Grimmen Formation
| Grimmen Formation | |
|---|---|
| Stratigraphic range: Lower Toarcian ~Tenuicostatum-Exaratum | |
Clay pit outcrop near Grimmen | |
| Type | Geological formation |
| Unit of | Kamienna Group |
| Underlies | Glashütte Formation, Dörnten Member (Posidonia Shale Formation) |
| Overlies | Posidonia Shale Formation, Wolgast Formation |
| Thickness | Up to 100 m (330 ft) |
| Lithology | |
| Primary | Claystone, Siltstone |
| Other | Mudstone, fine-grained Sandstone, Siderite and carbonate concretions |
| Location | |
| Region | Mecklenburg-Vorpommern |
| Country | Germany |
| Extent | North German Basin |
| Type section | |
| Named for | Grimmen, Germany |
The Grimmen Formation is a Lower Jurassic (Toarcian) geological formation in northeastern Germany, primarily exposed in the Grimmen and Klein Lehmhagen clay pits and documented in wells such as Reinberg 1E. Formally established in 2025, it was previously part of the informal “Green Series” of the Ciechocinek Formation.[1][2] It represents a prodelta to brackish-marine depositional system in the eastern North German Basin (NGB), shaped by sea-level changes and the Toarcian anoxic event.[1][3][4]
History
Studies of Toarcian strata near Grimmen began in 1874 with the discovery of fossiliferous clays in a railway cutting near Schönenwalde, 5 km north of Grimmen, initially misidentified as Middle Jurassic due to ammonite finds.[1][3][5] In 1909, the succession was reclassified as Lower Toarcian (Lias epsilon), distinct from the Posidonia Shale Formation.[5] From 1959 to 1995, the Grimmen clay pit was excavated, revealing a glacially dislocated raft of Liassic clays and sands deformed by Pleistocene ice advances.[1][6][7] Exploration wells (e.g., Reinberg 1E, Kb Barth 10, Kb Grambow 5) since the 1950s provided extensive core data, with Reinberg 1E designated as the reference section in 2025.[1][2] The clay pit, abandoned and water-filled since 1995, was established as the type section in 2025, with 2016 and 2020 excavations refining an 18 m composite log spanning the Pliensbachian-Toarcian boundary to the elegans Subzone.[1][6][8]
Sedimentology/Lithology
The Grimmen Formation comprises greenish to bluish claystones, siltstones, and fine-grained sandstones, with siderite and carbonate concretions, reaching up to 100 m thick in the eastern North German Basin.[1][3][4] The type section in the Grimmen clay pit forms an 18 m composite log, transitioning from Pliensbachian sandy deposits of the Wolgast Formation to Toarcian organo-detrital clays and heteroliths of the Lehmhagen Member (Posidonia Shale Formation), followed by the Reinberg Member of the Grimmen Formation.[1][2] The Reinberg Member (~10 m thick) starts with bluish clays, grading to greenish, pellet-laminated clays with exaratum and lower elegans marker beds (marly limestones with fecal pellets).[1][9] Pellet laminae, up to 5 mm thick, decrease upsection, while silty/sandy intercalations and siderite concretions increase, forming a coarsening-upward trend with pyrite-filled burrows.[1][8] The upper Grimmen Formation features greenish clays with thin silt/sand laminae in 8–15 m symmetric cycles, capped by the Glashütte Formation’s deltaic sandstones.[1][2] Heavy minerals (zircon, rutile, tourmaline) and smectite-group clay minerals indicate volcanogenic input, while kaolinite and chlorite are common.[1][9][10] Glacially dislocated Eocene greensand and clay are locally intercalated.[6][3] Organic-rich layers contain charcoal fragments, suggesting wildfires.[4]
Toarcian material found in glacial Erratics in Ahrensburg and the Hagen Forest have been in controversy due to its dubious origin, being linked with the Rya Formation and Sorthat Formation, as well this unit.[11] They were originally considered or local or Baltic in derivation, but that changued with the recovery of erratic concretions in the Baltic sea cliffs near Lübeck, being found as part of the Weichselian Glacial Maximum. Liassic–Cretaceous sediments in the assemblage are most probably associated with the tectonic Sorgenfrei-Tornquist Zone. The origin of this erratics from southwestern Baltic, Poland or Danish archipelago is unlikely, as those zones are dominated by Late Cretaceous–Paleocene strata, suggesting that this Toarcian assamblages should come from south/SW between STZ–TTZ and the German Baltic coast.[11] The most clear hint link this deposits with the Grimmen Fm, as they're identical in fauna and facies composition of Grimmen and Dobbertin, also affected by subglacial erosion and thrusting, suggesting a close stratigraphic and palaeogeographical origin.[11]
Paleoenvironment
The Grimmen Formation was deposited in a prodelta to brackish-marine environment in the eastern North German Basin, influenced by sea-level changes and the Toarcian anoxic event.[1][2][7] The Reinberg Member reflects a transition from organo-detrital Posidonia Shale Formation to brackish-marine clays, with high total organic carbon (TOC, ~3 wt%) at the base decreasing to <1 wt% upsection, indicating a shift to dysoxic conditions.[1][4] Basal bluish clays (exaratum Subzone) represent a restricted marine basin, followed by greenish clays with pellet laminae, suggesting increased fluvial input and suspension-load plumes during wetter phases.[1][8] The coarsening-upward trend and onset of bioturbation (pyrite-filled burrows) reflect prodelta progradation from Fennoscandia, culminating in the Glashütte Formation’s deltaic systems.[1][8][2] High kaolinite and smectite content indicate a warm, humid climate with biochemical weathering and volcanogenic influence, akin to modern tropical settings.[1][10][9] The absence of major ripples suggests minimal wave action, with sedimentation driven by fluvial input and storm events.[7][4] The formation extends from western Poland to the Ringkøbing-Fyn-Møn-Arkona High, interfingering with the Ciechocinek Formation in the east.[1][2] The Grimmen Formation’s biostratigraphy is primarily based on ammonite zones, with the falciferum Zone (elegantulum, exaratum, elegans, falciferum subzones) for the lower Toarcian.[1] The type section spans the Pliensbachian-Toarcian boundary (tenuicostatum Subzone) to the elegans Subzone, with key fossils preserved in concretions and clays.[1][3]
Ammonites define subzones, with Dactylioceras semicelatum and possible D. tenuicostatum at the boundary, followed by Lobolytoceras siemensi and Tiltoniceras antiquum in the Lehmhagen Member (semicelatum Subzone).[1][3] Elegantulum concretions yield abundant Eleganticeras elegantulum and rare Hildaites murleyi, while exaratum concretions in the Reinberg Member contain Cleviceras exaratum, Phylloceras heterophyllum, and Lytoceras crenatum.[1] Belemnites (Passaloteuthis bisulcata) are common in the semicelatum Subzone but absent from the elegantulum Subzone due to anoxia.[1] Teuthoids and coleoids occur in elegantulum and exaratum concretions.[1]
Holoplanktonic gastropod Coelodiscus minutus and larval ‘Inoceramus’ dubius are abundant, with adults in elegantulum and exaratum concretions, often in regurgitalites.[1] Ostracods and foraminifera are absent in black shales but occur above the Dörnten Member.[1] Calcareous nannoplankton (e.g., Rhombolithion) are diverse in the elegantulum Subzone, correlating with NJ5b–NJ6 zones.[1] Palynofacies show a dinoflagellate cyst blackout in the elegantulum-exaratum Subzones, with amorphous organic matter (AOM) dominance and micro-charcoal.[1] Megaspores (e.g., Paxillitriletes phyllicus) from Fennoscandia indicate a humid climate.[1]
Reinberg Member Fossil Record
The Reinberg Member, notably at Grimmen and Dobbertin, is a Konservatlagerstätte with exceptional marine and terrestrial fossils in exaratum concretions.[1][7] Ammonites (e.g., Cleviceras exaratum), Coelodiscus minutus, and ‘Inoceramus’ dubius are preserved in calcite, with predation traces.[1] Decapod crustaceans (e.g., Palaeoastacus-like), coleoid gladii, and fish (leptolepids, Grimmenodon aureum) occur in calcium phosphate.[1] Coprolites, likely from fish, sharks, and marine reptiles (e.g., ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs), are common.[1] Terrestrial insects, especially in exaratum concretions types 1 and 2, include well-preserved wings and rare 3D specimens, comparable to Dobbertin’s fauna.[1] These fossils, formed in anoxic, fine-grained limestone below the storm wave base, reflect a nutrient-rich environment fertilized by insect carcasses.[1]
Biota
Color key
|
Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; |
Foraminifera
| Genus | Species | Location | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Berthelinella[12] |
|
|
Tests | Foraminiferan of the family Plectofrondiculariidae | |
| Bolivina[12] |
|
|
Tests | Foraminiferan of the family Bolivinidae | |
| Cornuspira[12] |
|
|
Tests | Foraminiferan of the subfamily Cornuspirinae | |
| Dentalina[12] |
|
|
Tests | Foraminiferan of the family Nodosariidae | |
| Eoguttulina[12] |
|
|
Tests | Foraminiferan of the subfamily Polymorphininae | |
| Falsopalmula[12] |
|
|
Tests | Foraminiferan of the family Robuloididae | |
| Frondicularia[12] |
|
|
Tests | Foraminiferan of the family Nodosariidae | |
| Glomospira[12] |
|
|
Tests | Foraminiferan of the subfamily Usbekistaniinae | |
| Lagena[12] |
|
|
Tests | Foraminiferan of the family Nodosariidae | |
| Lenticulina[12] |
|
|
Tests | Foraminiferan of the family Vaginulinidae | |
| Lingulina[12] |
|
|
Tests | Foraminiferan of the subfamily Lingulininae | |
| Marginulina[12] |
|
|
Tests | Foraminiferan of the subfamily Marginulininae | |
| Nodosaria[12] |
|
|
Tests | Foraminiferan of the family Nodosariidae | |
| Ophtalmidium[12] |
|
|
Tests | Foraminiferan of the family Ophthalmidiidae | |
| Rectoglandulina[12] |
|
|
Tests | Foraminiferan of the family Nodosariidae | |
| Stilostomella[12] |
|
|
Tests | Foraminiferan of the family Stilostomellidae | |
| Trochamminoides[12] |
|
|
Tests | Foraminiferan of the family Trochamminoidae | |
| Turrispirillina[12] |
|
|
Tests | Foraminiferan of the family Spirillinidae | |
| Vaginulina[12] |
|
|
Tests | Foraminiferan of the subfamily Vaginulininae |
Ichnofossils
| Genus | Species | Type | Location | Origin | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Fodinichnia |
|
|
||
|
Megagrapton[14] |
|
Pascichnia |
|
|
|
|
Pascichnia |
|
|
||
|
Domichnia |
|
|
||
|
Fodinichnia |
|
|
Brachiopoda
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
Shells |
A saltwater brachiopod, member of Discinidae inside Discinida. |
Bivalvia
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
Shells |
A saltwater oyster, member of Posidoniidae. |
||
|
|
Shells |
A saltwater clam, member of Pholadomyidae. |
||
|
Gresslya[17] |
|
|
Shells |
A saltwater clam, member of Ceratomyidae. |
|
|
|
Shells |
A saltwater clam, member of Lucinidae. |
||
|
|
Shells |
A saltwater scallop, member of Oxytomidae. |
||
|
|
Shells |
A saltwater clam, member of Nuculidae. |
||
|
|
Shells |
A saltwater/brackish clam, member of Inoceramidae. |
||
|
Parallelodon[17] |
|
|
Shells |
A saltwater clam, member of Parallelodontidae. |
|
|
|
Shells |
A saltwater clam, member of Inoceramidae. |
||
|
|
Shells |
A saltwater oyster, member of Posidoniidae. |
||
|
Tancredia[17] |
|
|
Shells |
A saltwater clam, member of Tancrediidae. |
Gastropoda
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
Shells |
A sea snail, member of Cerithiinae. |
||
|
|
Shells |
A holoplanktonic snail, type member of the family Coelodiscidae |
||
|
|
Shells |
A sea snail, member of Turritellidae. |
Cephalopoda
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
Multiple specimens. |
A Belemnoidea member of the family Megateuthididae |
||
|
Beloteuthis[16] |
|
|
Multiple specimens |
A Mesoteuthoidea, member of the family Beloteuthidae. |
|
|
|
Shells |
An ammonite, type member of the subfamily Dactylioceratinae. |
||
|
|
Shells |
An ammonite, member of the family Hildoceratidae. |
||
|
|
Shells |
An ammonite, member of the family Hildoceratidae. |
||
|
Jeletzkyteuthis[16] |
|
|
Two specimens |
A Loligosepiidae Loligosepiida (Vampyromorpha). |
|
|
|
Shells |
An ammonite, member of the family Lytoceratidae. |
||
|
|
Shells |
An ammonite, type member of the subfamily Dactylioceratinae. |
||
|
|
Shells |
An ammonite, member of the subfamily Dactylioceratinae. |
||
|
|
Shells |
An ammonite, member of the subfamily Harpoceratinae. |
||
|
|
Shells |
An ammonite, type member of the subfamily Phylloceratinae. |
||
|
|
Few specimens |
A vampire squid, member of Teudopsidae. |
||
|
|
Shells |
An ammonite, member of the family Hildoceratidae. |
||
|
Whitbyiceras[17] |
|
|
Shells |
An ammonite, member of the family Phymatoceratidae. |
Crustacea
Small indeterminate shrimps, sometimes found associated in great numbers, are recovered on several layers at Grimmen.[1][6]
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Bairdia[12] |
|
|
Valves |
A marine/brackish ostracod of the family Bairdiidae. |
|
|
Bythocypris[12] |
|
|
Valves |
A marine/brackish ostracod of the family Bythocyprididae. |
|
|
Cytherelloidea[12] |
Indeterminate |
|
Valves |
A marine/brackish ostracod of the superfamily Cytherelloidea. |
|
|
|
Valves |
A freshwater clam shrimp (Phyllopodan) of the family Lioestheriidae. Originally identified as a bivalve of the genus Posidonia and latter a member of the genus Lioestheria. |
||
|
|
|
A marine decapod, type member of the family Glypheidae. |
||
|
Hungarella[12] |
|
|
Valves |
A marine/brackish ostracod of the family Healdiidae |
|
|
Paracypris[12] |
|
|
Valves |
A marine/brackish ostracod of the subfamily Paracypridinae. |
|
|
Polycope[12] |
|
|
Valves |
A marine/brackish ostracod of the family Polycopidae. |
|
|
Procytheridea[12] |
|
|
Valves |
A marine/brackish ostracod of the family Protocytheridae. |
|
|
|
|
A marine decapod, member of the subfamily Proeryoninae. |
||
|
Trachycythere[12] |
|
|
Valves |
A marine/brackish ostracod of incertae sedis affinity |
Arachnida
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
Single incomplete specimen |
A spider, possible member of the superfamily Palpimanoidea.[23] It is the first confirmed spider from the lower Jurassic, and a rare find, probably washed to the sea due to a hard wind related to hurricane action. Probably a ground-dwelling predator that hunted the abundant insect fauna present on the layers.[23] |
Insecta
Insects are common terrestrial animals that were probably drifted to the sea due to Moonsonal conditions present on the Ciechocinek Formation.[24] In Klein Lehmhagen insects are found as part of calcareous nodules in the exaratum-elegantulum subzones, with specimens also found in living chambers of Eleganticeras elegantulum macrochonchs and in fish coprolites which are the most frequent fossils at all.[24] In the elegantulum the insect fauna is dominated by beetle elytra, indicating strong fluvial input and a nearshore deltaic complex.[24] On Dobbertin, insects are present in the exaratum nodules, where fluvial input is seen thanks to the phyllopod abundance and whole bedding planes covered by algae substituted by Ca-phosphat, being the layers where insects are most abundant.[24]
Notoptera
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
Specimens |
A notopteran, member of the family Geinitziidae. |
||
|
Nele[27] |
|
|
Specimens |
A notopteran, member of the family Bajanzhargalanidae. |
|
|
|
Specimens |
A notopteran, member of Geinitziidae. |
Odonatoptera
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
Specimens |
An odonatopteran, member of the family Protomyrmeleontidae. |
||
|
|
Specimens |
Odonata
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Anisozygopteron[25] |
|
|
Specimens |
A dragonfly, member of the family Myopophlebiidae. |
|
|
Anomothemis[25] |
|
|
Specimens |
incertae sedis |
|
|
|
Specimens | |||
|
Dialothemis[30] |
|
|
Specimens |
A dragonfly, member of the family Selenothemistidae. |
|
|
Eosagrion[26] |
|
|
Specimens |
A dragonfly, member of the family Eosagrionidae. |
|
|
Grimmenopteron[27] |
|
|
Specimens |
A dragonfly, member of the family Liassophlebiidae. |
|
|
|
Specimens |
A dragonfly, member of the family Heterophlebiidae. |
||
|
|
Specimens |
A dragonfly, member of the family Liassogomphidae. |
||
|
|
Specimens |
Incertae sedis. Magnasupplephlebia represents a very large dragonfly, with a wingspan of 13 cm. Other odonatan remains are unable to being referred to a concrete group due to their incomplete status. |
||
|
|
Specimens | |||
|
Parelthothemis[25] |
|
|
Specimens | ||
|
Petrothemis[25] |
|
|
Specimens | ||
|
Pycnothemis[30] |
|
|
Specimens | ||
|
Rhabdothemis[30] |
|
|
Specimens | ||
|
Selenothemis[26] |
|
|
Specimens |
A dragonfly, type member of the family Selenothemistidae. |
|
|
Temnostigma[30] |
|
|
Specimens |
Incertae sedis. |
|
|
Trigonophlebia[27] |
|
|
Specimens |
A dragonfly, member of the family Heterophlebiidae. |
|
|
Turanopteron[27] |
|
|
Specimens |
A dragonfly, member of the family Asiopteridae. Sphenophlebia pommerana is a junior synonym. |
Paraneoptera
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
Specimens |
A paraneopteran, member of the family Archipsyllidae. |
||
|
Liassopsocus[27] |
|
|
Specimens |
A paraneopteran, member of the family Psocidiidae. |
Eoblattida
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
Specimens |
An Eoblattidan, member of the family Blattogryllidae. |
Thysanoptera
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Liadoptilia[30] |
|
|
Specimens |
Thysanopterans, members of the family Lophioneurida. Aeroplankton is extraordinarily well preserved in Grimmen, with the most abundant representatives of the aeroplankton (around 3 mm) being Lophioneurids, specially Undacypha europaea. |
|
|
Trichorthophlebia[30] |
|
| |||
|
Undacypha[27] |
|
|
Plecoptera
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Dicronemoura[27] |
|
|
Specimens |
A stonefly, member of the family Perlariopseidae. |
|
|
Dobbertiniopteryx[35] |
|
|
Specimens |
A winter stonefly, member of the family Capniidae. |
Orthoptera
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
Specimens |
Grasshoppers of the family Locustopsidae. |
||
|
Locustophanes[30] |
|
|
Specimens |
A locust, type member of the family Locustidae. |
|
|
|
Specimens |
A grasshopper, member of the family Elcanidae. |
||
|
|
Specimens | |||
|
Plesioschwinzia[39] |
|
|
Specimens |
Grasshoppers of the family Locustopsidae. |
|
|
|
Specimens |
A grasshopper, member of the family Regiatidae. |
||
|
|
Specimens |
A cricket-like grasshopper, type member of the family Protogryllidae. |
||
|
Schwinzia[36] |
|
|
Specimens |
Grasshoppers of the family Locustopsidae. |
|
|
|
Specimens |
A grasshopper, member of the family Elcanidae. |
||
|
Zalmonites[25] |
|
|
Specimens |
A grasshopper, incertae sedis. |
Phasmatodea
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Durnovaria[27] |
|
|
Specimens |
A stick insect, member of the family Aerophasmidae. |
Blattodea
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
Specimens |
A cockroach, member of the family Blattulidae. |
||
|
|
Specimens |
A cockroach, type member of the family Caloblattinidae. |
||
|
|
Specimens |
A cockroach, member of the family Blattulidae. |
||
|
Eublattula[30] |
|
|
Specimens | ||
|
|
Specimens |
A carnivorous cockroach, type member of the family Raphidiomimidae. |
||
|
|
Specimens |
A cockroach, type member of the family Mesoblattinidae. |
Hemiptera
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Acromocoris[42] |
|
|
Specimens |
A water boatman, member of the family Corixidae. |
|
|
Anosmus[30] |
|
|
Specimens |
Shore bugs, member of the family Archegocimicidae. |
|
|
|
Specimens |
A creeping water bug, member of the family Naucoridae. |
||
|
Apopnus[32] |
|
| |||
|
Apsicoria[30] |
|
|
Specimens |
True bugs, member of the family Pachymeridiidae. |
|
|
Ardela[27] |
|
|
Specimens |
Leafhoppers of the family Archijassidae. |
|
|
|
Specimens |
Shore bugs, member of the family Archegocimicidae. |
||
|
Archicercopis[30] |
|
|
Specimens |
Moss bugs of the family Progonocimicidae. |
|
|
|
Specimens |
Leafhoppers of the family Archijassidae. |
||
|
Aphidulum[27] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Sternorrhynchan, member of the family Protopsyllidiidae. |
|
|
|
Specimens |
A Stemorrhynchan, type member of the family Archiconiopterygidae. |
||
|
Cathalus[30] |
|
|
Specimens |
True bugs, member of the family Pachymeridiidae. |
|
|
Cixiites[25] |
|
|
Specimens |
Planthoppers of the family Fulgoridiidae. |
|
|
Cuneocoris[26] |
|
|
Specimens |
A true bug, member of the family Cuneocoridae. |
|
|
Diatillus[32] |
|
|
Specimens |
Shore bugs, member of the family Archegocimicidae. |
|
|
Eocercopis[30] |
|
|
Specimens |
Moss bugs of the family Progonocimicidae. |
|
|
|
Specimens |
Planthoppers of the family Fulgoridiidae. |
||
|
Grimmenaphis[27] |
|
|
Specimens |
An aphid, member of the family Oviparosiphidae. |
|
|
Hadrocoris[30] |
|
|
Specimens |
A true bug, member of the family Hadrocoridae. |
|
|
Hypocimex[30] |
|
|
Specimens |
True bugs, member of the family Pachymeridiidae. |
|
|
|
Specimens |
A jumping plant louse, member of the family Liadopsyllidae. |
||
|
Liassocercopis[27] |
|
|
Specimens |
A cicadomorphan, member of the family Hylicellidae. |
|
|
Liasocoris[44] |
|
|
Specimens |
A true bug, incertae sedis inside Hemiptera. |
|
|
Margaroptilon[30] |
|
|
Specimens |
Planthoppers of the family Fulgoridiidae. |
|
|
|
Specimens |
Leafhoppers of the family Archijassidae. |
||
|
Metafulgoridium[30] |
|
|
Specimens |
Planthoppers of the family Fulgoridiidae. |
|
|
Pachymeridium[13] |
|
|
Specimens |
True bugs, member of the family Pachymeridiidae. |
|
|
|
Specimens |
A Coleorrhynchan, member of the family Probascanionidae. |
||
|
|
Specimens |
Froghoppers of the family Procercopidae. |
||
|
Procercopina[27] |
|
|
Specimens | ||
|
|
Specimens |
Moss bugs of the family Progonocimicidae. |
||
|
Progonocoris[26] |
|
|
Specimens |
Shore bugs, member of the family Archegocimicidae. |
|
|
Sisyrocoris[32] |
|
|
Specimens |
True bugs, member of the family Pachymeridiidae. |
|
|
Toarcopsyllidium[27] |
|
|
Isolated Wings |
A Sternorrhynchan, member of the family Protopsyllidiidae. |
Hymenoptera
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Brigittepterus[45] |
|
|
Isolated Wings |
Wasps, member of the family Ephialtitidae. |
|
|
Grimmaratavites[46] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Wood Wasp, member of the family Karatavitidae. |
|
|
Liadobracona[45] |
|
|
Isolated Wings |
Wasps, member of the family Ephialtitidae. |
|
|
Xyelula[45] |
|
|
Specimens |
A pseudo-Wasp, member of the family Sepulcidae. |
Megaloptera
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Dobbertinia[26] |
|
|
Specimens |
An alderfly, member of the family Sialidae. |
Neuroptera
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
Specimens |
Lacewings of the family Prohemerobiidae |
||
|
Apeirophlebia[25] |
|
|
Specimens |
A silky lacewing, member of the family Psychopsidae. |
|
|
|
Specimens |
A lacewing, member of the family Epigambriidae. |
||
|
|
Specimens |
A Neuropteran of the family Mantispidae. |
||
|
Loxophleps[30] |
|
|
Specimens |
A lacewing, incertae sedis inside Neuroptera. |
|
|
Melaneimon[30] |
|
|
Specimens | ||
|
Melamnous[30] |
|
|
Specimens | ||
|
Mesoleon[25] |
|
|
Specimens | ||
|
Mesosmylina[27] |
|
|
Specimens |
A lance lacewing, member of the family Osmylidae. |
|
|
|
Specimens |
A lacewing, member of the family Epigambriidae. |
||
|
|
Specimens |
Lacewings of the family Prohemerobiidae. |
||
|
Solenoptilon[50] |
|
|
Specimens |
A lacewing, type member of the family Solenoptilidae. |
|
|
Toarciconiopteryx[51] |
|
|
Specimens |
A dustywing, member of the subfamily Toarciconiopteryginae. |
Coleoptera
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Allognosis[52] |
|
|
Specimens |
Beetles, incertae sedis inside Coleoptera. |
|
|
Anancaeon[30] |
|
|
Specimens | ||
|
Anomerus[30] |
|
|
Specimens | ||
|
Anypostatus[30] |
|
|
Specimens | ||
|
Apioderes[30] |
|
|
Specimens | ||
|
Apsychus[30] |
|
|
Specimens | ||
|
Bareus[30] |
|
|
Specimens | ||
|
Bathygerus[52] |
|
|
Specimens | ||
|
|
Specimens |
A ground beetle, member of the family Carabidae. |
||
|
Clinomerus[30] |
|
|
Specimens |
Beetles, incertae sedis inside Coleoptera. |
|
|
Coptogyrinus[25] |
|
|
Specimens |
A whirligig beetle, member of the family Gyrinidae. |
|
|
Ecthlimma[30] |
|
|
Specimens |
Beetles, incertae sedis inside Coleoptera. |
|
|
Enamma[25] |
|
|
Specimens |
Beetles, incertae sedis inside Coleoptera. |
|
|
Eurynucha[25] |
|
|
Specimens |
A jewel beetle, member of the family Buprestidae. |
|
|
|
Specimens |
Beetles, incertae sedis inside Coleoptera. |
||
|
Hydrobiites[30] |
|
|
Specimens |
A beetle, member of the family Permosynidae. |
|
|
Keleusticus[52] |
|
|
Specimens |
Beetles, incertae sedis inside Coleoptera. |
|
|
Liassodites[53] |
|
|
Specimens |
A False Ground Beetle of the family Trachypachidae. |
|
|
Masselytron[30] |
|
|
Specimens |
Beetles, incertae sedis inside Coleoptera. |
|
|
Nannoodes[25] |
|
|
Specimens |
Beetles, incertae sedis inside Coleoptera. |
|
|
Nebrioides[52] |
|
|
Specimens |
Beetles, incertae sedis inside Coleoptera. |
|
|
Onkedodimus[30] |
|
|
Specimens |
Beetles, incertae sedis inside Coleoptera. |
|
|
Oxytoroptera[30] |
|
|
Specimens |
Beetles, incertae sedis inside Coleoptera. |
|
|
Paracurculium[52] |
|
|
Specimens |
Beetles, incertae sedis inside Coleoptera. |
|
|
Parnidium[25] |
|
|
Specimens |
Beetles, incertae sedis inside Coleoptera. |
|
|
Periboloptera[30] |
|
|
Specimens |
Beetles, incertae sedis inside Coleoptera. |
|
|
Plastobuprestites[52] |
|
|
Specimens |
Beetles, incertae sedis inside Coleoptera. |
|
|
Plastonebria[52] |
|
|
Specimens |
Beetles, incertae sedis inside Coleoptera. |
|
|
Polypamon[52] |
|
|
Specimens |
Beetles, incertae sedis inside Coleoptera. |
|
|
Pseudocyphon[25] |
|
|
Specimens |
Beetles, incertae sedis inside Coleoptera. |
|
|
Pseudoprionites[52] |
|
|
Specimens |
Beetles, incertae sedis inside Coleoptera. |
|
|
Thoracotes[25] |
|
|
Specimens |
A bark gnawing beetle, member of the family Trogossitidae. |
Trichoptera
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Archiptilia[30] |
|
|
Specimens |
Caddisflies, member of the family Necrotauliidae. |
|
|
Epididontus[30] |
|
|
Specimens | ||
|
|
Specimens |
A finger-net caddisfly, member of the family Philopotamidae. |
||
|
|
Specimens |
Caddisflies, member of the family Necrotauliidae. |
||
|
Metarchitaulius[30] |
|
|
Specimens | ||
|
Nannotrichopteron[25] |
|
|
Specimens | ||
|
|
Specimens | |||
|
Palaeotaulius[30] |
|
|
Specimens | ||
|
Parataulius[30] |
|
|
Specimens | ||
|
Paratrichopteridium[30] |
|
|
Specimens | ||
|
Pararchitaulius[30] |
|
|
Specimens | ||
|
Pseudorthophlebia[25] |
|
|
Specimens |
Lepidoptera
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
A moth, member of the family Eolepidopterigidae. |
Mecoptera
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Mesobittacus[27] |
|
|
Specimens |
Hangingflies, member of the family Bittacidae. |
|
|
Mesochorista[30] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Scorpionfly, member of the family Permochoristidae. |
|
|
Mesopanorpa[30] |
|
|
Specimens |
Hangingflies, member of the family Orthophlebiidae. |
|
|
|
Specimens |
Hangingflies, member of the family Bittacidae. |
||
|
|
Specimens |
Hangingflies, member of the family Orthophlebiidae. |
||
|
Parabittacus[56] |
|
|
Specimens |
Hangingflies, member of the family Bittacidae. |
|
|
|
Specimens |
A scorpionfly, type member of the family Pseudopolycentropodidae. |
Diptera
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Aenne[57] |
|
|
Specimens |
The oldest known non biting midgess, members of the Chironomidae |
|
|
Antefungivora[27] |
|
|
Specimens |
Flies, member of the family Antefungivoridae. |
|
|
Archibio[30] |
|
|
Specimens | ||
|
|
Specimens |
|||
|
Archirhyphus[30] |
|
|
Specimens |
Flies, member of the family Protorhyphidae. |
|
|
|
Specimens |
A crane fly of the family Limoniidae. |
||
|
Crenoptychoptera[60] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Phantom crane fly, member of the family Ptychopteridae. |
|
|
Eoditomyia[27] |
|
|
Specimens |
A fly, type member of the family Eoditomyidae. |
|
|
Eolimnobia[25] |
|
|
Specimens |
A phantom crane fly, member of the family Ptychopteridae. |
|
|
|
Specimens | |||
|
Eotipula[25] |
|
|
Specimens |
A crane fly of the family Limoniidae. |
|
|
Grimmenia[59] |
|
|
Specimens |
A crane fly of the family Limoniidae. |
|
|
Grimmyia[27] |
|
|
Specimens |
A snipe fly, member of the family Rhagionidae. |
|
|
|
Specimens |
A fly, type member of the family Heterorhyphidae. |
||
|
|
Specimens |
A snipe fly, member of the family Rhagionidae. |
||
|
Liassopsychodina[62] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Moth fly, member of the family Psychodidae. |
|
|
Mailotrichocera[63] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Winter Crane Fly, member of the family Trichoceridae. |
|
|
|
Specimens |
A wood gnat, member of the family Anisopodidae. |
||
|
|
Specimens |
A Crane Fly of the family Limoniidae. |
||
|
Metatrichopteridium[65] |
|
|
Specimens |
A fly, member of the family Hennigmatidae. |
|
|
|
Specimens |
A primitive Crane Fly, member of the family Tanyderidae. |
||
|
|
Specimens |
The oldest known non biting midges, members of the Chironomidae. |
||
|
Rhaetomyia[27] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Phantom midge of the family Chaoboridae. |
|
|
Palaeobrachyceron[27] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Snipe fly, member of the family Rhagionidae. |
|
|
|
Specimens |
A Crane Fly of the family Limoniidae. |
||
|
Pleciofungivora[27] |
|
|
Specimens |
A fly, member of the family Pleciofungivoridae. |
|
|
|
Specimens |
The oldest known non biting midges, members of the Chironomidae. |
||
|
Praemacrochile[66] |
|
|
Specimens |
A primitive Crane Fly, member of the family Tanyderidae. |
|
|
Protobrachyceron[26] |
|
|
Specimens |
A fly, member of the family Protobrachyceridae. |
|
|
|
Specimens |
A fly, type member of the family Protopleciidae. |
||
|
|
Specimens |
Flies, member of the family Protorhyphidae. |
||
|
Tanypsycha[62] |
|
|
Specimens |
A Moth fly, member of the family Psychodidae. |
Echinodermata
In Dobbertin, the echinoderm remains are rare in contrast to foraminifera, phyllopods and ostracods, yet in some places they attain a percentage of the total fauna between 0.7 and 26.5%.[12] In the upper layers they're totally absent, as well on the erratics and in the whole Grimmen sequence.[67]
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Indeterminate |
|
Columnar ossicles | Incertae sedis | ||
|
Indeterminate |
|
Holothurian wheels | Incertae sedis | ||
|
Sinosura[12] |
|
|
Isolated and semiarticulated specimens |
A brittle star, member of Ophioleucidae inside Ophioleucida. Identified as Ophiura longivertebralis. |
Vertebrates
Fishes
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
Incomplete skull |
Member of the Dapediidae. |
||
|
Grimmenichthys[69] |
|
|
Articulated, but incompletely preserved specimens |
Member of the group Pholidophoriformes. This genus was a small 'pholidophoriform' teleost. |
|
|
|
Almost complete left prearticular with dentition |
Member of the order Pycnodontiformes. Is of comparatively small size, suggesting a hypothetical small standard length of the fish of about 7–10 cm at the time of death.[70] |
||
|
|
GPIH 4864, Hyomandibula |
Member of the Chondrosteidae inside Acipenseriformes. |
||
| Hybodus[67][71][72] |
|
|
|
Member of the Hybodontiformes. | |
|
|
Various specimens |
Member of the family Lepidotidae inside Lepisosteiformes. |
||
|
Indeterminate |
|
GG 439/4-7 scales |
The oldest confirmed true Gar, member of the Lepisosteidae. |
||
|
Indeterminate |
|
|
Member of the family Leptolepidae. |
||
|
|
|
Type member of the family Leptolepidae. The most abundant vertebrate recovered on the formation, including 3D preserved specimens, as well, is the main component of the Fishbone sandstones from the upper layers. |
||
|
Lycopteroidarum[72] |
|
|
|
Otoliths of the family Lycopteroidea inside Lycopteriformes. |
|
| Mengius[78] |
|
|
|
Member of the family Lepidotidae inside Lepisosteiformes. Stomach content is also preserved on a specimen from Dobbertin, and is composed by arthropod cuticles.[79] | |
|
Indeterminate |
|
Unknown, only cited. |
Member of the family Pachycormiformes. |
||
|
|
|
Member of the family Pholidophoriformes. |
||
|
Pholidophoriformes[69] |
Indeterminate |
|
|
Member of the family Pholidophoriformes. Resembles Pholidophoroides crenulata and P. limbata. |
|
|
P. sp. |
|
|
Member of the family Leptolepidae. Specimens attributed to Proleptolepis have previously been reported only from the Sinemurian of western Europe. |
||
|
|
|
The youngest representative of the family Saurichthyidae. Distinctive for its large jaws, similar to modern Belonidae. |
||
|
|
|
Member of the family Dapediidae. |
Amniotes
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Indeterminate |
|
|
Incertae sedis | ||
| Macrospondylus[67][82] |
|
|
Incomplete skull and associated osteoderm | A marine crocodrylomorph, member of the family Machimosauridae. GG 422/6 can be clearly referred to an immature individual. | |
| Megalosauridae[84] | Indeterminate |
|
Dorsal vertebrae | A theropod, member of the family Megalosauridae. Was referred to Megalosaurus. The vertebrae centrum measures 80 mm, implying a medium-sized theropod (~5 m long).[84] | |
| Mesoeucrocodylia[67][82] | Indeterminate |
|
Cervical vertebra | A crocodrilian, member of Mesoeucrocodylia. Is considered to come from an osteologically immature individual. | |
| Meyerasaurus[11][81] |
|
|
|
A pliosauroid, member of the family Rhomaleosauridae. | |
| Mystriosaurus[67][82][83] |
|
|
Partial rostrum with teeth | A marine crocodrylomorph, member of the family Teleosauridae. Is indicative of a juvenile individual, with expected around 200–250 mm long skull and the entire animal about 1.50 m.[83] | |
|
Indeterminate |
|
Four articulated tail vertebrae. |
An indeterminate ichthyosaur, has been assigned to the species Stenopterygius longifrons. |
||
|
Indeterminate |
|
Partial skull and associated postcranial elements preserved in a concretion |
It has an expanded basipterygoid process on the basisphenoid, only currently known in members of the Ophthalmosauridae |
||
| Plesiosauria[67][82] | Indeterminate |
|
|
Incertae sedis | |
| Plesiosauroidea[67][82] | Indeterminate |
|
|
Incertae sedis | |
| Pterosauria?[87] | Indeterminate |
|
GG 510, fragmentary tibiofibular(?) | A possible pterosaur bone, with features similar to the tibiofibular of coeval taxon Dorygnathus banthensis. Alternatively it can be another type of bone and belong to stem-turtles, plesiosaurs, dinosaurs or even anurans.[88] | |
| Seeleyosaurus[11][72] |
|
|
|
A plesiosaur, member of the family Plesiosauridae. | |
|
|
Posterior left half of the cranium. |
An ichthyosaur of the family Stenopterygiidae. |
||
| Teleosauridae[11][72] | Indeterminate |
|
|
Incertae sedis | |
|
|
|
An icthyosaur, type member of Temnodontosauridae. Assigned to Ichthyosaurus sp., but also suggested affinities to "Leptopterygius" (= Temnodontosaurus) platyodon. |
Flora
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Botryococcus[1] |
|
Grimmen clay pit | Freshwater algae | Indicates freshwater influx in palynofacies assemblage IV, associated with coastal or deltaic settings. | |
| Equisetites[90] |
|
Isolated stems, rhizomes | Equisetalean stems of the family Equisetidae. Dominant in mono-to oligotypic stands near water bodies, indicative of high terrestrial input in palynofacies assemblages I and IV. | ||
| Erlansonisporites[1] |
|
Grimmen clay pit | Megaspores | Affinities with the Selaginellaceae. Transported from northern sources (e.g., Fennoscandia), indicative of humid climates. | |
| Hughesisporites[1] |
|
Grimmen clay pit | Megaspores | Affinities with the Selaginellaceae. Likely transported via suspension load plumes, reflecting freshwater influx. | |
| Minerisporites[1] |
|
Grimmen clay pit | Megaspores | Affinities with the Selaginellaceae. Associated with warm, humid conditions and high atmospheric CO2. | |
| Pagiophyllum[93][94] |
|
Grimmen clay pit | Leaves, driftwood | Conifer macrofossils of the family Cheirolepidiaceae or Araucariaceae. High phytoclasts and cuticles in palynofacies assemblages I, II, and IV support conifer presence. | |
| Paxillitriletes[1] |
|
|
Megaspores | Affinities with the Isoetales. Transported from Fennoscandia, indicates humid climate, biostratigraphic marker (Paxillitriletes phyllicus Zone, also seen in the Ciechocinek Formation) | |
| Striatriletes[1] |
|
Grimmen clay pit | Megaspores | Affinities with the Selaginellaceae. Reflects freshwater influx from northern sources. | |
| Trileites[1] |
|
Grimmen clay pit | Megaspores | Affinities with lycophytes or ferns. Indicates diverse megaspore flora transported from northern sources. |
See Also
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq Ansorge, J.; Franz, M.; Götz, A.E. (2025). "Stratigraphy and palaeoecology of the Toarcian in NE Germany: organo-detrital and detrital sedimentation in response to the productivity of the planktic ecosystem". PalZ. Bibcode:2025PalZ..tmp...18A. doi:10.1007/s12542-025-00718-z.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bibcode (link) - ^ a b c d e f g Ruebsam, Wolfgang; Franz, Matthias; Ansorge, Jörg; Obst, Karsten; Schwark, Lorenz (2024-05-20). "Late Triassic to Early Jurassic carbon isotope chemostratigraphy and organo-facies evolution in a distal to proximal transect of the North German Basin". International Journal of Earth Sciences. 113 (8): 1977–1998. Bibcode:2024IJEaS.113.1977R. doi:10.1007/s00531-024-02418-6.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Ernst, W. (1967). "Die Liastongrube Grimmen. Sediment, Makrofauna und Stratigraphie". Ein Überblick Geologie. 16 (1): 550–569.
- ^ a b c d e Prauss, M. (1996). "The Lower Toarcian Posidonia Shale of Grimmen, Northeast Germany". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 434 (1): 107–132. doi:10.1127/njgpa/200/1996/107. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
- ^ a b Stolley, E. (1909). "Über den oberen Lias und den unteren Dogger Norddeutschlands". Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie. 28 (1): 286–334.
- ^ a b c d e Ansorge, J. (2007). "Lower Jurassic clay pit of Klein Lehmhagen near Grimmen. The Central European Basin System–from the Bottom to the Top". Geo-Pomerania, Szczechin. 23 (1): 37–41. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Ernst, W. (1992). "Der Lias der Scholle von Dobbertin (Mecklenburg)". Fundgrube. 28 (1): 56–70.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Stumpf, Sebastian; Ansorge, Jörg; Grimmberger, Gunther (2016). "Grätensandsteine und andere Geschiebe des oberen Lias (Toarcium) aus Norddeutschland". Geschiebekunde Aktuell. 32 (4): 121–141. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
- ^ a b c Leonowicz, P. (2005). "The Ciechocinek Formation (Lower Jurassic) of SW Poland: petrology of green clastic rocks". Geological Quarterly. 49 (3): 317–330. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
- ^ a b Brański, P. (2010). "Kaolinite peaks in early Toarcian profiles from the Polish Basin–an inferred record of global warming". Geological Quarterly. 54 (1): 15–24. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Sachs, S.; Hornung, J. J.; Lierl, H. J; Kear, B. P. (2016). "Plesiosaurian fossils from Baltic glacial erratics: evidence of Early Jurassic marine amniotes from the southwestern margin of Fennoscandia". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 434 (1): 149–163. Bibcode:2016GSLSP.434..149S. doi:10.1144/SP434.14. S2CID 130195351.
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