybp)
                  • B4b1c1 – Vietnam (Kinh, Tày, Nùng), Thailand, China, Japan (TMRCA 7,200 [95% CI 4,500 <-> 10.800] ybp)
                  • B4b1c2 – Mongol (New Barag Left Banner), China, Taiwan (Hakka), Japan (TMRCA 12,900 [95% CI 7,800 <-> 20,100] ybp)
          • B4d
            • B4d1'2'3
              • B4d1'2'3* – Russia (Buryat[14]), China (Oroqen,[32] Tibetan from Tingri, etc.), Korea
              • B4d1 – China (Miao, Daur from Qiqihar, Korean from Antu County, Han from Fengcheng, Lanzhou,[34] Jiangsu, etc.), Taiwan, Japan (Chiba), conqueror period Hungary (three specimens from the Karos-III site)[35]
                • B4d1a – Han Chinese (Denver), Barghut (Hulun Buir)[16]
              • B4d2 – China (Han from Qingdao)
              • B4d3 – China (Han from Beijing, etc.)
                • B4d3a – China, Italy (TMRCA 8,300 [95% CI 4,700 <-> 13,500] ybp)
                  • B4d3a1 – Japan (Aichi, Ibaraki, etc.), Korea[36]
            • B4d4 – Japan (Chiba, etc.)
          • B4e – Thailand (Phuan in Lopburi, Sukhothai, and Phrae provinces,[19] Tai Yuan in Uttaradit Province[19]), Laos (Lao in Vientiane[19]), Vietnam (La Hủ), China, Japan (Tokyo)
          • B4j – Buryat, Khamnigan[16]
        • B4c – Thailand, Indonesia
        • B4f – Japan (Japanese, Ryukyuan, Ainu, late 3–4th century AD (early Kofun period) Yokohama[41])
          • B4f* – Vietnam (Lô Lô), Japan (Aichi)
          • B4f1 - Barghut,[16] Korea[36]
            • B4f1* – Japan (Tokyo)
            • B4f1a – Japan (Tokyo, etc.)
      • B5
        • B5* – China
        • B5a – Thailand (Tai Dam from Kanchanaburi Province[19]), Vietnam (Kinh), China (Han), Taiwan (Hakka), Philippines (Agta of Iriga)
          • B5a1 – Thailand (Tai Yuan from Ratchaburi Province, Blang from Chiang Rai Province, Lao Isan from Chaiyaphum Province, Nyaw from Nakhon Phanom Province, Tai Dam from Kanchanaburi Province, Phuan from Sukhothai Province, Soa from Sakon Nakhon Province[19]), Indonesia (Besemah of Sumatra), Vietnam, China
            • B5a1a – Cambodia, Vietnam (Kinh, Gelao), Laos,[19] Thailand,[19] Indonesia (Besemah and Kutaradja of Sumatra), China, Uyghur, Taiwan (Minnan), Philippines, India
              • B5a1a1 – Nicobar Islands
            • B5a1b – China (Han from Wuhan), Philippines, Iran[42]
              • B5a1b1 – Cambodia (Jarai), Indonesia, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand (Bru from Sakon Nakhon Province, Phuan from Sukhothai Province and Lopburi Province, Tai Yuan from Uttaradit Province, Khon Mueang from Mae Hong Son Province and Chiang Mai Province, Tai Dam from Kanchanaburi Province, Soa from Sakon Nakhon Province, Nyaw from Nakhon Phanom Province, Saek from Nakhon Phanom Province[19]), Laos (Lao from Luang Prabang and Vientiane[19]), China, Korea
            • B5a1c – China, Taiwan (Minnan), Thailand (Kaleun from Nakhon Phanom Province[19]), Guyana
              • B5a1c1 – China, Taiwan (Minnan), Laos (Lao from Luang Prabang[19])
                • B5a1c1a – Han Chinese
                  • B5a1c1a1 – China (Han from Hunan, etc.)
              • B5a1c2 – China (Han)
            • B5a1d – China, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Indonesia (Semende of Sumatra)
          • B5a2 – China (Han from Hunan)
            • B5a2a
              • B5a2a1
                • B5a2a1a – China
                • B5a2a1b – Korea, Japan (Tokyo, Chiba)
              • B5a2a2
                • B5a2a2* – China
                • B5a2a2a
                  • B5a2a2a1 – Taiwan (Paiwan, Rukai)
                  • B5a2a2a2 – Taiwan (Saisiyat, Rukai)
                • B5a2a2b
                  • B5a2a2b1 – Philippines (Ivatan)
                    • B5a2a2b1a – Taiwan (Bunun)
                  • B5a2a2b2 – Taiwan (Makatao)
        • B5b – Korea,[36] China, Uyghur, Kyrgyz
          • B5b1 – China, Tibet, Buryat (Inner Mongolia), Korea, Japan (Tokyo, etc.), Thailand (Suay from Surin Province[19]), Cambodia (Lao), Vietnam, Singapore
            • B5b1a – China, Thailand (Shan from Mae Hong Son Province[19])
              • B5b1a1 – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi)
              • B5b1a2 – Japan (Tokyo)
                • B5b1a2a – Japan (Chiba, Tokyo)
            • B5b1c – Philippines (Ivatan, etc.), Solomon Islands (Isabel, Santa Cruz), Malaysia (Jawa, Batek), Singapore, Yemen
              • B5b1c1 – Philippines (Kalangoya, Ifugao, Ibaloi, Kankanaey)
                • B5b1c1a – Philippines (Kankanaey, Ifugao, Kalangoya, Ibaloi, Abaknon)
          • B5b2 – Russia (Russian old settler in Pokhosk Village of Sakha Republic, Ulchi,[43] Altaian Kazakh[16]), China (Han, Uyghur, Barghut[16]), Japan, Philippines
            • B5b2a – Negidal, Khamnigan
              • B5b2a1 – Japan (Aichi, Tokyo, etc.), China (Han from Wuhan)
              • B5b2a2 – Japan (Tokyo, etc.), Korea,[36] China (Tianjin[21]), Buryat, Hezhen
                • B5b2a2a
                  • B5b2a2a1 – Japan (Tokyo, Chiba, Aichi)
                  • B5b2a2a2 – Malaysia (Bidayuh of Sarawak),[20] Philippines, Solomon Islands (Ranongga)
            • B5b2b – Yakut
            • B5b2-C204T! - China (Han), Korea, Vietnam (Kinh)
              • B5b2c – Taiwan (Minnan, Makatao)
                • B5b2c1 – China (Han from Hunan), Japan (Chiba, Aichi)
          • B5b3
          • B5b4 – China, Altai Kizhi
          • B5b5 – Taiwan (Hakka), Han Chinese (Denver)
    • R11'B6
      • R11 – China (Han from Beijing)
      • B6
        • B6a – China (Han from Tai'an), Thailand (Htin in Phayao Province, Palaung and Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province, Phuan in Phrae Province and Sukhothai Province, Mon in Ratchaburi Province and Lopburi Province, Tai Dam in Kanchanaburi Province[19])
          • B6a1 – China, Thailand (Khon Mueang in Lampang Province, Htin in Phayao Province, Blang in Chiang Rai Province[19]), Philippines
            • B6a1a – Myanmar, Thailand (Lawa and Shan in Mae Hong Son Province, Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province[19]), Malaysia (Temuan)
    • R24 – Philippines (Mamanwa)
      • R24a – Philippines

In his popular book The Seven Daughters of Eve, Bryan Sykes named the originator of this mtDNA haplogroup Ina.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haplogroup B (mtDNA).

Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups

  Mitochondrial Eve (L)    
L0 L1–6  
L1 L2   L3     L4 L5 L6
M N  
CZ D E G Q   O A S R   I W X Y
C Z F R0   pre-JT   P   U
HV JT K
H V J T

References

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